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Introduction: Both cancer and cancer associated therapies (CAT; including chemotherapy or concurrent chemoradiation) disrupt cellular metabolism throughout the body, including the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and function. Adjunct testosterone therapy during standard of care chemotherapy and chemoradiation modulates CAT-induced dysregulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and protects lean body mass during CAT. However, the extent to which the skeletal muscle proteome is altered under these therapeutic conditions is unknown.Objective: We probed the skeletal muscle proteome of cancer patients as an ancillary analysis following a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial investigating the effect of adjunct testosterone on body composition in men and women with advanced cancers undergoing CAT.Methods: Men and women diagnosed with late stage (≥IIB) or recurrent head and neck or cervical cancer who were scheduled to receive standard of care CAT were administered an adjunct 7 weeks treatment of weekly intramuscular injections of either 100 mg testosterone (CAT+T, n = 7; 2M/5F) or placebo/saline (CAT+P, n = 6; 4M/2F). Biopsies were performed on the vastus lateralis before (PRE) and after (POST) the 7 weeks treatment. Extracted proteins were separated with 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), and subjected to analyses of total protein abundance, phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation. Proteoforms showing significant 1.5 fold differences (t-test p ≤ 0.05) between PRE and POST timepoints were identified by mass spectroscopy (MS), and lists of altered proteins were subjected to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to identify affected pathways.Results: A total of 756 distinct protein spots were identified. Of those spots, 102 were found to be altered in terms of abundance, phosphorylation, or S-nitrosylation, and identified by mass spectroscopy analysis to represent 58 unique proteins. Among the biological processes and pathways identified, CAT+P predominantly impacted metabolic processes, cell assembly, oxygen transport, and apoptotic signaling, while CAT+T impacted transcription regulation, muscle differentiation, muscle development, and contraction.Conclusion: Cancer and CAT significantly altered the skeletal muscle proteome in a manner suggestive of loss of structural integrity, reduced contractile function, and disrupted metabolism. Proteomic analysis suggests that the addition of adjunct testosterone minimized the structural and contractile influence of cancer and its associated therapies.

A review of studies involving machine learning-based modeling of nanofluid flows with a specific focus on their utilization in compact heat transfer devices for electronic device cooling is reported here. This paper includes separate discussions on studies involving mono-disperse and hybrid nanofluids whenever feasible. The emphasis is on studies published within the last three to five years, revealing a significant increase in research on nanofluid flow modeling using machine learning methods during this time frame. Various machine learning models have been extensively employed to model various nanofluid properties. A significant number of studies have also predicted flow and thermal characteristics for different flow geometries relevant to the cooling of compact electronic devices. It has been observed that a majority of these studies have utilized the data collected from previously published experimental studies, while a few have incorporated accurate theoretical models for data generation. Given the substantial variations in dataset sizes and input parameters considered across such studies, selecting the most accurate machine learning algorithm out of all is highly unlikely. A few studies have also utilized physics-informed machine learning methods for flow field prediction, and those are also covered in this review. It is observed that the investigations utilizing data-driven methods to accelerate or substitute the conventional CFD-based modeling methods for multiphase flows in general, and nanofluid flows in particular, are very scarce in the literature. Insights derived from the review are also presented, and potential future research directions in this field are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the multilingual content over the internet has grown exponentially together with the evolution of the internet. The usage of multilingual content is excluded from the regional language users because of the language barrier. So, machine translation between languages is the only possible solution to make these contents available for regional language users. Machine translation is the process of translating a text from one language to another. The machine translation system has been investigated well already in English and other European languages. However, it is still a nascent stage for Indian languages. This paper presents an overview of the Machine Translation in Indian Languages shared task conducted on September 7–8, 2017, at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India. This machine translation shared task in Indian languages is mainly focused on the development of English-Tamil, English-Hindi, English-Malayalam and English-Punjabi language pairs. This shared task aims at the following objectives: (a) to examine the state-of-the-art machine translation systems when translating from English to Indian languages; (b) to investigate the challenges faced in translating between English to Indian languages; (c) to create an open-source parallel corpus for Indian languages, which is lacking. Evaluating machine translation output is another challenging task especially for Indian languages. In this shared task, we have evaluated the participant’s outputs with the help of human annotators. As far as we know, this is the first shared task which depends completely on the human evaluation.

Robust and reliable recognition are indeed necessary requirements for optical character recognition systems. Distortions present in the document image and the pre-processing errors cause the optical character recognition system to apply rejection policies to achieve reliable recognition in computer assisted applications. The objective of this paper is to implement a robust and reliable character recognition system for Malayalam language. Random Fourier features classified with Regularized Least Square loss function based Regression classifier can approximate the non-linear kernel machines. Baseline Malayalam character recognition based on Random Fourier features and Regularized Least Square regression classifier is implemented in this paper. Up on this baseline character recognition system, rejection strategies are applied and are experimented with real world document images. An improvement in recognition accuracy is achieved with the simulated Malayalam character recognition system at the cost of rejecting character images having low classification score.

Cybercriminals use domain generation algorithms (DGAs) to prevent their servers from being potentially blacklisted or shut down. Existing reverse engineering techniques for DGA detection is labor intensive, extremely time-consuming, prone to human errors, and have significant limitations. Hence, an automated real-time technique with a high detection rate is warranted in such applications. In this article, we present a novel technique to detect randomly generated domain names and domain name system (DNS) homograph attacks without the need for any reverse engineering or using nonexistent domain (NXDomain) inspection using deep learning. We provide an extensive evaluation of our model over four large, real-world, publicly available datasets. We further investigate the robustness of our model against three different adversarial attacks: DeepDGA, CharBot, and MaskDGA. Our evaluation demonstrates that our method is effectively able to identify DNS homograph attacks and DGAs and also is resilient to common evading cyberattacks. Promising results show that our approach provides a more effective detection rate with an accuracy of 0.99. Additionally, the performance of our model is compared against the most popular deep learning architectures. Our findings highlight the essential need for more robust detection models to counter adversarial learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning (DL) methods are used for identifying objects in aerial and ground-based images. Detecting vehicles, roads, buildings, and crops are examples of object identification applications using DL methods. Identifying complex natural and man-made features continues to be a challenge. Oil pads are an example of complex built features due to their shape, size, and presence of other structures like sheds. This work applies Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN), a DL-based object recognition method, for identifying oil pads in high spatial resolution (1m), true-color aerial images. Faster R-CNN is a region-based object identification method, consisting of Regional Proposal Network (RPN) that helps to find the area where the target can be possibly present in the images. If the target is present in the images, the Faster R-CNN algorithm will identify the area in an image as foreground and the rest as background. The algorithm was trained with oil pad locations that were manually annotated from orthorectified imagery acquired in 2017. Eighty percent of the annotated images were used for training and the number of epochs was increased from 100 to 1000 in increments of 100 with a fixed length of 1000. After determining the optimal number of epochs the performance of the algorithm was evaluated with an independent set of validation images consisting of frames with and without oil pads. Results indicate that the Faster R-CNN algorithm can be used for identifying oil pads in aerial images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep learning (DL) models require timely updates to continue their reliability and robustness in prediction, classification, and segmentation tasks. When the deep learning models are tested with a limited test set, the model will not reveal the drawbacks. Every deep learning baseline model needs timely updates by incorporating more data, change in architecture, and hyper parameter tuning. This work focuses on updating the Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (C-GAN) based epiphyte identification deep learning model by incorporating 4 different generator architectures of GAN and two different loss functions. The four generator architectures used in this task are Resnet-6. Resnet-9, Resnet-50 and Resnet-101. A new annotation method called background removed annotation was tested to analyse the improvement in the epiphyte identification protocol. All the results obtained from the model by changing the above parameters are reported using two common evaluation metrics. Based on the parameter tuning experiment, Resnet-6, and Resnet- 9, with binary cross-entropy (BCE) as the loss function, attained higher scores also Resnet-6 with MSE as loss function performed well. The new annotation by removing the background had minimal effect on identifying the epiphytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) missions often collect large volumes of imagery data. However, not all images will have useful information, or be of sufficient quality. Manually sorting these images and selecting useful data are both time consuming and prone to interpreter bias. Deep neural network algorithms are capable of processing large image datasets and can be trained to identify specific targets. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) consist of two competing networks, Generator and Discriminator that can analyze, capture, and copy the variations within a given dataset. In this study, we selected a variant of GAN called Conditional-GAN that incorporates an additional label parameter, for identifying epiphytes in photos acquired by a UAV in forests within Costa Rica. We trained the network with 70%, 80%, and 90% of 119 photos containing the target epiphyte, Werauhia kupperiana (Bromeliaceae) and validated the algorithm's performance using a validation data that were not used for training. The accuracy of the output was measured using structural similarity index measure (SSIM) index and histogram correlation (HC) coefficient. Results obtained in this study indicated that the output images generated by C-GAN were similar (average SSIM = 0.89–0.91 and average HC 0.97–0.99) to the analyst annotated images. However, C-GAN had difficulty to identify when the target plant was away from the camera, was not well lit, or covered by other plants. Results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential of C-GAN to reduce the time spent by botanists to identity epiphytes in images acquired by UAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human visual system is endowed with an innate capability of distinguishing the salient regions of an image. It do so even in the presence of noise and other natural disturbances. Conventional8 computational saliency models in the literature assume that the input images are clean, though an explicit treatment of noise is missing. In this paper, we propose a coupled data-driven approach for estimating saliency map for a noisy input using Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and Dynamic Mode Decomposition(DMD. Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is a well received technique explored for denoising in the literature. VMD modes with high entropy (randomness) are removed and the residual modes are employed to generate a scalar valued saliency map. The proposed method is compared against seven state-of-the-art methods over a wide range of noise strengths. The submitted approach furnished comparable results with respect to state-of-the art methods for clean and noisy images in terms of various benchmark performance measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction of deep neural networks to the machine translation research ameliorated conventional machine translation systems in multiple ways, specifically in terms of translation quality. The ability of deep neural networks to learn a sensible representation of words is one of the major reasons for this improvement. Despite machine translation using deep neural architecture is showing state-of-the-art results in translating European languages, we cannot directly apply these algorithms in Indian languages mainly because of two reasons: unavailability of the good corpus and Indian languages are morphologically rich. In this paper, we propose a neural machine translation (NMT) system for four language pairs: English-Malayalam, English- Hindi, English-Tamil, and English-Punjabi.We also collected sentences from different sources and cleaned them to make four parallel corpora for each of the language pairs, and then used them to model the translation system. The encoder network in the NMT architecture was designed with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and bi-directional recurrent neural networks (Bi-RNN). Evaluation of the obtained models was performed both automatically and manually. For automatic evaluation, the bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) scorewas used, and for manual evaluation, three metrics such as adequacy, fluency, and overall ranking were used. Analysis of the results showed the presence of lengthy sentences in English-Malayalam, and the English-Hindi corpus affected the translation. Attention mechanism was employed with a view to addressing the problem of translating lengthy sentences (sentences contain more than 50 words), and the system was able to perceive long-term contexts in the sentences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scattering convolution network generates stable feature representation by applying a sequence wavelet decomposition operation on input signals. The feature representation in higher layers of the network builds a large-dimensional feature vector, which is often undesirable in most of the applications. Dimension reduction techniques can be applied on these higher-dimensional feature descriptors to produce an informative representation. In this paper, singular value decomposition is applied to the higher-layer scattering representation to generate informative feature descriptors. The effectiveness of the reduced scattering representation is evaluated on Malayalam printed and handwritten character recognition using support vector machine classifier. The reduced scattering representation improves the recognition performance when combining with lower-layer scattering network features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the importance of performing preprocessing techniques namely, denoising and dimensionality reduction to the hyperspectral data before classification. The two main problems faced in hyperspectral image processing are noise and higher dimension. Legendre-Fenchel transformation denoises each band in the data while preserving the edge information. To overcome the issue of high data volume, inter-band block correlation coefficient technique followed by singular value decomposition and QR decomposition is utilized to reduce the dimension of hyperspectral image without affecting the critical information. The preprocessed data are classified using kernel-based libraries, namely GURLS and LibSVM. Performance of these techniques is evaluated with accuracy assessment measures. The experiment was performed on five datasets. Experimental analysis shows that the proposed denoising technique increases the classification accuracy. In the case of Indian Pines data, with 10% of the training data, the classification accuracy is improved from 83.5 to 97.3%. And also, dimensionality reduction technique gives good classification accuracy even with 50% reduction in the number of bands. The classification accuracy of the Salinas-A and Pavia University data is 99.4 and 94.6% with the 50% dimensionally reduced (100 and 50 bands, respectively) number of bands. The bands extracted by the dimensionality reduction technique using the denoised hyperspectral data differ from that of the hyperspectral data without denoising. This emphasizes the importance of denoising the dataset before applying dimensionality reduction technique. In case of Pavia University, the band numbers above 50 (out of 100 bands) which were not informative bands before denoising are selected as informative bands by dimension reduction technique after denoising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing satellites are proficient in taking earth images across various regions in visible part of electromagnetic spectrum. The images can be panchromatic image of a single band, multispectral image of three to seven different bands, and hyperspectral image taken from about 220 contiguous spectral bands. These images are used together or on its own, depending on the significance and usage of the preferred application. Pan-sharpening is one method which is used to improve the quality of a low resolution multispectral image by fusion with a high resolution panchromatic image. This paper proposes a method based on M-band wavelets for the pan-sharpening of a low resolution multispectral image. The method tries to improve the spatial characteristics while preserving the spectral quality of the data. The proposed technique uses weighted fusion rule and average fusion rule. The data used for the experiment were acquired by high resolution optical imagers onboard QuickBird, WorldView-3, WorldView-2 and GeoEye-1. A comparison with existing fusion techniques is done based on image quality metrics and visual interpretation. The experimental results and analysis suggests that the proposed pan-sharpening technique outperforms other compared pre-existing pan-sharpening methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power line interferences (PLI) occurring at 50/60 Hz can corrupt the biomedical recordings like ECG signals and which leads to an improper diagnosis of disease conditions. Proper interference cancellation techniques are therefore required for the removal of these power line disturbances from biomedical recordings. The non-linear time varying characteristics of biomedical signals make the interference removal a difficult task without compromising the actual signal characteristics. In this paper, a modified variational mode decomposition based approach is proposed for PLI removal from the ECG signals. In this approach, the central frequency of an intrinsic mode function is fixed corresponding to the normalized power line disturbance frequency. The experimental results show that the PLI interference is exactly captured both in magnitude and phase and are removed. The proposed approach is experimented with ECG signal records from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database and compared with traditional notch filtering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree adjoining grammars (TAGs) are mildly context sensitive formalisms used mainly in modelling natural languages. Usage and research on these psycho linguistic formalisms have been erratic in the past decade, due to its demanding construction and difficulty to parse. However, they represent promising future for formalism based NLP in multilingual scenarios. In this paper we demonstrate basic synchronous Tree adjoining grammar for English-Tamil language pair that can be used readily for machine translation. We have also developed a multithreaded chart parser that gives ambiguous deep structures and a par dependency structure known as TAG derivation. Furthermore we then focus on a model for training this TAG for each language using a large corpus of text through a map reduce frequency count model in spark and estimation of various probabilistic parameters for the grammar trees thereafter; these parameters can be used to perform statistical parsing on the trained grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]