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COVID-19 has stormed the global economy and all the victim sectors got sloping down the curve. Companies aiming at cost-cutting and the jobs of employees are on stake. India is a developing country wherein the number of entrepreneurs and startups is increasing but the figure for unemployment and business start-ups is not satisfactory. The major scope of entrepreneurship in India lies among the youths of our country as 65% (approximately) of the total population belongs to this category. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the intentions of the youth of our country to take corrective actions to foster more entrepreneurship in India. This study aims at finding whether COVID-19 affected the intentions of youth for becoming an entrepreneur. A non-probabilistic (convenience) sampling technique adopted; the sample size was of 181(response rate of 90.5%) students of higher education system. 26 items self-designed and the self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. One way analysis of variance and independent t-test were used to test the hypothesis. All the demographic differences except age and course level were found significant for the level of entrepreneurial intentions among the youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 outbreak has affected the world in various manner, which has not been experienced by the world earlier. Primarily it affects the health of people but along with this, livelihood of people, economy of nations, employment status in the country and education sector has also been affected by this pandemic. There is no such sector which remains untouched from the effect of COVID-19 outbreak. The whole world is facing numerous challenges due to these situations. A big section of students has also got affected by this but as the change is persistent; there are different strategies for different level of students. Education institutions are using different strategies for their students like there is different approach for primary students, secondary education students and higher education students. This paper assesses the student satisfaction towards the virtual learning approaches provided by their very institute or university. A sample of 202 students of different universities gathered through the Purposive Sampling, which has been provided the basis of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proximal splenorenal shunt (PSRS) is a well-accepted surgical procedure for non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH). Though a patent shunt is important for good long term outcome, there are very few studies on patency of these shunts. We analysed shunt patency using dynamic computed tomographic (CT) portography and compared it with other modalities.Methods: From 2004 to 2014, 50 patients with PSRS were evaluated prospectively for shunt patency using dynamic CT portography, clinical parameters and ultrasound Doppler.Results: The causes of NCPH were extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) in 38 patients and non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) in 12 patients. The shunt patency rate using clinical parameters, ultrasound Doppler and dynamic CT portography were 70%, 40% and 60% respectively. Clinical parameters overestimated while ultrasound Doppler underestimated the shunt patency rate. Dynamic portography had 100% correlation with conventional angiography in the five patients when this was done. The site of shunt could be demonstrated convincingly by dynamic CT portography. The shunt patency rate decreased over time. It was 64%, 60% and 43% in <1 year, 1-5 years and >5 years respectively. Our NCPF patients had a greater shunt patency rate compared to EHPVO patients (9/12 vs. 21/38) though the difference was not significant. Only size of the splenic vein had a significant impact on the shunt patency rate on statistical analysis.Conclusions: Dynamic CT portography is useful for evaluation of shunt patency. Proximal splenorenal shunts have a high blockage rate which has hitherto not been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sperm competition theory, as proposed by Geoff Parker, predicts that sperm evolve through a cascade of changes. As an example, internal fertilization is followed by sperm morphology diversification. However, little is known about the evolution of internal sperm structures. The centriole has an ancient and evolutionarily conserved canonical structure with signature 9-fold, radially symmetric microtubules that form the cell's centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. Most animal spermatozoa have two centrioles, one of which forms the spermatozoan flagellum. Both are delivered to the egg and constitute the embryo's first two centrosomes. The spermatozoa of mammals and insects only have one recognizable centriole with a canonical structure. A second sperm centriole with an atypical structure was recently reported in both animal groups and which, prior to this, eluded discovery by standard techniques and criteria. Because the ancestors of both mammals and insects reproduced by internal fertilization, we hypothesized that the transition from two centrioles with canonical composition in ancestral sperm to an atypical centriolar composition characterized by only one canonical centriole evolved preferentially after internal fertilization. We examined fish because of the diversity of species available to test this hypothesis–as some species reproduce via internal and others via external fertilization–and because their spermatozoan ultrastructure has been extensively studied. Our literature search reports on 277 fish species. Species reported with atypical centriolar composition are specifically enriched among internal fertilizers compared to external fertilizers (7/34, 20.6% versus 2/243, 0.80%; p < 0.00001, odds ratio = 32.4) and represent phylogenetically unrelated fish. Atypical centrioles are present in the internal fertilizers of the subfamily Poeciliinae. Therefore, internally fertilizing fish preferentially and independently evolved spermatozoa with atypical centriolar composition multiple times, agreeing with Parker's cascade theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]