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AIM:To observe the clinical effect of comprehensive operation for neovascular glaucoma(NVC).METHODS:Thirty-nine cases(39 eyes)with late neovascular glaucoma in our hospital from October 2010 to October 2013 were treated with cyclocryotherapy, retina condensation combined with trabeculectomy and anterior vitrectomy. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS:All the patients were followed up for 6～12mo. The mean postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)of 39 cases(39 eyes)was 12.94±2.33mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)at 1wk, compared with preoperative IOP(57.31±6.72mmHg), which was decreased obviously. The pain was alleviated. During follow-up period, IOP of 35 eyes was normal(17.25±2.24mmHg)without using IOP-lowing drugs and the postoperative IOP was decreased to the normal range after using 1～2 kinds of drugs in 4 cases. The iris neovascularization of all patients eliminated at different extent. Conjunctival filtering blebs of 34 cases were dispersion and those of 5 cases were flat. No shallow anterior chamber or eyeball atrophy occurred during follow-up period. CONCLUSION:The therapy of cyclocryotherapy, retina condensation combined with trabeculectomy and anterior vitrectomy is safe and effective to reduce IOP and relieve suffering in patients with NVG.

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumors of the kidney (MESTK) are rare and recently defined entities that comprise both epithelial and stromal cells. MESTK is mostly benign; however, to date, 18 borderline or malignant cases have been reported. In this study, we report a case of carcinosarcoma exhibiting a large carcinoma and small sarcoma component, and review the relevant literature. The patient was a 59-year-old woman who presented with a large mass in the left kidney having solid and focal cystic components. The patient underwent left radical nephrectomy. The tumor was gray-white and solid-cystic, with a relatively clear boundary. Microscopically, the tumor revealed benign and malignant components. The benign component consisted of multiple tubules, variable-sized cysts lined with benign epithelium, and hyalinized stroma. The malignant component was composed of predominantly small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and a small quantity of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. Finally, a diagnosis of the malignant MESTK was made. Certain cases of borderline or malignant transformation of MESTK have been published, so it is important to enhance findings made by other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Human papilloma virus (HPV)‐independent cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, while the therapeutic options are limited. Therefore, effective treatment options are required. The programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) inhibitor pembrolizumab has been approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma expressing PD‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1). However, no data regarding PD‐L1 expression in HPV‐independent CA are available. Thus, we evaluated the association between PD‐L1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of patients with HPV‐independent CA. Methods: We evaluated PD‐L1, mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression and the immune stromal features of 44 patients with HPV‐independent CA. PD‐L1 expression was defined as a combined positive score (CPS) ≥1 and a tumour proportion score (TPS) ≥1%. Results: PD‐L1 expression was observed in 14 cases (31.8%) with CPS ≥1 and 12 cases (27.3%) with TPS ≥1%. PD‐L1 expression, based on either the CPS or the TPS, was associated with a high tumour‐infiltrating lymphocyte percentage (CPS = P < 0.001; TPS = P < 0.001). Patients with a PD‐L1 CPS ≥1 showed worse progression‐free survival and overall survival than PD‐L1‐negative patients (P = 0.004 and P = 0.023, respectively). Forty‐two cases demonstrated intact MMR expression and two cases demonstrated loss of MSH2/MSH6. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that PD‐L1 was expressed in HPV‐independent CA, especially in clear cell carcinoma, and that PD‐L1 expression is a negative prognostic marker. Our data support the role of PD‐L1 in HPV‐independent CA and its potential as an immunotherapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sarcomatoid variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma is an extremely rare histologic pattern of anaplastic large cell lymphoma that consists of spindle-shaped neoplastic cells and is easily misdiagnosed as a soft tissue sarcoma. We report a case of the sarcomatoid variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma that was initially diagnosed as an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in our hospital and as liposarcoma after consultation. This article analyzed the features of this entity by reviewing the literature. Only 15 cases have been reported, most of which were misdiagnosed as sarcoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, or inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Most of the reported cases showed a myxoid stroma, with a variable number of inflammatory cells. The hallmark cells usually can be found by careful evaluation of the slides. Immunohistochemistry including CD30, EMA, and ALK are the most useful for diagnosis. Most are III or IV stage, and have a good prognosis after chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sex cord-like elements are rarely observed in uterine lesions, but these morphological patterns could appear in a variety of uterine tumors and non-tumorous lesions. In this review, we collected the literatures regarding the uterine tumorous and non-tumorous lesions containing sex cord-like elements and summarized these lesions in terms of clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features in order to further understand these lesions and provide some new ideas for differential diagnosis. Main body: This section provides a comprehensive overview of the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of uterine lesions with sex cord-like architectures including uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors, endometrial stromal tumors, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, leiomyoma, epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, adenosarcoma, sertoliform endometrioid carcinoma, corded and hyalinized endometrioid carcinoma, mesonephric adenocarcinoma, and mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma. The differential diagnosis based on morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular alterations has also been discussed. Conclusion: The sex cord-like areas in these lesions show heterogeneous but similar morphological features. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining plays a limited role in differential diagnosis. Furthermore, it is of significance for pathologists to better understand these lesions in order to avoid confusion and mistakes during pathological diagnosis, especially in a biopsy/curettage specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Despite significant advances in its research of tumor biology and therapy, the prognosis for this neoplasm has still remained poor. The great majority of anticancer agents, regardless of their mechanisms of action, exert their lethal actions on cancer cells by inducing apoptosis following drug-induced cellular damage. Many reported studies have evaluated the prognostic and therapeutic implications of apoptosis in lung cancer, but their exact clinical value has remained unclear. Therefore more prospective studies are currently required to further validate apoptosis as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in lung cancer patients. The current study reviewed the studies on the prognostic and predictive significances of Bcl-2 family proteins in NSCLC. We also discussed potential treatment strategies which could target apoptotic proteins in lung carcinoma cells. Exception for Bcl-2 itself, studies of the prognostic significance of other Bcl-2 family proteins is markedly limited. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting apoptosis in NSCLC is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment strategies, and new biomarkers are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eosinophil and M2 macrophage infiltration were directly associated distant metastasis and tumor budding. • TILs were inversely associated with distant metastasis and tumor budding. • Eosinophil and CD163+ macrophages, and TILs infiltration were independent predictor for DMFS. Malignant tumors are complex structures that must interact with the surrounding environment for growth and invasiveness. This study aimed to comprehensively catalogue the features of immune cell stromal infiltrates within tumor tissue and peri-tumoral tissue and to determine whether these features have prognostic value in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CxSCC). Immune stromal features in primary tumors in 122 patients enriched for CxSCC were histologically and immunohistochemically characterized. Distant metastasis was positively correlated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.001), lymph-vascular invasion (LVI) (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P < 0.001), and tumor budding (P = 0.012). Distant metastasis was also associated with the eosinophil infiltration (P = 0.006); Stromal, intratumoral, invasive-margin, squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), and perivascular tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs); CD68+, CD163+, and CD204+ macrophage infiltration. Multivariate proportional hazard regression analyses revealed that LVI; TNM stage; lymph node metastasis; tumor budding; eosinophil infiltration; CD163+ macrophage infiltration; and stromal and intratumoral TILs were independent predictors of poor DMFS in patients with CxSCC. Primary tumor immune stromal features can be useful in predicting distant metastasis in CxSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STK11 adnexal tumors are recently named tumors of the female adnexal region, associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). There is a lack of studies on the clinical phenotypes of PJS concerning the pathology and molecular characteristics of STK11 adnexal tumors. We searched for 781 relevant studies through PubMed and Web of Science, and preliminary statistical and grouping comparisons were made using the screened study data combined with our patient. A total of 25 patients with STK11 adnexal tumors (excluding tumors with no detectable STK11 alterations) were reported in 4 studies. The tumors were most common in middle-aged women (mean age of 39 years) and typically located at paratubal sites (76%). Nearly half of patients (45%) had PJS manifestations or molecular changes. Compared with sporadic (non-PJS) STK11 adnexal tumors, PJS-associated STK11 adnexal tumors were slightly larger in diameter (mean 12.6 cm vs 8.9 cm) and had a longer interval between first recurrences (median 19 months vs 7 months). Primary tumors with pelvic recurrence had a reduced keratin 7 positive rate and tended to grow in non-paratubal sites. However, overall, the clinicopathological characteristics of PJS-associated tumors and sporadic tumors were similar, as was the immunohistochemical expression of primary and recurrent tumors. More specimens and studies are needed to support these observations and further delineate the characteristics of STK11 adnexal tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]