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Aims and Objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of oral care with both tooth brushing and 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate compared to 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate alone for the intubated patient in an intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: Patient screening was done over a period of two months. After taking informed consent, those ICU patients were divided into two groups. Only nine subjects were enrolled. During the study, the experimental group (N = 4) got oral care that consisted of both tooth brushing and 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate thrice a day. The control group got oral care with 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate alone thrice a day. The data were analysed by IBM statistical software SPPS, version 24. Results: Preliminary results suggest that the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients can be reduced by maintaining thrice-daily oral care involving both tooth brushing and 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate. Conclusion: Thrice-daily oral care consisted of both tooth brushing and 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate might be a promise as a ventilator-associated pneumonia-reduction strategy in ICU. Furthermore, more studies are required for its application widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of oral care with both tooth brushing and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate alone for the intubated patient in an intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and Methods: Patient screening was done over a period of two months. After taking informed consent, those ICU patients were divided into two groups. Only nine subjects were enrolled. During the study, thrice daily oral care consisted of tooth brushing and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate with the experimental group (N = 4). The control group got oral care with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate alone thrice a day. The data were analysed by IBM statistical software SPPS, version 24. Results: Preliminary results suggest that the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients can be reduced by maintaining thrice-daily oral care involving both tooth brushing and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Conclusion: Thrice-daily oral care consisted of both tooth brushing and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate might be a promise as a ventilator-associated pneumonia-reduction strategy in ICU. Furthermore, studies required for it application widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effects of vital tooth bleaching with carbamide peroxide home bleaching and in-office bleaching on the color stability and 3D surface profile of dental restorative filling materials. Thirty discs (n = 30) measure 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick for each of three restorative materials. These are nanofilled composite Filtek Z350 XT, the submicron composite Estelite Σ Quick, and nanofilled glass ionomer Ketac N100 nanoionomer and were fabricated in shade A2. Each group was further divided into three subgroups (n = 10): subgroup A (Opalescence PF), subgroup B (Opalescence Boost in-office bleaching), and subgroup C (distilled water) serving as control. Samples were bleached according to the manufacturer's instructions for a period of two weeks. The Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE L(*), a(*), b(*)) system was chosen for image processing, while 3D surface profile was tested with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Statistical analyses were performed with the Mann-Whitney tests and Krusal-Wallis with a P value of ≤ 0.05. The three restorative materials showed significant color changes (ΔE); P ≤ 0.05. In diminishing order, the mean color changes recorded were Estelite Σ (3.82 ± 1.6) > Ketac Nano (2.97 ± 1.2) > Filtek Z350 XT (2.25 ± 1.0). However, none of the tested materials showed statistically significant changes in surface roughness; P > 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2, which is characterized by defects in both insulin secretion and action, accounts for the greater part of cases of diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 DM is increases with age. Objective: This study was to compare DM FT index among non-diabetic and diabetic patients with non-insulin dependent DM.' Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The study includes 49 randomly sampled dentate adults aged 35 years old to 65 years old including 23 diabetic and 26 non-diabetics patients. Questionnaires were used to collect data on oral self care, self perceived oral health and problems faced by diabetic patients. The presence of dentine caries was clinically diagnosed on tooth surfaces by visual examination and probing, following the guidelines of the WHO (1987). Results: The main finding is that DMFT index in diabetic patients was higher (P < 0.05) compared to non-diabetic patients. The mean value of decay was significantly higher in the diabetic group that was 6.70 (SD = 2.067) compared to non-diabetic group 3.81 (SD = 1.772). The means for DMFT was significantly higher in diabetic group 13.52 (SD = 3.694) than in the non-diabetic group 9.73 (SD = 2.496) and this affected a total DMFT means of 11.33 (SD = 2.787). Conclusion: The frequency of sugar consumption was higher in patients with diabetes than in controls. In diabetes group, caries development was a result of the combination of the disease-related factors and oral hygiene management, which at the end of the day comes back to personal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most frequent chronic disease in today's society. The prevalence of DM in Malaysia keeps increasing from 6.3% (NHMS I, 1986) to 8.3% (NHMS II, 1996) then 11.6% (NHMS III, 2006). A total of 11.7% Kelantan population has DM (NHMS III, 2006). Objectives: To compare caries experience and oral hygiene between diabetic patients and non-diabetic control group; also between subgroup of diabetic patients with different disease duration, presence of complications and metabolic control (HbAlc). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 32 diabetic patients and 32 non-diabetic subjects. Dental caries experience was measured using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) according to the WHO caries diagnostic criteria. Oral examination using plain mouth mirror and standard probe was performed without radiograph assessment. Oral hygiene status was assessed using simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). In diabetic group, data like HbAlc, duration of the disease in years and the existence of complications such as diabetic neuropathy or retinopathy were collected. Result: OHI-S does not show any significant differences ip > 0.05) although diabetic patients are slightly higher OHI-S index (1.42 ± (1.00)) compared to non-diabetic groups (1.16 ± 0.76). For DMFT score, there are significant differences between diabetic group (16.34 ± 7.16) and non-diabetic group (7.72 ± 5.66) with P = 0.042. No significant differences were found in the DMFT score and OHI-S index in diabetic group. Conclusion: We conclude that diabetic patients have an increased incidence of caries, though not related to HbAlc level, the duration of disease or the appearance of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]