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Black Carbon (BC) aerosol is a major climate forcer in the Arctic. Here, we present 15 years (2001–2015) of surface observations of the aerosol absorption coefficient babs (corresponding to Equivalent BC), obtained at the Zeppelin Observatory, Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, coupled with backward transport modeling with Flexpart in order to calculate the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) for BC. The observed long‐term variability superimposed on a strong annual cycle is studied as a function of large‐scale circulation patterns represented by monthly index values for the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Scandinavian pattern (SCAN). We find a 35% increase of babs values at Zeppelin during the SCAN− phase in the winter half‐year compared to the SCAN+ phase but no significant difference in babs values between the NAO index phases. Both NAO and SCAN induce significant regional variability on the areas of origin of babs, mainly Siberia, Europe, and North America. Plain Language Summary: Here, we investigate the effect of the most important large circulation patterns for the European Arctic, namely the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Scandinavian (SCAN) patterns on the light absorbing carbon aerosol reaching the highly important area experiencing the effects of climate change as found before. We report important first time findings for an extended observation record of 15 years of aerosol light absorbing carbon, which was never been employed before as a continuous long record, and we performed the first rigorous assessment of the impact of large atmospheric circulation patterns like NAO and SCAN on the transport of black carbon aerosol expressed as the climate relevant aerosol absorption coefficient (babs) for the first time. We find a significant 35% increase in babs at Zeppelin during one of the phases of the SCAN. However, a significant regional variability induced by both NAO and SCAN phases is revealed. These findings allow a better quantified estimate of the fate of emissions over the years in the Northern Hemisphere and a better assessment of their influence in the observed BC metrics in the Artic. Key Points: An extended 15 years' observation record of Arctic aerosol light absorbing carbon is employedLarge‐scale circulation patterns appear to induce a long‐term modulation in aerosol absorption coefficient (babs) with regional featuresA 35% increase is found in babs at Zeppelin during the negative Scandinavian pattern (SCAN) phase in the 6‐month cold period compared to the positive SCAN phase [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]