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One of the characteristics of Japanese that is different from other languages is the use of the verbs giving and receiving. The variety of verbs of giving and receiving in Japanese is more numerous and involves factors outside the language. In this paper, we discuss how to use the verbs of giving and receiving in terms of internal factors in the Japanese language and culture. By using a qualitative paradigm, the data were analyzed using the verb give-accept. The theories used include Japanese syntactic and semantic theory, sociolinguistics, and Japanese culture. From the results of the analysis, it was found that in understanding its use, it is necessary not only to understand linguistics but also to understand Japanese socio-culture. An understanding of social concepts is needed, especially the dichotomy of social distance “Uchi-Soto” and social status “jogekankei” to determine the variety and style of verbs used. Cultural factors about empathy are also important to determine the level of empathy that a speaker gives based on his point of view.

Critics since the Song Dynasty, inspired by Soto Zen theory, developed the concept of "host-guest" to analyze the com¬position of the ancient-style prose. Ouyang Xiu's ancient-style prose is the representative of applying the concept of "guest as host, " or "guest before host, " or "reciprocal betwen guest and host, " or "hierarchy of guest and host. " Compared with Han Yu and Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu is better at expressing rich and fine emotions with the concept of "guest-host. " In the ancient-style prose, "guest" is prioritized over host, when the prose writings need to establish turns and twists in the textual composition and e¬motions in the text, before the guest position merges with the host position. By way of using guest position to support the develop¬ment of ideas, the writings usually have a gentle start, with sufficient space to unroll the meaning, which enriches the writings with charm and elegance, thus a new style is formed with a new state for the ancient-style prose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Se reseñó el libro: Franqueando fronteras. Garcilaso de la Vega y la Florida del Inca.