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Although being rooted in the work of ancient Greek philosophers, contemporary research on wellbeing is a relatively new phenomenon. As a term in the literature, wellbeing is often used interchangeably with others, such as happiness, flourishing, enjoying a good life and life satisfaction. Furthermore, the wellbeing of school-aged children is only beginning to be explored with increasing recognition that research conducted on adults cannot be uncritically applied to children and young people. This paper aims to address some of the complexities in conceptualising, and hence assessing, children and young people's wellbeing by drawing on a recently completed study examining the role of creative initiatives in fostering wellbeing. The new instrument that was developed to capture children and young people's perceptions of their wellbeing in school is outlined. Data are presented from a survey of 5170 students from 20 primary and 20 secondary schools across England that identify four dimensions of wellbeing. Differences in self-reported wellbeing relating to age, gender and type of school attended (Creative Partnerships versus other schools) are explored. The implications of these findings, particularly differences related to type of school attended, given the focus of this special issue, are considered.

The attitudes and behaviour of 1040 pupils aged 12-14 years have been measured at the beginning and end of the school year with a battery of attitude, motivation and personality tests in an investigation of the differential effects of group work compared to whole-class learning. A total of 44 secondary teachers of English, mathematics and science and their classes have been studied over a two-year period. While subject attitudes and motivation scores fell significantly during the year, attitudes to group working held steady. Extraversion has been found to have a significant association with a positive approach to group work in English and mathematics. Cluster analysis has been used to identify four broad types of pupils who respond to group work in characteristically different manners. Two of the types show contrasting personality profiles, but display the least positive attitudes to school and classroom work. In 13 of 40 classes, these rather negative pupils made up at least half the class. There is evidence from English that group work in an appropriate task can arrest attainment decline for these pupils. It is argued that a shift from achievement to mastery motivation in schools with a role for cooperative group working could deliver a more effective education for disaffected youth. (Contains 7 tables and 2 figures.)

Switching nurses from the acute sector into primary care on a rotational basis may be a good idea in theory, but in practice there are large loopholes (news October 30). [...]

Intracranial diseases are common in dogs and improved noninvasive diagnostic tests are needed. Magnetic resonance ( MR) spectroscopy is a technique used in conjunction with conventional MR imaging to characterize focal and diffuse pathology, especially in the brain. As with conventional MR imaging, there are numerous technical factors that must be considered to optimize image quality. This study was performed to develop an MR spectroscopy protocol for routine use in dogs undergoing MR imaging of the brain. Fifteen canine cadavers were used for protocol development. Technical factors evaluated included use of single-voxel or multivoxel acquisitions, manual placement of saturation bands, echo time ( TE), phase- and frequency-encoding matrix size, radiofrequency coil, and placement of the volume of interest relative to the calvaria. Spectrum quality was found to be best when utilizing a multivoxel acquisition with the volume of interest placed entirely within the brain parenchyma without use of manually placed saturation bands, TE = 144 ms, and a quadrature extremity radiofrequency coil. An 18 × 18 phase- and frequency-encoding matrix size also proved optimal for image quality, specificity of voxel placement, and imaging time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To determine relative concentrations of selected major brain tissue metabolites and their ratios and lobar variations by use of 3-T proton (hydrogen 1 [žHI) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain of healthy dogs. Animals--10 healthy Beagles. Procedures--3-T žH MRS at echo times of 144 and 35 milliseconds was performed on 5 transverse slices and 1 sagittal slice of representative brain lobe regions. Intravoxel parenchyma was classified as white matter, gray matter, or mixed (gray and white) and analyzed for relative concentrations (in arbitrary units) of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine (ie, height at position of peak on MRS graph) as well as their ratios (NAA-to-choline, NAA-to-creatine, and choline-to-creatine ratios). Peak heights for metabolites were compared between echo times. Peak heights for metabolites and their ratios were correlated and evaluated among matter types. Yield was calculated as interpretable voxels divided by available lobar voxels. Results--Reference ranges of the metabolite concentration ratios were determined at an echo time of 35 milliseconds (NAA-to-choline ratio, 1.055 to 2.224; NAA-to-creatine ratio, 1.103 to 2.161; choline-to-creatine ratio, 0.759 to 1.332) and 144 milliseconds (NAA-to-choline ratio, 0.687 to 1.788; NAA-to-creatine ratio, 0.984 to 2.044; choline-to-creatine ratio, 0.828 to 1.853). Metabolite concentration ratios were greater in white matter than in gray matter. Voxel yields ranged from 43% for the temporal lobe to 100% for the thalamus. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Metabolite concentrations and concentration ratios determined with 3-T žH MRS were not identical to those in humans and were determined for clinical and research investigations of canine brain disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]