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Esta investigación se inicia con las siguientes interrogantes: ¿existe consistencia entre la identificación de desarrollo y la estructura económica que se posee?; ¿existen parecidos entre economías identificadas con distintos niveles de desarrollo?; y ¿existen economías no desarrolladas con la estructura de una que lo es? Para responder a ellas, se revisan las similitudes de tablas input-output obtenidas desde la OCDE (Mid90, Early00 y Mid00), para posteriormente tomar como caso de estudio a la economía chilena. Las similitudes y cambios se indagan, utilizando un índice de similitud estructural y, comparando sus encadenamientos, se establecen las relaciones que se forman en el proceso de desarrollo. Los resultados revelan que: los indicadores tradicionales son sólo referentes y no categóricos en sus identificaciones de desarrollo; las economías muestran importantes parecidos según su nivel de desarrollo; y existen similitudes estructurales entre economías desarrolladas y la chilena. || This research begins with the following questions: Is there consistency between the identification of development and the economic structure that is possessed?; are there similarities among economies identified with differences in their levels of development?; and, are there non-developed economies with the same structure as that of developed economies? To answer these questions, similarities of input-output tables obtained from OECD (Mid90, Early00 and Mid00) are reviewed and then, a case study is performed on the Chilean economy. The similarities and changes are investigated by using a structural similarity index, and then by comparing correlations. The results show that: Traditional indicators can only be used as references and are non-categorical in their identification of development; the economies show significant similarities according to their level of development; and there exists significant structural similarities between developed economies and the economy of Chile.

Dadas las cercanías que presentan Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt y EntreLagos al Parque Nacional Puyehue (PNP), se revisan los impactos económicos de un incremento de las visitas a este último y, empleando como proxy del mercado laboral la conmutación, se estudian los cambios salariales requeridos para motivar un aumento de trabajadores en la zona. Se destaca como novedad lo que se ha denominado efecto “boca-a-boca-del-conmutante" y el uso de una formulación que explica cómo los ingresos afectan la conmutación. La investigación responde a: es relevante el aporte del turismo en estas localidades?; existe correlación entre un efecto alométrico con los salarios requeridos? y, regiones con alto PIB per cápita o ingresos promedios capturan en términos netos más conmutantes?. Las fuentes de información son el CENSO del año 2002 (Censo02), la Encuesta Nacional de Caracterización Socioeconómica del año 2009 (Casen09), y la Nueva Encuesta Suplementaria de Ingresos del año 2012 (Nesi12). Los resultados indican que el turismo no es gravitante, que regiones con altos PIB per cápita y/o salarios presentan en términos netos más conmutantes y, que el efecto boca-a-boca se puede determinar. || Given the closeness of Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt and Entre Lagos to Puyehue National Park (PNP), this article reviews the economic impact of the increased visits. We also study the salary changes required in order to motivate work in the area, using commutation as proxy of the labour market. As a novelty, the so-called “commuter-word-of-mouth" effect is to be highlighted, as well as the use of a formulation that explains how income affects commutation. This research provides answers to the following questions: Is the contribution of tourism relevant to these villages? Is there some correlation between an allometric effect and the required salaries? And do higher GDP per capita regions attract more commuters, in net numbers? The sources of information were the Census of 2002 (Censo02), the National Poll of Socioeconomic Characterization of 2009 (Casen09) and the New Supplementary Income Poll of 2012 (Nesil12). The results indicate that: tourism does not have a strong influence; regions with higher GDP per capita and/or salaries have more commuters in net ammounts; and the “word-of-mouth" effect can be determined.

Most nations fulfilled the commitment to reduce their emissions after the Paris Climate Agreement, and as a result, each nation has produced suitable plans to reach those goals. In this sense, Chile is hardly an exception. The emission multiplier product matrix (eMPM) and labor multiplier product matrix (lMPM), which are associated with the gender differences in the labor market, a state-of-the-art technique that integrates CO2 emissions with multi-region input–output table (MRIO) databases and elasticity to estimate the pollution caused by inter-industrial activity in the nation's various north, center, and south regions, are used in this article to analyze the emissions of Chilean industries. This approach, by studying the economic territorial consistency (ETC) issue, is expected to establish a connection between each region's production structure and interregional relationships between gender and the main industries that produce emissions. Indeed, the study aims to determine which regions foster economic development from an equitable perspective through the ETC study. The ETC in Chile depends on some variables, such as labor force, gender and CO2 emissions. The improvement in terms of emissions reduction will depend on the use of technology and the proper state regulation in line with the promises gained by Chile following the convening of COP25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most countries in the world have agreed to reduce their emissions following the COP21 agreement in Paris, and as a result, each nation has presented suitable plans to do so. Chile is not an exception in this regard. This article examines the emissions of Chilean industries using the emission multiplier product matrix (eMPM), a cutting-edge method that estimates the pollution caused by inter-industrial activity in the country's regions by integrating CO2 emissions with multi-region input–output table (MRIO) databases and elasticities. This approach connects the major emissions-producing sectors to the regions where these emissions come from, thereby accounting for existing interregional linkages. The application of technology, along with adequate state regulation in compliance with Chile's pledges, acquired following the COP25 call, will decide the level of improvement in emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contrasts whether the sectors with a GDP close to the average contribute more to the economic system through their employment multipliers and/or dispersion effects than those with a higher GDP. To achieve this, an 11-year horizon (2008-2018) and the 11 main centers of Chile's macro territories [Norte Chico (6) and Patagonia (5)] are used as a reference. The input-output matrices are used as source of information from which the variables GDP, employment multiplier and dispersion coefficients are obtained, the latter understood as those that allow quantifying the scope of the repercussions of an economic activity, by means of its direct and/or indirect effects. The results allow us to conclude that economic activities with a GDP close to the average, such as that of the education sector, show diffused effects that support the idea of facilitating development through changes in their production versus others that, with high GDPs, show concentrated effects that therefore limit their contribution in terms of interaction. These results will contribute to the establishment of economic development policies according to the particularities of each territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural activity is a key strategic sector for countries, particularly for food production. One way to strengthen the sector is through the use of technology. However, while integrating new technologies, challenges have emerged in the sector with regard to incorporating workers. Thus, one way to resolve this workforce shortfall could be through labour commutation, which consists of people living in one territory but working in another. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the likelihood of agricultural workers becoming worker commuters. Chile is used as a case study, drawing on the Chilean National Employment Survey of 2018 to analyse differences among the five largest regions in the country: Great North, Small North, Central Zone, South, and Chilean Patagonia. Each zone possesses different characteristics, and a propensity score matching process was carried out within the data. The results indicate that agricultural workers with a higher education level, full-time jobs, working in the formal sector, and younger workers are more likely to commute. Different impacts of variables were found across the zones. However, most of the variables have similar impact on the likelihood to commute in different areas. Thus, from a labour perspective, public policies can create general incentives to attract a new workforce to strengthen the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates labor commutation from different territories of Chilean Patagonia towards its Nodcd Centers: Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas. Commutation is verified in low qualified jobs, with cost of transport and distance being clear determinants; furthermore, the greater population size of the Centers is a pull factor when distances are smaller. At the same time, although some common patterns are obtained between Valdivia, Osorno and Puerto Montt, others have a distinct impact. Finally, all these factors allow us to outline territorially differentiated proposals for public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many authors stress the importance of relationships between sectors for the economic growth. Therefore the concept of linkage appears in the definition of two of the most traditional concepts in the input-output analysis: the "key sector" and cluster . In this paper , key products and activities are identified for the Chilean regions, the clusters that form and the structural similarity that exists between them. For this, we use a combination of so-called Important Coefficients and Fields of Influence. The results indicate that the regions that are most similar are: Tarapacá and Antofagasta, Biobío and Los Lagos. Besides the "developed" regions concept that is associated with a high division of labor and coordination between sectors, they have similar production structures and are very different from those that have "less development". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]