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The primary aim of this work is to prognosticate and evaluate the trajectory pertaining to the realization of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contingent upon the income levels prevalent within a diverse cohort of 349 countries. Employing Holt's forecast method, we classified SDGs in three bundles, namely higher needs, basic needs, and governance. Our analysis concludes that nations endowed with greater income levels exhibit a discernible amelioration in their SDGs indices, while countries with low and lower middle‐income strata manifest an alarming worsening of their trends. These empirical findings bear significant implications for policymakers ensconced within nations committed to the achievement of these goals, supranational institutions, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), and scholars. The widening developmental gap urges for greater institutional attention from the international community before the situation further deteriorates. Tailored policies and strategic initiatives might effectively address the idiosyncratic challenges faced by these nations. Concurrently, fostering international cooperation and collaborative endeavors stand as potent prerequisites, substantively bolstering the concerted pursuit of sustainable development goals and enduring sustainability for the entirety of humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift to renewable energy is essential for addressing climate change and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This paper analyzes the relationship between patent applications for renewable energy technologies and clean energy production in 45 countries from 2000 to 2019. Using a System Generalized Method of Moments Panel Vector Autoregressive (GMM-PVAR) model, Impulse Response Functions (IRFs), and Granger causality tests, the findings show that a shock to renewable energy patents does not immediately affect clean energy production. However, a temporary decline occurs in the second period, followed by gradual increases that stabilize in the long run. This suggests a delayed but sustained impact of innovation on energy generation due to the time required for technology implementation and infrastructure adaptation. Bidirectional causality between patents and energy production reveals a feedback loop, where innovation drives energy development, and increased energy production fosters further advancements. Additionally, GDP per capita, foreign direct investment, political stability, and trade openness significantly affect clean energy production. Political stability positively influences long-term renewable energy generation, while GDP and trade openness show short-term fluctuations before stabilizing. These findings highlight the evolving nature of the renewable energy sector and the critical role of innovation and economic factors in driving growth. [Display omitted] • The effect of patents on renewable energy in 45 countries (2000–2019) was analyzed. • Patents have no immediate impact on renewable energy but show long-term effects. • There is a bidirectional causality between patents and renewable energy production. • Renewable energy improves political stability by reducing fossil fuel dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]