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Strombus tricornis is a true conch among Strombidae species predominately exploited for feeding and jewelry production. Intensive conch culture targets higher growth rates using convenient formulated feed under suitable conditions. Moreover, the efficacy of the digestive system mainly depends on the nutritive value of aqua feed. Currently, nutriment scientists attempt to use marine algae as an alternative protein for aquatic feed. Hence, an assessment was made to compare the inclusion of seaweed and protein sources in Strombus tricornis diet using five experimental diets (D). D1, D2 and D3 integrated with racemosa, J. rubens, and D. ciliolate, respectively, while D4 and D5 incorporated with animal and plant protein, respectively. Each diet was run into three replicates of conchs in 60 liters of aquaria at 30-32°C for three months. The final body weight of Strombus conchs simultaneous with histomorphology characteristics of the digestive system and muscles were evaluated for five treatments. Results ensured that seaweed enhanced growth for further increased final body weight. Histomorphological results exhibited normal intestinal epithelium of columnar cells and well-studiated muscle fibers when compared with those of control and commercial diets. In conclusion, algae act as a proper alternative feed for protein sources of Strombus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of genus Laevistrombus (Family Strombidae) is described from the northeastern Gulf of Thailand, northern Borneo and southern Philippines. Laevistrombus maxwelli sp. nov. is conchologically differentiated from other species in the Genus Laevistrombus and its complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new (1 and 2) and six known (3 - 8) compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of the Vietnamese marine spider conch Lambis lambis Linnaeus, 1758. Based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, particularly HRESIMS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra, their chemical structures were determined to be 25,26,27-tri-nor-cholest-5-ene-2 β,3 α,24-triol-2,24-disulfate (1), 25,26,27-tri-nor-cholesta-2 β,3 α,24-triol-3,24-disulfate (2), 25,26,27-tri-nor-cholesta-2β,3α,24-triol-2,3,24-trisulfate (solomonsterol A, 3), 1- O -arachidonoyl-3- O -stearylglycerol (4), eicosapentaenoic acid (5), adenosine (6), adenine (7), and uracil (8). This is the first report of compounds 3 - 8 from L. lambis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strombidae is one of the major molluscan families in Sudan and due to their opercula, has tremendous economic value. In traditional Sudanese homemade perfumes and body care cosmetics, Strombidae family operculum is one of the main ingredients. Their fumigation generates a charming odor preferred by Sudanese people, used for body smoke baths by married women. Moreover, these fumes are believed to treat several gynecological disorders. In this study, we attempted to confirm the presence of volatiles with pleasant odors and compounds with pharmaceutical importance in the Strombidae opercula. Volatiles from the smoke and soak extracts of the burned opercula were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Furthermore, polar components from the methanol extract of opercula powder were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS), and UV spectra. The elemental and metal contents were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). GC–MS analysis revealed several phenols, aldehydes, ketones, and other functional fragrant and volatile constituents. Further, two compounds were purified from the methanol extract of Strombidae opercula, and named compounds B and D , which were identified as cyclo-(Tyr–Gly) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively. ICP–MS analysis revealed the presence of various elements and metals at different levels. These findings support the historical and traditional practices and usage of the Strombidae opercula in therapeutic and esthetic products. The opercula contains many biologically active compounds and produces smoke containing volatile scent compounds, which might provide alternative pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients that can cooperate to improve the manufacturing of numerous medical products. • Strombidae family one of the molluscan families in Sudan. • Strombidae operculum is a main ingredient of traditional Sudanese perfumes. • Strombus tricornis operculum showed several odorous conistituents in the smoke. • S. tricornis opercula's detected constituents are known for their health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new species of Ophioglossolambis Dekkers, 2012 from the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues, and Réunion) and Saint Brandon (also known as Cargados Carajos) Shoals in the western Indian Ocean as Ophioglossolambis itsumiae. It is separated from Ophioglossolambis digitata (Perry, 1811), its closest congener from the coastal waters of Madagascar and East Africa, by its typically larger and broader build, longer spines, lighter coloration, a more flared labral flange, and, most especially, very compact and short spire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrations on the number of eyes and strombid notches, the evolution of the eyesight, the use of the anterior canal and other morphological adaptions to the shells of the family are discussed. Animals with 3 and 4 eyes instead of 2 eyes are reported just as shells with 2 strombid notches instead of one strombid notch. The use of the term 'siphonal canal' is discouraged and replaced by 'anterior canal'. A new term is introduced: the strombid lobe for the broadly rounded projection on the outer lip posterior to the strombid notch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aliger gigas is an economically important and vulnerable marine species. We present a new mitogenome of A. gigas from the Mexican Caribbean and use the eight publicly available Strombidae mitogenomes to analyze intra- and interspecific variation. We present the most complete phylogenomic understanding of Hypsogastropoda to date (17 superfamilies, 39 families, 85 genera, 109 species) to revisit the phylogenetic position of the Stromboidea and evaluate divergence times throughout the phylogeny. The A. gigas mitogenome comprises 15,460 bp including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. Nucleotide diversity suggested divergence between the Mexican and Colombian lineages of A. gigas. Interspecific divergence showed high differentiation among Strombidae species and demonstrated a close relationship between A. gigas and Strombus pugilis, between Lambis lambis and Harpago chiragra, and among Tridentarius dentatus/Laevistrombus canarium/Ministrombus variabilis. At the intraspecific level, the gene showing the highest differentiation is ATP8 and the lowest is NAD4L, whereas at the interspecific level the NAD genes show the highest variation and the COX genes the lowest. Phylogenomic analyses confirm that Stromboidea belongs in the non-Latrogastropoda clade and includes Xenophoridea. The phylogenomic position of other superfamilies, including those of previously uncertain affiliation, is also discussed. Finally, our data indicated that Stromboidea diverged into two principal clades in the early Cretaceous while Strombidae diversified in the Paleocene, and lineage diversification within A. gigas took place in the Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomy of Stromboideans has, historically, been simplistic. However, recent revisions have seen new taxa introduced to distinguish relationships between species clusters. We discuss these numerous advancements in Stromboidean systematics, and describe two new subfamilies here. The key diagnostic characteristic, the basal peg on the first lateral tooth, splits the Strombidae into two clades similar to those observed with molecular data. In defining the new subfamilies, Neoaligerinae and Neostrombinae, we demonstrate that the practical application of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), can also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision further advances and strengthens the framework of Stromboidean nomenclature such that it is able to reflect the current understanding of the evolutionary relationships between members of the Stromboidea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This revision of the genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817 after Abbott (1960) advances our understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Morphological characters were used to generate a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and including all of the recognised species. This resulted in the recognition of one tree, and within that tree the existing genera Canarium Schumacher, 1817 Tridentarius Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002 and Terestrombus Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002, and two more Maculastrombus n. gen. and Neostrombus n. gen. were recognisable clades. Furthermore, within the genus Canarium, four subgenera, Canarium (Canarium), Canarium (Conundrum), Canarium (Elegantum), and Canarium (Stereostrombus), were identified and described. We describe and define taxa that are compatible with the requirements of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision assists in generating a system of nomenclature that reflects the hypothetical relationships, and is at the same time practical in its application. We designate type localities and types for included species that were not yet addressed up until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strombus urceus Linné, 1758 is a gastropod species that is one of the most variable and well documented through the centuries. However, we found the present identity of Strombus urceus misleading. Abbott (1960) designated the type locality, and confirmed type specimen, based on the microfiche of the Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution Zoology Section Collection, which formed the basic reference set for the Museum S:æ R:æ M:tis Luovicæ Ulricæ (1764), Linné's primary set of organisms from which he ordered the species in the Systema Naturae. This review resolves the taxonomic identity of Strombus urceus Linné, 1758 (= Canarium urceus (Linné, 1758)) through conforming the type and explicitly defining a range for that phenotype, and this then provides the basis for future work that will deal with the greater Strombus urceus Linné, 1758 diverse phenotypic complex and its currently assigned regional forms and varieties by the present authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogeny of the American Strombidae the genus Lobatus is limited to the extant Lobatus raninus and several fossil precursors, the genera Macrostrombus, Aliger and Titanostrombus are re-installed as valid genera. The genus Persististrombus which was used as a sink for a plethora of species, is limited to the extant Persististrombus granulatus, fossil American species and a few Eocene to Miocene European species, which we enclose within Persististrombini nov. tribus along with Thetystrombus. Two new genera for the Miocene ancestral basal taxa of Aligerini nov. tribus, Edpetuchistrombus nov. gen. and Antestrombus nov. gen., both of which represent basal reference points enabling greater clarity in the resolution of early West African and American Strombidae radiations are proposed. This revised phylogeny informed by total evidence and historical revisions will assist in providing an evolutionary-based nomenclature that offers a structural basis for further explanation of the radiation and diversification of taxa within the Strombidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an examination of the relationships between Dolomena, Doxander, Mirabilistrombus, Neodilatilabrum and Labiostrombus using character state analysis and maximum parsimony. Hypothesized relationships are presented through the introduction of definitions that bridge the understanding of the evolutionary relationships with the applied nomenclature. Dolomenini is introduced to incorporate two new subtribes: Dolomenina which combines parts of Dolomena ex Abbott (1960) and Labiostrombus; and Doxanderina, which encloses Doxander and Neodilatilabrum. Based on the generated phylogeny, Amabiliplicatus, Pacificus and Dominus are introduced, while Ministrombus is validated as monophyletic. The clustering of Neodilatilabrum and Doxander within Doxanderina, and the nesting of Labiostrombus within the Dolomenini are major revisions to Stromboid systematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persististrombus deperditus (Sowerby) from the Lower Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat, western India is represented by two size classes in our collection. Statistical analyses discriminate the size morphs. Large size variations generally result from either (1) sexual differences or (2) ecophenotypic causes. All the living species of the family Strombidae, wherever examined, are characterized by sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Persististrombus deperditus shares all the characters of SSD in these recent species. Size variations due to difference in ecological factors generally occur in allopatric populations. Similar variations are known to characterize sympatric sub-populations of molluscs living only in the intertidal zone, where upper and lower shorefaces differ significantly in physico-chemical and biological properties. Persististrombus deperditus comes from a stable shelf setting that received less siliciclastic input in response to transgression. Hence, its size dimorphism is considered to have sexual origin. This is the first report of SSD in a fossil strombid gastropod. It is argued that fecundity selection was the primary driving force behind the evolution of SSD in this gonochoristic gastropod species. Hence, the larger morph is the female.

This paper defines a new crown clade Neostromboidea to separate the Strombidae, Rostellariidae, and Seraphsidae from their sister families Struthiolariidae and Aporrhaidae. There is significant value to understanding evolutionary processes within Stromboidea to recognise the universal similarity in the position of the eye on the end of peduncles and a diminished cephalic tentacle that arises from the middle to the end on that peduncle. This is in contrast to other members of the Stromboidea where the eye is located at the base of the cephalic tentacle. These physiological differences represent two set of organisms with divergent and independent evolutionary life histories and therefore these differences need to be identifiable within the nomenclature to bring meaning to the way we name things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the southern Gulf of Mexico, the spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) is the second most frequently caught batoid in small-scale fisheries off Campeche. Ecological aspects of this ray are unknown in this region, hampering the understanding of the relationship between its distribution and prey availability in the fishing area. In order to study the feeding habits of this batoid and characterize its potential prey in the study area, stomachs and intestines of 154 specimens (68 females and 86 males) were analysed. The results indicated that A. narinari near Campeche is a specialist and selective predator that feeds mainly on gastropods (92.7% IRI), with no significant differences in the diet found between sexes, size groups, or between stomach and intestine contents. In addition, the results indicated that the most important prey species in the diet were among the most common benthic species in three of the four sampling transects positioned in or adjacent to fishing areas for rays. These most important prey species were Strombus pugilis (53.33% IRI) and Americoliva reticularis (25.6% IRI). Other prey species included Lobatus costatus (5.6% IRI) and Petrochirus diogenes (3.6% IRI). This study suggests that this widely distributed ray species feeds in Campeche's coastal waters and that the study of its potential prey increases the understanding of ecological aspects of the species, which emphasizes the added importance of monitoring fishery impacts on prey species (e.g. the conch fishery off Campeche) to help support integrated assessment and management of fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problems with undertaking revisions within Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 is the tendency for chaining within the genus Strombus Linné, 1758. Strombus is often used taxonomically as a holder for confusing taxa acting in sensu lato (s.l.). This paper addresses one of the chaining issues with Strombus with the erection of Striatostrombus gen. nov. This revision is based on morphology and spatio-temporal considerations in relation to the determination of species reassignment to the new genus. While there are no extant members of Striatostrombus, two extinct species currently classified as Strombus (Lentigo) micklei Ladd, 1972 and Strombus (s.l.) blanci Tröndlé & Salvat, 2010 were brought into the new genus. The shifting of S. blanci to Striatostrombus provides improved taxonomic clarity within Strombus Linné, 1758 sensu stricto and furthermore, the new genus provides a new cladistic reference point that aids in the understanding of the evolution and radiation within the Strombidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se determinó la supervivencia, reproducción y el desarrollo embrionario del caracol Strombus pugilis, por un periodo de diez meses en condiciones de laboratorio. Siete progenitores fueron recolectados en Isla Contoy, Quintana Roo, México y posteriormente trasladados al laboratorio donde fueron colocados en acuarios de 80 l con agua de mar y alimentados con alimento granulado. Un total de 30 masas ovígeras fueron recolectadas, lográndose un aumento en el número de masas de huevos en abril. La longitud total estimada de una sola masa ovígera fue de 11.24 m, el número promedio de embriones encontrados en 2 cm fue de 264, obteniéndose un total de 157 500 embriones en toda la masa de huevos. Los resultados promedio de los parámetros físico-químicos a lo largo del periodo de estudio fueron los siguientes: salinidad de 37.5±0.5 ‰, pH 7.5±0.5 y temperatura de 28±0.2 °C. Con los datos aportados en este estudio se infiere que este sistema de mantenimiento y recirculación de los progenitores es excelente tanto para la reproducción como para la obtención de las masas ovígeras en condiciones controladas.Obtaining of egg masses of the snail, Strombus pugilis (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae) under laboratory conditions. The survival, reproduction and embryonic development of Strombus pugilis, were determined during a period of ten months under laboratory conditions. Seven progenitors were collected in Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, Mexico and later transferred to the laboratory, where they were placed in aquarium with 80 l of sea water and fed with "pellets". A total of 30 egg masses were collected, one on September and the other on April. The estimated total length of one egg mass was 11.24 m; the mean number of embryos obtained per 2 cm was 264, obtaining an estimated total of 157 500 embryos in the egg mass. The means of the physical-chemical parameters during the study were: salinity 37.6±0.5 ‰, pH 7.5±0.5 and temperature 28±0.2 °C. The maintenance and water recirculation system used to sustain the breading stock is excellent both for reproduction of the organism and for obtaining egg masses under controlled conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 183-188. Epub 2007 March. 31.

The Strombus Linne, 1758 is a genus of marine mollusks belonging to the class Gastropoda, and is distributed in the tropical waters of the world. Typically, the family Strombidae includes five extant genera (Strombus, Lambis, Terebellum, Tibia, and Rimella), all of which are mostly found in tropical waters. Five individuals of Strombus luhuanus Linne, 1758 were collected from Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do province for the first time. In this study, we describe details of shell morphology and radula characters of the species with scanning electron microscopy images of the radula. This is a new record of Strombus luhuanus Linne, 1758 from Korean waters.

The family Strombidae is one of the twenty-three families and subfamilies of gastropods associated with tropical environmental conditions, and therefore useful as a biogeographical and paleoclimatic proxy. Today, the strombid genus Persististrombus is represented in the NE Atlantic by a single species restricted to the tropical Mauritanian–Senegalese Province. This work reports the occurrence of Persististrombus coronatus from the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island in the Azores Archipelago. Based on this occurrence, and on the Mio-Pliocene fossil record of the NE Atlantic oceanic islands, paleoclimatological considerations are discussed, which allow, for the first time, to include the Azores and the other Macaronesian islands in a wider context of the NE Atlantic paleobiogeographical molluscan provinces. Late Miocene to present day molluscan biogeographic units, ranging in latitude from 60°N down to 17°S, are here defined and the boundaries of the proposed climatic zones are outlined. We suggest that during the upper Miocene–lower Pliocene, the paleoclimate at Santa Maria Island was drastically different from that seen at those latitudes today, with mean annual sea surface temperatures (SSTs) about 3.7 °C to 6.3 °C higher than the present-day 20.6 °C, and with mean monthly SSTs ranging from 20 °C to 28 °C, with six months with mean SSTs over 24 °C, conditions typical of a tropical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strombids are frequent fossils in Neogene nearshore deposits but are rarely used for biostratigraphy due to their poorly defined stratigraphic ranges. Herein, we document the biostratigraphic value of the group based on a succession of short-lived distinct species in Neogene deposits in the circum-Mediterranean area. These have been intermingled so far into two "super-species", viz. Persististrombus bonelli and P. coronatus, seemingly ranging from the Oligocene to the Pliocene. Based on morphometric measurements on 219 specimens we refine the taxonomic concept for this group and document at least 5 distinct species of high biostratigraphic and biogeographic significance. European Persististrombus species display a tendency to produce strongly sculptured populations with marked spines or to form populations with elongate shells and reduced sculpture. The development of sculptured morphs is an iterative process as exceptionally sculptured taxa occur in stratigraphically and geographically discrete phases and areas. Yet, within these species the morphology is very variable. Although some of these taxa are distinct species, there is no continuous evolutionary lineage leading to the Pliocene P. coronatus with which some of these taxa were confused in the literature so far. Successfully reproducing populations of extant species of Persististrombus in the Panamic Province and the African-Eastern Atlantic Province are limited in their distribution by the 20°C isotherm. This value may thus be a realistic estimate for the cool-season sea surface temperatures for Persististrombus-bearing formations. Persististrombus pannonicus sp. nov. is established for a late Badenian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium form mutualistic symbioses not only with corals and other cnidarians but also with sponges, bivalves, and gastropods, including the commercially important queen conch, Strombus gigas (Linnaeus 1758). The eggs of S. gigas are aposymbiotic, but acquisition of Symbiodinium at the larval stage significantly enhances survival and growth, demonstrating the mutualistic nature of this symbiosis at the larval stage. The objective of the present study was to investigate the symbiotic association between adult S. gigas and Symbiodinium. S. gigas were collected along the Mexican Caribbean coast. Symbiodinium did not occur in the muscle tissue or gonads, the latter supporting the lack of symbionts in S. gigas' eggs. Symbiodinium cells were morphologically intact in all of the anatomical structures in which they were found that included, in order of abundance, the digestive gland and other parts of the digestive tract, gills, in connective tissue surrounding the mantle and foot, as well as in the nephridium and proboscis. The symbionts underwent mitosis in the mantle, stomach and digestive gland. The healthy condition of the Symbiodinium, evident in their morphology and mitotic index, was surprising given the low light habitat in which they were found in adult S. gigas. The shell of S. gigas is a strong light attenuator; a maximum of 21% of incident radiation passed through the conch shell and decreased exponentially with increasing shell length to a low of 0.1%. The maximal photochemical efficiencies (Fv/Fm) of the symbionts were low, suggesting that their photosynthetic activity would be suboptimal in the reduced light environment in which they are found. The large population of Symbiodinium may be maintained by the symbionts acquiring nutrients heterotrophically from the host. Consequently, in S. gigas, a mutualistic symbiont at the larval life stage may confer a net cost at the adult life stage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Herbivorous and deposit-feeding gastropods are a major component of archaeological shell middens worldwide. They provide a wealth of information about subsistence, economy, environment, and climate, but are generally considered to be less than ideal for radiocarbon dating because they can ingest sediment while they graze, inadvertently consuming terrestrial carbon in the process. However, few studies of 14C activity in herbivores or deposit-feeding gastropods have been conducted into this diverse range of animals that inhabit many environmental niches. Here, we present results investigating 14C variability in shells belonging to the families Strombidae and Potamididae from the Bogi 1 archaeological site, Caution Bay, southern coastal Papua New Guinea (PNG). These shells make up 39.3% of the shell MNI8 in the excavation units studied and some of these species are the most common taxa of neighboring sites. It would therefore be advantageous to establish if there are any 14C offsets associated with such animals, and identify those that can give reliable calendar ages. Our methodology combines a high-resolution excavation protocol, selection of short-lived samples identified to species level, and a triisotope approach using 14C, ?13C, and ?18O to evaluate the source of variability in shells. Our results indicate that considerable variation exists between different species of Strombidae with some inhabiting muddier environments that act as sinks for limestone-derived sediments with depleted 14C content. The magnitude of variation is, however, overshadowed by that measured in the mudwhelk, Cerithidea largillierti, which has the largest spread in 14C of any shellfish studied so far at Caution Bay. This animal ingests sediment within the estuary that contains 14C derived from both enriched and depleted sources [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Marine molluscs are sold all over the world as curios and souvenirs. This market encompasses about 5,000 species of molluscs (bivalves and gastropods) worldwide, but the mollusc species involved in this trade are undocumented in all but a very small number of countries. The present study provides a baseline assessment of the mollusc species used in the manufacture of crafts, marine curiosities and souvenirs in northeastern Brazil. A total of 126 species (41 bivalves and 85 gastropods) were found to be sold individually as decorative pieces or incorporated into utilitarian objects. Overall, the families most represented were Veneridae bivalves (9 species) and the gastropods Conidae and Strombidae (8 species each). Large gastropod shells were observed in all of the localities surveyed (mainly as part of table lamps). The main species used were the King helmet Cassis tuberosa, the Hebrew volute Voluta ebraea, and the Goliath conch Eustrombus goliath. The majority of the species involved are harvested from the Atlantic Ocean (68%), but many are imported from Indo-Pacific countries, such as cowries Monetaria moneta. Among the species harvested in the Atlantic Ocean, 11.2% are endemic to Brazil as, for example, the Brazilian chank ( Turbinella laevigata). The majority of the species sold in northeastern Brazil tend to inhabit shallow habitats, which facilitates their capture. As there are no official statistics available concerning the marine curio and souvenir trade in Brazil, some species may be endangered. Harvesting regulations should include minimum capture sizes, capture quotas, specific periods for harvesting, and the use of non-destructive techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 is an important gastropod species within the study area and was traditionally collected for food by the locals. The objective of the present study is to assess the incidence of imposex and its severity in this species. Adult conchs were sampled during their main reproductive period, from October 2005 to January 2006, at Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor Straits, Malaysia. A total of 32.81% of adult females showed imposex characteristics, with varying degrees of severity though. The relative penis size (RPS) index ranged from 1.74 to 33.29 (mean = 13.40 ± 2.27, n = 21), while the relative penis length (RPL) index ranged from 6.28 to 55.19 (mean = 25.83 ± 3.33, n = 21). The use of vas deferens sequence (VDS) index was however cannot be applied as the presence of egg groove obscured any vas deferens development in affected females. Sequence of imposex (male penis) development in female conch, from merely a small stump to an advance male penis homologous was therefore carefully analyzed and described, and an alternative imposex classification scheme was proposed. S. canarium can be a good indicator for monitoring of organotin pollution within the study area. However, more studies are needed in order to further develop and test its validity and application, such as its correlation with levels of pollutant within the tissues and the environment, as well as its application on other Strombus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the population structure, density, and abundance of the milk conch Strombus costatus at Banco Chinchorro in Mexico during the summer and winter season. The study made use of the ratio variance/mean to evaluate the degree of aggregation. The result of the study indicates that commercial exploitation at Banco Chinchorro could not be supported by the population of S. costatus.

In contrast to the immense effort that has been put into the geological survey and stratigraphic study of the Neogene of Bocas del Toro region (Panama), little research has been done on the systematics of this region's rich gastropod assemblages. This is the first paper dealing primarily with the Bocas Neogene gastropod assemblages (Strombidae) since the pioneer work of Olsson (1922). Neogene strombid assemblages of the Dominican Republic have recently been reviewed and updated, and, therefore, the Strombidae are a suitable starting point for the revision of the gastropod assemblages from the Neogene of Bocas del Toro. Six species of Strombus are described, three of them new: S. acanthospira n. sp., S. pugiloides, S. gatunensis, S. elegantissimus n. sp., S. vermieji n. sp. and S. cf. floridanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbiotic alpheid shrimp Aretopsis amabilis De Man, 1910 (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) is reported from Vietnam for the first time. A male-female pair of mature individuals of this species was found inside a large strombid shell occupied by a hermit crab Dardanus cf. lagopodes (Forskål, 1775) (Diogenidae). The live coloration of the shrimps and their host, as well as its known associations and information on the species distribution are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stromboid fauna from Cenozoic deposits of Chile contains an unusual mixture of warm-water and cool-water taxa, showing relationships with either Argentinian or New Zealand taxa. Six species of Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthiolariidae are described, and their relationships and paleobiogeographic implications are discussed. Conus medinae Philippi, 1887 from the Miocene Navidad Formation is assigned to the genus Strombus and thereby constitutes the first record of Strombidae from southwestern South America. The new subgenus Austrombus is proposed for smooth species of Strombus without any spines or axial sculpture. Hemichenopus araucanus (Philippi, 1887) from the ?Eocene of Peninsula Arauco shows strong affinities to Dicroloma zelandica Marshall, 1919 from the Eocene of New Zealand, which is here assigned to Hemichenopus. The New Zealand species Perissoptera (Hemichenopus) thomsoni Allan, 1926 does not belong in Hemichenopus but could not be reassigned to another aporrhaid genus. Struthiochenopus bandeli n. sp. and Struthiochenopus philippii Zinsmeister and Griffin, 1995 are reported from deepwater facies in Chile, rather than the nearshore facies favored by congeners in Argentina. Perissodonta ameghinoi (Ihering, 1897) and Perissodonta chilensis (Philippi, 1887) are the only species of this genus in the eastern Pacific, the former being an Atlantic species, reported for the first time from the Pacific. The term Neo-Weddellian is proposed for Miocene taxa having their origin in the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene Weddellian Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentition characters ofConomurex persicusfound along the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey were analyzed. For the analyses of radula, 289 individuals (34 adult males, 140 adult females and the remainder juveniles) were examined. Male and female individuals of the species had different numbers of radular cusps. The radula of the taenioglossate type was made up of two marginal teeth, one lateral and one central (rhachidian) tooth, each being delicate and with different numbers of cusps. The central and lateral teeth had seven cusps and five cusps, respectively, in both males and females. Outer and inner marginal teeth of males had two and one cusps, while those of females had five and six cusps, respectively. The female’s radula is yellow-whitish. The male’s radula is reddish dark brown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat locations, behavioral properties, as well as external and internal structure of poorly explored Mediterranean gastropod Strombus decorus raybaudii were analyzed. The data on the dimensions and weight of the crystalline style are presented. Morphobiochemical adaptations to nutrition are discussed in terms of weights of the main parts of the radular apparatus and hemoglobin content in the radular tissues of the mollusk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study is based on a description of the anatomical development of live eggs and larval characteristics of queen conch, Strombus gigas L., before hatching, and the development of these characteristics at five different temperatures (24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C and 32°C). The effect of temperature was quantified with reference to six easily identifiable morphological changes, selected from 27 identified characteristics. The relationship between the appearance of the six characteristics and water temperature was used to calculate the minimal biological temperature (MBT) for queen conch. The ‘degree days’ for each characteristic until hatching were determined. These data can be used to predict the hatching time at predetermined temperatures in culture systems. The work also has the benefit of providing synchronously developed material for S. gigas for developmental, biological, physiological and biochemical research of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stromboidean phylogeny inferred using mitochondrial genomes. • Xenophoridae included in Stromboidea. • Support for Hypsogastropoda but not Littorinimorpha. • Variations in gene choice and mode of inference influence the phylogenetic position of groups. Members of the gastropod superfamily Stromboidea (Littorinimorpha) are characterised by their elaborate shell morphologies, distinctive mode of locomotion, and often large and colourful eyes. This iconic group comprises over 130 species, including many large and charismatic species. The family Strombidae is of particular interest, largely due to its commercial importance and wide distribution in tropical and subtropical waters. Although a few strombid mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced, data for the other four Recent families in Stromboidea are lacking. In this study we report seven new stromboid mitogenomes obtained from transcriptomic and genomic data, with taxonomic representation from each Recent stromboid family, including the first mitogenomes for Aporrhaidae, Rostellariidae, Seraphsidae and Struthiolariidae. We also report a new mitogenome for the family Xenophoridae. We use these data, along with published sequences, to investigate the relationships among these and other caenogastropod groups. All analyses undertaken in this study support monophyly of Stromboidea as redefined here to include Xenophoridae, a finding consistent with morphological and behavioural data. Consistent with previous morphological and molecular analyses, including those based on mitogenomes, monophyly of Hypsogastropoda is confirmed but monophyly of Littorinimorpha is again rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research on the presence of sporozoa-like microorganisms in the digestive gland of various species of Strombidae. One research by Gros, Frenkiel and Aldana Aranda described the digestive gland of Strombus gigas Linnaeus as having an assemblage of tubules and ducts. Another study found the occurrence of intracellular microorganisms believed to be the various life cycle stages of Apicomplexa.