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Purpose: The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of a multitiered system of language support (MTSLS) on kindergarteners' narrative retelling, personal stories, writing, and expository language. Method: Participants were 686 kindergarten students from four school districts in the United States. Twenty-eight classrooms were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 337 students) or control (n = 349 students) conditions. The treatment group received 14 weeks of oral narrative language instruction using "Story Champs," a multitiered language program. Classroom teachers delivered large group (Tier 1) instruction for 15-20 min a day for 4 weeks. After this short-duration whole-class instruction, speech-language pathologists began small group "Story Champs" (Tier 2) intervention with a random sample of students who did not make adequate progress from the large group instruction (n = 49). These students received Tier 2 intervention for 20 min twice a week in addition to continued Tier 1 instruction. Results: Results indicated that the students in the treatment group had significantly higher scores on all outcome measures compared to the students in the control group. Analyses of outcomes from the 49 students who received Tier 2 intervention compared to a matching sample of at-risk control students revealed that the treatment group had significantly higher scores on narrative retells, personal stories, and expository retells. When compared to matched average-performing and advanced-performing control peers, the students who received Tier 2 intervention had significantly higher narrative retell scores and no longer had significantly lower personal story, expository, or writing scores. Conclusion: This effectiveness study demonstrated that MTSLS can lead to meaningful improvements in kindergarteners' oral and written language skills, even helping at-risk students catch up to high-achieving peers.

Responsiveness to intervention (RTI) initiatives have promise for meeting the literacy needs of all students, thereby preventing learning difficulties and school failure. In the authors' school districts in Michigan and Florida, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are participating in RTI initiatives at every level. In some respects, RTI activities already are incorporated into SLPs' curriculum-relevant practices; in other respects, RTI initiatives introduce new roles for SLPs. This article places RTI models and activities in the context of a curriculum-relevant service delivery model and contrasts both with a traditional medical model. Case examples from the authors' districts illustrate how SLPs can play active roles in RTI initiatives and how it is possible to merge new roles with current practices by shifting from a caseload to workload view of time management.

Speech-language pathologists are faced with demands for evidence to support practice. Federal legislation requires high-quality evidence for decisions regarding school-based services as part of evidence-based practice. The purpose of this article is to discuss the limited scientific evidence for making appropriate decisions about speech-language services for children and adolescents in schools, to identify factors that have contributed to this situation, and to present options for enhancing the depth and breadth of the evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the issue co-editors discuss various reports within the issue on topics including historical events related to learning disability (LD), identification of LD, and the use of response to intervention model in LD identification.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to conduct an evidence-based systematic review (EBSR) of peerreviewed articles from the last 30 years about the effect of different service delivery models on speech-language intervention outcomes for elementary school-age students. Method: A computer search of electronic databases was conducted to identify studies that addressed any of 16 research questions. Structured review procedureswere used to select and evaluate databased studies that used experimental designs of the following types: randomized clinical trial, nonrandomized comparison study, and single-subject design study. Results: The EBSR revealed a total of 5 studies that met the review criteria and addressed questions of the effectiveness of pullout, classroom-based, and indirect-consultative service delivery models with elementary school-age children. Some evidence suggests that classroom-based direct services are at least as effective as pullout intervention for some intervention goals, and that highly trained speech-language pathology assistants, using manuals prepared by speech-language pathologists to guide intervention, can provide effective services for some children with language problems. Conclusion: Lacking adequate research-based evidence, clinicians must rely on reason-based practice and their own data until more data become available concerning which service delivery models are most effective. Recommendations are made for an expanded research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]