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• The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is related to the hygiene hypothesis. • Schistosoma , regulatory T cells (Tregs), and T2D share a close relationship. • Schistosoma and its molecular products can improve or prevent T2D development. • Schistosoma infection and the molecules released can lead to an increase in Tregs. • The protective effect of Schistosoma may be due to Treg suppression of T2D. In western societies, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is related to the hygiene hypothesis, which implies that reduced exposure to infectious factors results in a loss of the immune stimulation necessary to form the immune system during development. In fact, it has been reported that parasites, such as Schistosoma , can improve or prevent the development of T2D, which may be related to the activity of immune cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Hence, Schistosoma , Tregs, and T2D share a close relationship. Schistosoma infection and the molecules released can lead to an increase in Tregs, which play an important role in the suppression of T2D. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Tregs in the response to Schistosoma infection and the protective mechanism of Schistosoma -related molecular products against T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined immunohistochemically the expression of an enzymatically active form of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phosphorylated TH at Ser40 (phospho-TH), in the cerebellum of ataxic mutant mice, rolling mouse Nagoya (RMN) anddilute-lethal(DL). TH immunostaining appeared in some Purkinje cells in RMN and DL, but in a few of the Purkinje cells of littermate controls for both mutants. In all groups of mice, there were no phospho-TH immunoreactive Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, although the subsets of TH immunoreactive Purkinje cells were found in the adjacent sections. The results suggest that TH expression in the Purkinje cells of ataxic mutants abnormally increases without activation of this enzyme by phosphorylation. This may mean that TH in Purkinje cells is not related to catecholamine synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]