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This study aims to assess and examine secondary school teachers' perceptions of school climate and job satisfaction in five diverse countries: Japan, Korea, Finland, the United States of America (USA), and Australia. It explores the impact of school climate on teachers' job satisfaction, a pivotal factor influencing teacher retention, mobility, and professional development. In order to improve teachers' skills and abilities in the classroom, improving teachers' job satisfaction and understanding the factors that influence it is highly critical. Utilizing secondary data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2018, this study provides valuable insights. The findings reveal that teachers in all five countries generally hold positive perceptions of school climates and report high job satisfaction. However, teachers in Japan and Korea express comparatively lower job satisfaction levels when contrasted with their counterparts in Finland, the USA, and Australia. Furthermore, their perceptions of school climate also rank lower. Consequently, this study concludes that a positive correlation exists between favorable perceptions of school climate and elevated job satisfaction. This assertion is supported by regression analyses, individual country data, and aggregate data from all five countries.

Abstract Background Early diagnosis of syphilis is vital for its effective control. This study aimed to develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI) diagnostic model based on radiomics technology to distinguish early syphilis from other clinical skin lesions. Methods The study collected 260 images of skin lesions caused by various skin infections, including 115 syphilis and 145 other infection types. 80% of the dataset was used for model development with 5-fold cross-validation, and the remaining 20% was used as a hold-out test set. The exact lesion region was manually segmented as Region of Interest (ROI) in each image with the help of two experts. 102 radiomics features were extracted from each ROI and fed into 11 different classifiers after deleting the redundant features using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Different image filters like Wavelet were investigated to improve the model performance. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used for evaluation, and Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for model interpretation. Results Among the 11 classifiers, the Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT) with the wavelet filter applied on the images demonstrated the best performance, offering the stratified 5-fold cross-validation AUC of 0.832 ± 0.042 and accuracy of 0.735 ± 0.043. On the hold-out test dataset, the model shows an AUC and accuracy of 0.792 and 0.750, respectively. The SHAP analysis shows that the shape 2D sphericity was the most predictive radiomics feature for distinguishing early syphilis from other skin infections. Conclusion The proposed AI diagnostic model, built based on radiomics features and machine learning classifiers, achieved an accuracy of 75.0%, and demonstrated potential in distinguishing early syphilis from other skin lesions.

Objectives: Staphylococcus argenteus, a newly described species of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, was first identified in clinical isolates in northern Japan in 2019. The aim of the present study was to clarify the trends in the epidemiological features and antimicrobial resistance traits of S. argenteus in the recent years. Methods: S. argenteus isolates from various clinical specimens were screened using MALDI-TOF and genotyped using the multilocus sequence typing scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using broth microdilution test and resistance genes were detected by multiplex/uniplex PCR. Nucleotide sequences of haemolysin genes (hla, hlb, hld, and hlg) were determined and analysed in some isolates. Results: From August 2020 to December 2023, 210 isolates were identified as S. argenteus. The ratio of S. argenteus to Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates was 0.0045, showing a slightly decreasing trend compared to what was previously reported (2019.8–2020.7). Three genotypes, ST1223-coa-XV, ST2198-coa-XIV, and ST2250-coa-XId were identified, with ST2250 being dominant (49%) and exhibiting an increasing trend. S. argenteus isolates were almost susceptible to antimicrobials examined, while ST2198 isolates showed higher resistance rates to ampicillin, macrolides, and aminoglycosides than other clones, harbouring blaZ, msrA, and aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia. Only eight isolates (4-ST2250, 3-ST1223, and 1-ST2198) did not show haemolysis on blood agar plates. These isolates had intact haemolysin genes and promoter regions; however, a novel deletion mutation in hlg-component A was detected in some haemolytic and non-haemolytic isolates. Conclusions: The present study revealed the epidemiological trend of S. argenteus clones in northern Japan, along with the occurrence of non-haemolytic isolates with intact haemolysin genes.

The silond catfish, Silonia silondia (Hamilton, 1822), known locally as Nga Myin Yinn, is rare in Myanmar fish markets and can fetch a high price. Efforts are being made to increase the production for domestic demand. We examined the distribution and growth of S. silondia based on catches in the Ayeyarwady River and growth records in fish farms near the river. The smaller fish were observed downstream near their nursery and the medium fish were around 1 m total length (TL) were often widespread, whereas the larger fish preferred upstream locations. Estimating the individual age from poorly defined periodic rings on the surface of otolith sections was difficult, but their microchemistry may reflect a shared nursery environment and subsequent migration throughout the entire river region. The growth curve estimates in the farmed population revealed a mean TL of 60 cm at four years, indicating that farmed fish were smaller than commercially captured wild fish. This is one of the first comprehensive studies of the river region, but more detailed surveys are needed to manage the fish resource sustainably.

Abstract Aims Both patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and those with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) present with elevated N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and have multiple comorbidities; consequently, the prognostic effect of NT‐proBNP according to beta‐blocker (BB) use is unknown. Methods This retrospective study evaluated patients admitted for acute HF between January 2012 and December 2017 at Ulsan University Hospital. Clinical, echocardiographic, laboratory and drug prescription data, including BB data, were collected from the hospital database. Information on mortality was collected by reviewing medical records or using national death data. Results Of the 472 patients evaluated, 216 (45.8%) and 256 (54.2%) patients were and were not prescribed BB at discharge, respectively. A total of 224 (47.5%) patients died within a median follow‐up duration of 44 months. The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed reduced all‐cause mortality with BB in HFrEF (ejection fraction ≤ 40%) but not in HFpEF (ejection fraction > 40%). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, transmitral to tissue Doppler imaging, early diastolic velocity ratio (E/E′), NT‐proBNP and BB use were independent predictors of all‐cause mortality in HFrEF. Meanwhile, haemoglobin and NT‐proBNP levels were independent predictors of HFpEF. The NT‐proBNP cut‐off value for determining all‐cause mortality was set to 4800 pg/mL. Among HFrEF patients with NT‐proBNP

Infection behaviors of some susceptible and resistant Diaporthe citri isolates against two fungicides such as benomyl and kresoxim-methyl were observed on citrus leaves. On the chemically unsprayed leaves, there were no differences in not only the conidial germination rate but also hyphal growth between the resistant and susceptible isolates. However, on the benomyl or kresoxim-methyl-pretreated leaves, both conidial germination rate and hyphal growth of the resistant isolates were not decreased, which was different with those of the susceptible isolates. These unchanging germination rate and hyphal growth of the resistant isolates, resulting in the lack of chemical efficacy, coincided with the previous studies in which strong infection was observed by the resistant isolates after pre-treatment with each chemical. On the other hand, a point mutation occurred at 198th amino acid of β-tubulin gene in the resistant isolate NEL21-2 which may cause the resistant against benomyl. However, no mutation was found in cytochrome b in the resistant isolates indicating other genomic changes may be responsible for the resistant against kresoxim-methyl.

Background: Interprofessional Education (IPE), is the engagement of two or more healthcare professions in an integrated learning environment to foster collaboration and improve healthcare services. In IPE, initiatives are taken where technology is a crucial part of the learning process. Current technology practices in IPE comprise eLearning modules on collaborative practice skills and many others. This study aims to determine the readiness for interprofessional education of the health sciences students. Methods: A questionnaire called Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) was used to assess attitudes related to interprofessional collaboration & education. Descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used to analyze the results in aggregate, as well as by each faculty. Results: Medical students gave a higher rating in terms of the perceived benefits of working together to solve patient problems compared to other faculties. Also, they were more open to working in small-group projects with other healthcare students and value the importance of shared learning to clarify the nature of patients' problems. But compared to others, the Nursing students were unsure of what their professional role will be and wanted to acquire more knowledge and skills than other healthcare students. The total RIPLS score amongst all was in the high range. Conclusion: Thus, students were deemed ready for IPE. Recommendations: The University need to consider how to implement IPE within their curricula, define learning outcomes and/ or competencies, develop and utilize the 4Dimensional curriculum development framework in line with the health professional accreditation standards in order to promote collaboration and competence amongst all students ,whereby upon graduation, they as healthcare professionals, in turn will optimize health services, strengthen health system and improve health outcomes.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of bloodstream infections. The recent epidemiological features and antimicrobial resistance trend were analysed for methicillin-resistant and susceptible S. aureus (MRSA/MSSA) isolates from blood samples in people from northern Japan. Methods: The S. aureus isolates from blood culture were screened by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and genotyped by the schemes of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), coa, agr, spa, and SCCmec types. Antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors were detected by multiplex/uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility was examined using a broth microdilution test. Results: A total of 301 isolates (163 MRSA and 138 MSSA) were isolated from bloodstream infections in 2023 (from April to December). The MRSA isolates were classified into three groups, that is, clonal complexes (CC)1-SCCmec-IV (CC1-IV) (52%), CC5-II (36%), and CC8-IV (12%). The prevalence of CC1 was significantly higher than those in our previous studies (2017–2021). Four CC8-IVa isolates with PVL genes on ΦSa2usa were considered to be the USA300 clone (sequence type [ST]8/spa-t008/coa IIIa/agr I) or its variants that were genotyped as those closely related to ST8/t008 or lacking arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME). In contrast, MSSA was genetically highly divergent and classified into 22 STs, with CC1 (ST1 and ST188) being the most common (25%). It was notable that 29 MSSA isolates (21%) were classified into livestock-associated (LA) genotypes, ST20, ST97, and CC398 (ST398 and ST291). Genetic characterization of the CC398 isolates suggested that these belong to human-adapted MSSA clones. Conclusions: The present study revealed the increasing trend of CC1 MRSA surpassing CC5, and the emergence of MSSA representing human-adapted CC398, and LA types ST97 and ST20 from bloodstream infections in people in Japan. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

This study focuses on enhancing the surface characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), a prominent additive manufacturing technique. The primary objective is to assess the impact of post-processing surface treatments on the surface roughness, microstructure, and mechanical properties of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V. As-built specimens with fully dense structures underwent sandblasting (SB), chemical etching (CE), and a combination of sandblasting and chemical etching (SB + CE). The investigation reveals significant variation in the surface morphology of as-built samples, primarily influenced by factors such as spattered particles, powder adhesion, and the stair-step effect. In the as-built condition, the down-skin exhibited the highest particle adhesion, covering 11.9 % of the surface. Sandblasting proved particularly effective in removing adhered particles, reducing surface roughness to 5.1 μm from an initial value of 17.8 μm for the down-skin surface. Furthermore, combining sandblasting and chemical etching was more effective than chemical etching alone in achieving uniform surface profiles. Tensile testing indicated that while the ultimate tensile strength remained unchanged, the strain at break significantly improved from 4.8 % to 11.5 %, representing a noticeable increase in ductility in post-processed samples compared to as-built conditions. These findings underscore the influence of post-processing treatments in mitigating surface roughness and enhancing ductility without compromising mechanical strength.

This paper presents the dynamic modelling and tracking control of a holonomic 3-wheel omni-directional mobile robot. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is used, and its performance depends on the dynamic model's accuracy. The controller design for the switched non-linear system is based on both a dynamic model and a kinematic design. A proposed dynamic model averages the contact radius of the 3-wheels. The resultant dynamic model, on average, is non-linear and smooth, serving as a potential solution for model-based control design. The closed-loop simulation results clearly illustrate the dynamic characteristics of the 3-wheels omni-directional mobile robot, offering valuable insights into its behaviour for further analysis and optimisation. Comparative simulation results using MATLAB are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness and legitimacy of the control mechanism.

Accurate evaluation of coronary artery pathology is essential for risk stratification and tailoring appropriate treatment. Intravascular imaging was introduced for this purpose 40 years ago enabling for the first time in vivo plaque characterization. Since then, several studies have evaluated the efficacy of the existing intravascular imaging modalities in assessing plaque pathology and composition and their potential in guiding intervention and predicting vulnerable plaques. Today it is known that intravascular imaging is an indispensable tool in percutaneous coronary intervention planning, but the existing modalities have a limited efficacy in predicting lesion vulnerability; a fact that should be attributed to their advantages and limitations in accurately assessing morpho-pathological features that are common in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of intravascular imaging in characterizing plaque phenotypes using histology as a reference standard; it summarizes the studies comparing the available invasive imaging techniques against histology, discusses the findings and limitations of these studies and highlights the potential of novel intravascular imaging approaches that were introduced for a more complete and comprehensive evaluation of plaque pathobiology.

BackgroundThe countries within the Greater Mekong Region of Southeast Asia have pledged to eliminate malaria by 2030. Elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria is challenging as it requires radical cure to prevent relapse. Understanding and facilitating adherence to primaquine radical cure regimens is necessary for malaria elimination.MethodsA convergent parallel mixed methods study was conducted to investigate the barriers to and facilitators for completing primaquine treatment of P. vivax infection among mobile migrant communities on the Myanmar-Thailand border. Quantative data were derived from routine malaria consultations. Qualitative data, informed by the social cognitive theory and health belief model, were collected through in-depth interviews with patients and focus group discussions with local health providers and community leaders.ResultsOf 729 adult patients with primaquine treatment outcomes, 45% did not complete the follow-up of 28 days and were assumed to be non-adherent to primaquine treatment. Patients of Karen ethnicity (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.3; p = 0.001) or having a previous episode of malaria from any species (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3; p = 0.007) were more likely to report completing the 14-day primaquine radical cure regimen. Five focus group discussions with front-line healthcare workers and community members and 16 in-depth interviews with patients who were prescribed P. vivax radical cure were conducted. Key themes related to the social cognitive theory included behavioral factors where work outweighed the choice to complete treatment; environmental factors where access to care determined primaquine treatment completion; and cognitive factors having a positive but limited influence on treatment completion. According to the health belief model, prioritizaton of work reduced seeking diagnosis and completing treatment, and often outweighed facilitating factors such as malaria literacy, health education, and social norms; and affected the perceived susceptibility and severity of P. vivax infections.DiscussionWork and productivity were identified as primary behavioral factors affecting adherence to primaquine radical cure and follow up in a migrant population. Community support and cultural cues may overcome these barriers. Understanding the rationale of patient adherence to primaquine may help guide programming for P. vivax elimination among migrant populations in resource-constrained settings.

Introduction and Objectives: FibroTouch® has shown efficacy in staging hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B, but its performance in assessing liver steatosis and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients remains understudied. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of FibroTouch® in assessing steatosis and fibrosis in the MASLD population. Materials and Methods: Liver stiffness measurements and steatosis were assessed using FibroTouch® and FibroScan®, with FibroScan® as the reference standard. Pearson's correlation test evaluated correlations, and kappa statistics determined agreement between the two methods. Optimal cut-off values of FibroTouch® for predicting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis stages were determined through ROC curve analysis with the Youden index method. Results: Strong correlations were observed between FibroTouch® UAP and FibroScan® CAP (rho=0.74) and LSM values (rho=0.87) (p < 0.001 for both) in a total of 380 patients. The mean CAP value for the entire cohort was 285 ± 51 dB/m, and the median LSM for the cohort was 5 .3kPa. The optimal FibroTouch® UAP cutoffs were 229 dB/m for S0 vs. S1, 267 dB/m for S1 vs. S2, and 294 dB/m for S2 vs. S3. For FibroTouch® LSM, the optimal cutoffs were 6.0 kPa for F0-F1 vs. F2, 7.9 kPa for F2 vs. F3, and 10.6 kPa for F3 vs. F4. Moreover, FibroTouch® effectively assessed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with different BMIs. Conclusions: FibroTouch® proved valuable in assessing hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis staging in MASLD patients, enhancing its applicability in various clinical settings as a suitable and convenient option for MASLD patients.

Plants are susceptible to infection by various pathogens with high epidemic potential. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight in rice, one of the most significant diseases in both temperate and tropical regions. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of OsWRKY26, a sucrose-inducible transcription factor, that plays a role in the plant defense responses following Xoo infection. We found that mutant plants with defective OsWRKY26 showed enhanced defense response specifically to Xoo, indicating that this transcription factor acts as a negative defense regulator. In contrast, mutant plants did not exhibit higher resistance compared to wild-type (WT) plants when infected with the rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Transcriptomic analysis of mutant and WT plants revealed that several pathogen resistance genes were upregulated in mutants. Of these, we selected OsXa39 for further analysis. Transient expression experiments in rice protoplasts showed that OsWRKY26 repressed the expression of a Luciferase reporter gene driven by the OsXa39 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that OsWRKY26 binds directly to the promoter region of OsXa39. These findings suggest that OsWRKY26 negatively regulates the defense response during Xoo infection by repressing OsXa39 as well as other pathogen-related genes such as OsXa47, OsBBR1, OsRSR1, OsPR1a, OsPR1-11, OsPR2, and OsPR4c.

Background: The prevalence of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae was characterized among children thirteen years after the licensure of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in Japan. Methods: A total of 353 pneumococcal isolates were collected from Japanese children between March and July 2023. All the isolates were serotyped using genetic methods and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents. Results: Among the 353 isolates, the prevalence rates of non-PCV13 and non-PCV20 serotypes were 96.9 % and 77.9 %, respectively, including the dominant non-PCV13/PCV20 serotypes 23A (16.1 %), 35B (15.3 %), 15A (10.5 %), 15C (9.3 %), and 34 (9.1 %), which accounted for 60.3 % of all isolates. The high non-susceptibility rates were observed for macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin; ≥81.9 %) and tetracycline (80.7 %). Penicillin non-susceptibility and multidrug resistance (MDR) were detected in 49.9 % (6.8 % resistant and 43.1 % intermediate) and 68.3 % of the isolates, respectively. The three most common non-PCV13/PCV20 serotypes 15A, 23A, and 35B exhibited high prevalence rates of penicillin non-susceptibility (≥89.5 %) and MDR (≥81.5 %). Extensive drug resistance was observed in 10.5 % of all isolates belonging to six different serotypes (12F, 23A, 11A, 15A, 35B, and 15B) and in the non-encapsulated strains of S. pneumoniae. Conclusions: Our study revealed a higher prevalence of non-susceptibility to penicillin with MDR in the three most common non-PCV13/PCV20 serotypes 15A, 23A, and 35B, in Japan, suggesting their persistence in the PCV13 era.

Typha is a cosmopolitan aquatic plant genus that includes species with widespread global distributions. In previous studies, a revised molecular phylogeny was inferred using seven plastid loci from nine Typha species across different geographic regions. By utilizing complete organellar genomes, we aim to provide a more comprehensive dataset that offers a robust phylogenetic signal for resolving Typha species evolutionary relationships. Here, we assembled T. latifolia and T. domingensis mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) using a combination of short-read and long-read data (PacBio, ONT). The mitogenomes of both species are assembled into single circular molecules of 395,136 bp and 395,140 bp in length, respectively, with a similar GC content of 46.7%. A total of 39 protein-coding genes, 17 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes were annotated in both mitogenomes. The plastid genomes (plastomes) of both species possess typical quadripartite structures observed across most plants, with sizes of 161,545 bp and 161,230 bp. The overall average GC content of the plastomes of both species was 36.6%. The comparative analysis of the plastome and mitogenome revealed that 12 mitogenome DNA fragments share similar sequences with in the repeat regions of the corresponding plastomes, suggesting a past transfer of repeat regions into the mitogenome. Additionally, the mitogenomes of the two Typha species exhibited high sequence conservation with several syntenic blocks. Phylogenetic analysis of the organellar genomes of the two Typha species and 10 related species produced congruent phylogenetic trees. The availability of these organellar genomes from two Typha species provide valuable genetic resources for studying the evolution of Typhaceae and will improve taxonomic classifications within the family.

Purpose – This study aims to explore the relationships between entrepreneurial orientation (EO), market orientation, product innovation, and competitive advantage within Muslim clothing SMEs. This study provides insights into how these factors interact and contribute to the overall success of these enterprises. Methodology – This quantitative study explores the relationships between entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, product innovation, and competitive advantage in the Muslim clothing industry. Using a proportional sample of 103 employees from Muslim clothing SMEs in East Java, data were collected through a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed via multiple regression to assess direct and mediating effects. Findings – The key findings reveal that entrepreneurial orientation positively impacts product innovation, indicating that entrepreneurial companies are more innovative. Additionally, EO significantly influences market orientation, making firms more responsive to their market needs. EO enhances competitive advantage, whereas market orientation negatively impacts it, suggesting that excessive focus on the market may hinder differentiation. Conversely, product innovation positively affects a firm’s competitive advantage. The study finds that market orientation does not mediate the relationship between EO and competitive advantage, whereas product innovation does. Implications – These findings provide practical insights for SMEs in the Muslim clothing industry. Companies should cultivate entrepreneurial orientation to boost innovation and competitive advantage, balancing market orientation to avoid stifling differentiation. Originality – This study contributes to the literature by investigating the intricate relationships between EO, market orientation, product innovation, and competitive advantage in Muslim Clothing SMEs, emphasizing the mediating role of product innovation.

Summary: Background: The Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network conducted active safety surveillance for COVID-19 vaccines. This study aimed to characterize the short-to-medium term safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines across the pediatric age spectrum. Methods: In this cohort study, vaccinated and unvaccinated children and adolescents aged 6 months to 19 years from eight Canadian provinces and territories were invited to participate. The outcome was a health event preventing daily activities, resulting in school absenteeism, or requiring medical consultation. Age-stratified multivariable regression models were used to examine health events associated with first and second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines across different age groups: children under 5, children aged 5–11 years and adolescents aged 12–19 years. Findings: From January 2021 through February 2023, a total of 259,361 individuals from the dose one survey, 131,032 from the dose 2 survey, and 1179 from the control survey were included. In the week following dose two, vaccinated adolescents showed a higher proportion of health events [794 (4.6%) of 17,218 BNT162b2 recipients, 98 (8.5%) of 1153 mRNA-1273 recipients, 49 of (10.6%) of 464 heterologous schedule recipients] than unvaccinated adolescents [9 (3.7%) of 242 controls], but most events were self-limited and resolved within 7 days. No significant differences in proportion of health events following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups among adolescents after dose 1, or among children under 5 or those aged 5–11 years after any dose. Reported myocarditis/pericarditis cases within 0–28 days peaked among male adolescents following dose 2, in three of (0.037%) 8088 homologous BNT162b2 recipients, and two of (0.529%) 378 homologous mRNA-1273 recipients. Interpretation: Our findings suggest that reported health events, including myocarditis/pericarditis, vary by pediatric age group. Vaccinated adolescents reported health events more frequently following the second mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose, while younger age groups did not report events more frequently than their unvaccinated counterparts. Funding: Canadian Immunization Research Network, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Public Health Agency of Canada; COVID-19 Immunity Task Force.