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Objectives Despite extensive efforts to study individual differences in loneliness and neurocognitive health, little is known about how within-person changes in state loneliness relate to cognitive performance. This study addressed this gap by examining the association between within-person variation in state loneliness and cognitive performance assessed objectively in daily life. Methods Participants were 313 community-dwelling older adults (70–90 years) who reported momentary feelings of loneliness and completed smartphone-based cognitive tests 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days. Mobile cognitive tests assess visual associative memory, processing speed, and spatial memory. Results At the day level, average state loneliness levels were negatively related to cognitive performance on the same day and subsequent day. Consistent with the day-level analysis, momentary assessments of increased loneliness were consistently linked to worse cognitive performance on concurrent assessments. However, moments characterized by lower cognitive performance predicted higher levels of loneliness 3–4 hr later (next occasion), but not vice versa. Discussion The findings suggest a prospective association between loneliness and cognitive performance, with higher daily loneliness negatively associated with cognitive performance on the same day and predicting worse performance the following day. Notably, within a single day, lower cognitive performance at a given moment predicted elevated loneliness later in the day. This highlights a complex, reciprocal relationship—loneliness predicting and being predicted by cognitive performance depending on timescale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of naturally-occurring stress in daily life has been linked with lower physical activity levels. However, most of this evidence comes from general and static reports of stress. Less is known how different temporal components of everyday stress interfere with physical activity. In a coordinated secondary analysis of data from two studies of adults, we used intensive, micro-longitudinal assessments (ecological momentary assessments, EMA) to investigate how distinct components of everyday stress, that is, reactivity to stressor events, recovery from stressor events, and pileup of stressor events and responses predict physical activity. Results showed that components of everyday stress predicted subsequent physical activity especially for indicators of stress pileup. In both studies, the accumulation of stress responses over the previous 12 h was more predictive of subsequent physical activity than current stress reactivity or recovery responses. Results are compared to the effects of general measures of perceived stress that showed an opposite pattern of results. The novel everyday stress approach used here may be fruitful for generating new insights into physical activity specifically and health behaviors in general., Author(s): David M. Almeida [sup.1] , David Marcusson-Clavertz [sup.1] , David E. Conroy [sup.1] , Jinhyuk Kim [sup.1] , Matthew J. Zawadzki [sup.2] , Martin J. Sliwinski [sup.1] , Joshua [...]

Objectives Detecting subtle behavioral changes in everyday life as early signs of cognitive decline and impairment is important for effective early intervention against Alzheimer's disease. This study examined whether features of daily social interactions captured by ecological momentary assessments could serve as more sensitive behavioral markers to distinguish older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from those without MCI, as compared to conventional global measures of social relationships. Method Participants were 311 community-dwelling older adults (aged 70–90 years) who reported their social interactions and socializing activities 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days using smartphones. Results Compared to those with normal cognitive function, older adults classified as MCI reported less frequent total and positive social interactions and less frequent in-person socializing activities on a daily basis. Older adults with and without MCI, however, did not show differences in most features of social relationships assessed by conventional global measures. Discussion These results suggest that certain features of daily social interactions (quality and quantity) could serve as sensitive and ecologically valid behavioral markers to facilitate the detection of MCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Purpose in life is associated with healthier cognitive outcomes in older adulthood. This research examines within-person dynamics between momentary purpose and cognitive function to provide proof of concept that increases in purpose are associated with better cognitive performance. Research Design and Methods Participants (N  = 303; 54% female; M age = 51.71, SD  = 7.32) completed smartphone-based momentary assessments of purpose and short cognitive tasks 3 times a day for 8 days. Results In moments when participants felt more purpose driven than their average, they had faster processing speed (b  = −1.240, SE  = 0.194; p  < .001), independent of person, temporal, and contextual factors and practice effects. Momentary purpose was unrelated to visual working memory performance (b  = −0.001, SE  = 0.001; p  = .475). In contrast to purpose, momentary hedonic affect (e.g. happiness) was unrelated to momentary cognition. Discussion and Implications Feeling more momentary purpose may support faster processing speed in daily life. Such evidence provides stage 0 support for a purpose-based intervention for healthier cognition, which may be particularly useful in middle adulthood and the transition to older adulthood before the onset of cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loneliness influences how people experience and respond to stressors, which may account for its role as a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The present study was motivated by emerging evidence that affective responses to minor daily events have long‐term implications for health and well‐being. Specifically, we evaluated how individual differences in loneliness relate to the frequency of everyday stressors and stressor‐related negative emotions. A diverse community sample of 255 adults (age 25–65 years) completed ecological momentary assessments (EMA), during which they reported recent stressors and current negative affect (NA) five times a day for 14 days. Multilevel logistic analyses indicated that there was a quadratic association between loneliness and likelihood of reporting stressors, controlling for demographics, social isolation, depressive symptoms, and context (current activities, current location). Multilevel regression indicated that loneliness was unrelated to the concurrent effect of stressors on NA but significantly larger lagged stressor effects were observed among individuals in the low and high ranges of loneliness. These findings suggest that individuals with high levels of loneliness are more likely to experience everyday stressors and have prolonged emotional responses following stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on age differences in the experience of negative emotional states have produced inconsistent results, particularly when emotion is examined in the context of daily stress. Strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI; Charles, 2010) theory postulates that age differences in emotional states are contingent upon whether a stressor occurred, and whether sufficient time has passed since the stressor to allow older adults to benefit from theorized strengths. The present study uses an ecological momentary assessment design to examine how timing of daily stressors relates to age differences in negative emotional responses. Participants (N = 199, aged 25-65) completed mobile surveys up to 5 times daily for 14 days. They reported current mood and stressor exposure, as well as how long ago the stressor occurred. As expected, no age differences were observed in current negative affect (NA) for stressors which occurred in the previous 0-10 min. As predicted, older age was associated with less of a stressor-related increase in NA when a greater time had passed (i.e., 10 min to 2.5 hours) since stressor exposure. Consistent with previous results, there were no age differences in the effects of more distal stressors that occurred 2.5 to 5 hr ago, although NA remained significantly elevated. The present findings are consistent with SAVI's predictions and advance understanding age differences in the time course relating everyday stressors to emotional responses.

Although stress is a common experience in everyday life, a clear understanding of how often an individual experiences and reports stress is lacking. Notably, there is little information regarding factors that may influence how frequently stress is reported, including which stress dimension is measured (i.e., stressors-did an event happen, subjective stress-how stressed do you feel, conditional stress-how stressful a stressor was) and the temporal features of that assessment (i.e., time of day, day of study, weekday vs. weekend day). The purpose of the present study was to conduct a coordinated analysis of five independent ecological momentary assessment studies utilizing varied stress reporting dimensions and temporal features. Results indicated that, within days, stress was reported at different frequencies depending on the stress dimension. Stressors were reported on 15-32% of momentary reports made within a day; across days, the frequency ranged from 42 to 76% of days. Depending on the cutoff, subjective stress was reported more frequently ranging about 8-56% of all moments within days, and 40-90% of days. Likewise, conditional stress ranged from just 3% of moments to 22%, and 11-69% of days. For the temporal features, stress was reported more frequently on weekdays (compared to weekend days) and on days earlier in the study (relative to days later in the study); time of day was inconsistently related to stress reports. In sum, stress report frequency depends in part on how stress is assessed. As such, researchers may wish to measure stress in multiple ways and, in the case of subjective and conditional stress with multiple operational definitions, to thoroughly characterize the frequency of stress reporting., Author(s): Matthew J. Zawadzki [sup.1] , Stacey B. Scott [sup.2] , David M. Almeida [sup.3] , Stephanie T. Lanza [sup.4] , David E. Conroy [sup.5] , Martin J. Sliwinski [sup.3] [...]

Background: Greater within‐person variability in cognitive performance on mobile devices is emerging as a sensitive marker of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). It is unclear if sociodemographic differences are associated with this variability, and if so, whether these differences moderate associations between MCI status and within‐person variability. We use a digital health approach with ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to examine sociodemographic differences in within‐day variability among individuals with MCI and those who were cognitively unimpaired (CU). Method: A sample of 308 community‐dwelling older adults from the Einstein Aging Study (mean age = 77.49 years, SD = 4.86, range = 70‐90; 67% female; 45% non‐Hispanic White, 41% non‐Hispanic Black) completed neuropsychological testing and self‐reported questionnaires. Ninety‐eight individuals met Jak/Bondi criteria for MCI. All participants performed mobile tests of processing speed and memory binding on a smartphone up to six times daily over a two‐week period. We employed heterogeneous variance multilevel models to assess sociodemographic and MCI status associations with within‐day variability across assessments. We further tested whether differences in age, gender, race, and education moderated associations between MCI status and within‐day variability. Result: For processing speed, greater variability was apparent in individuals with MCI, non‐Hispanic Black participants, and individuals with less education (ps<.001). A MCI status*gender interaction occurred; the association between MCI status and variability remained significant for both genders but was smaller among women (p<.01). For memory binding, greater variability was apparent in individuals with MCI, older participants, non‐Hispanic Black participants, and individuals with less education (ps<.001). Numerous interactions occurred; in separate analyses, associations between MCI status and variability remained significant, but were smaller among women, non‐Hispanic Black participants, and individuals with less education (ps<.05). Conclusion: Individuals with MCI exhibited greater within‐day variability in mobile cognitive performance than those who were CU, but the strength of these associations varied by sociodemographic factors. These indices of variability in everyday life may serve as sensitive markers of early cognitive impairment. Future research should examine daily mechanisms and environmental perturbations (e.g., stress, sleep, air pollution) that may explain why associations between MCI status and cognitive variability appeared smaller among women, non‐Hispanic Black participants, and individuals with less education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life adversity (ELA) has been associated with pain symptomatology in adulthood, but mechanisms and moderators of these associations are unclear. Using recall based and concurrently assessed self-report data, we examined associations between ELA, mood, sleep, and recent pain intensity and interference, and whether optimism and perceived control weakened these associations in a midlife community sample of diverse adults reporting some ELA. Controlling for demographic variables and BMI, higher levels of ELA were associated with more pain intensity and interference; greater sleep disturbance and negative mood accounted for these associations. When moderation was examined, only the path from sleep disturbance to pain interference was significantly attenuated for those with higher optimism and higher perceived control. These findings suggest that higher levels of ELA may link with pain in adulthood through poorer mood and sleep, and that resilience resources such as optimism and control may buffer some of these pathways., Author(s): Ambika Mathur [sup.1] , Jennifer E. Graham-Engeland [sup.1] , Danica C. Slavish [sup.2] , Joshua M. Smyth [sup.1] , Richard B. Lipton [sup.3] [sup.4] [sup.5] , Mindy J. Katz [...]

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the accuracy of remote and in‐person digital tests to distinguish between older adults with and without AD pathological change and used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a comparison test. METHODS: Participants were 69 cognitively normal older adults with known beta‐amyloid (Aβ) PET status. Participants completed smartphone‐based assessments 3×/day for 8 days, followed by TabCAT tasks, DCTclock™, and MoCA at an in‐person study visit. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) to compare task accuracies to distinguish Aβ status. RESULTS: Average performance on the episodic memory (Prices) smartphone task showed the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.77) to distinguish Aβ status. On in‐person measures, accuracy to distinguish Aβ status was greatest for the TabCAT Favorites task (AUC = 0.76), relative to the DCTclockTM (AUC = 0.73) and MoCA (AUC = 0.74). DISCUSSION: Although further validation is needed, our results suggest that several digital assessments may be suitable for more widespread cognitive screening application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Loneliness in later life increases the risk for adverse health outcomes; however, less is known about how loneliness is maintained. Anxiety may play an important role in maintaining loneliness, but little is known about how this connection plays out over time in daily life. This study thus focused on the within-person associations between momentary loneliness and anxiety among older adults. Methods Participants were 317 diverse older adults (40% Black; 13% Hispanic, mean age = 77.45 years, 67% women) systematically recruited from the Bronx, NY, who completed ecological momentary assessments 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days. Multilevel models tested bidirectional contemporaneous, momentary cross-lagged (t − 1), day-level cross-lagged (average day to end of day), and day-to-day cross-lagged associations between loneliness and anxiety. Separate sensitivity analyses controlled for concurrent overall mood valence or depressed state. Gender and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) status were tested as moderators at all timescales. Results Significant bidirectional associations between loneliness and anxiety were found at the contemporaneous and momentary cross-lagged (t − 1) timescales. Higher average daily loneliness predicted higher end-of-day anxiety, but not vice versa. Loneliness and anxiety were not significantly associated from day to day. Sensitivity analyses revealed some associations varied depending on inclusion of either concurrent mood valence or depressed state. Neither gender nor MCI status moderated associations at any timescale. Discussion Findings shed light on the complex temporal ordering of loneliness and anxiety in daily life and extend contemporary theoretical notions of loneliness, including the possibility of interventions that target key moments in daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Einstein Aging Study uses smartphones in an intensive burst design to digitally assess cognition up to 6 times daily for 2 weeks once a year. These burst assessments facilitate the estimation of novel cognitive markers including learning effects and asymptotic performance within bursts and over annual assessments. Here, we examine the influence of two blood‐based biomarkers, pTau‐181 and Neurofilament Light protein (NfL), on cognitive performance measured by digital cognitive markers at baseline and across 6 annual burst assessments. Method: Participants were 293 older adults (Age = 77.4±4.9) free of dementia at baseline. Negative exponential models were used to examine two primary features of response time from the Symbol Search Test of processing speed: (1) learning rate across days within a burst and its change in rate of learning over annual follow‐up; and (2) asymptotic performance (i.e., fastest response time) at baseline and asymptotic change (the rate in which asymptotic performance changes across years). Asymptotic performance is thought to reflect best possible performance and to be relatively free of practice effects. The associations of pTau‐181 and NfL with these features at baseline and change over annual follow‐up were evaluated, adjusting for baseline age, sex, years of education and race/ethnicity. Result: Primary model results are summarized in Table 1. The expected trajectory of symbol search response time across 16 study days within each of the six annual waves, for baseline levels of pTau‐181 and NfL is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Higher levels of both Tau‐181 and of NfL were associated with slower rates of learning in the baseline burst. Higher levels of these BBB at baseline were also associated with slower learning rates from burst to burst (over years) and with greater slowing in asymptotic performance over annual follow‐ups. Conclusion: Higher levels of BBB of Tau and of neurodegeneration are associated with slower learning and with slower response times. These novel parameters derived from ambulatory cognitive testing show expected relationships with biomarkers supporting their validity. Future applications of ambulatory cognition could include the identification of subtle cognitive impairment and in measuring within person change in cognition in clinical trials or clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memory lapses (e.g., forgetting a medication) are common for most people, yet past methods of assessment relied upon retrospective reports from long recall windows. Recently, researchers have incorporated daily diary methods to capture memory lapse frequency closer to the experience in real-world environments. This study describes the utility of the Daily Memory Lapses Checklist using data from two 14-day diary studies (Combined Sample = 467; 66% women). Frequency and impact (i.e., irritation and interference) of prospective and retrospective memory lapses were assessed at both individual- and daily levels. Across studies, memory lapses occurred on more than one-third of assessment days. Retrospective lapses were reported more frequently than prospective; however, both lapses had a similar impact. The Daily Memory Lapses Checklist represents a flexible measure that separates the occurrence of a memory lapse from its impact on daily life: metrics that will enhance our understanding of daily experiences of cognitive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Smartphones have the potential for capturing subtle changes in cognition that characterize preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) in older adults. The Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone application is based on principles from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and administers brief tests of associative memory, processing speed, and working memory up to 4 times per day over 7 consecutive days. ARC was designed to be administered unsupervised using participants' personal devices in their everyday environments. Methods: We evaluated the reliability and validity of ARC in a sample of 268 cognitively normal older adults (ages 65–97 years) and 22 individuals with very mild dementia (ages 61–88 years). Participants completed at least one 7-day cycle of ARC testing and conventional cognitive assessments; most also completed cerebrospinal fluid, amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, and structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Results: First, ARC tasks were reliable as between-person reliability across the 7-day cycle and test-retest reliabilities at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups all exceeded 0.85. Second, ARC demonstrated construct validity as evidenced by correlations with conventional cognitive measures (r = 0.53 between composite scores). Third, ARC measures correlated with AD biomarker burden at baseline to a similar degree as conventional cognitive measures. Finally, the intensive 7-day cycle indicated that ARC was feasible (86.50% approached chose to enroll), well tolerated (80.42% adherence, 4.83% dropout), and was rated favorably by older adult participants. Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that ARC is reliable and valid and represents a feasible tool for assessing cognitive changes associated with the earliest stages of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Sex hormones are important components of healthy aging, with beneficial effects on physical and mental health. Positive experiences such as elevated mood, lowered stress, and higher well-being also contribute to health outcomes and, in younger adults, may be associated with elevated sex hormone levels. However, little is known about the association between positive experiences and sex hormones in older adults. Methods In this study, older men and women (N = 224, 70+ years of age) provided blood samples before and after a 2-week period of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of positive and negative experiences (assessed based on self-reporting items related to affect, stress, and well-being). Concentrations of a panel of steroid sex hormones and glucocorticoids were determined in blood. Results Higher levels of positive experiences reported in daily life across 2 weeks were associated with increases in free (biologically active) levels of testosterone (B = 0.353 [0.106, 0.601], t (221.3) = 2.801, p =.006), estradiol (B = 0.373 [0.097, 0.649], t (225.1) = 2.645, p =.009), and estrone (B = 0.468 [0.208, 0.727], t (224.3) = 3.535, p <.001) between the start and the end of the 2-week EMA period. Discussion These findings suggest that sex hormones may be a pathway linking positive experiences to health in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is reason to believe that introversion may relate to different patterns of negative and positive experiences in everyday life ("hassles" and "uplifts"), but there is little evidence for this based on reports made in daily life as events occur. We thus extend the literature by using data from ecological momentary assessments to examine whether introversion is associated with either the frequency or intensity of hassles and uplifts. Method: Participants (N = 242) were community‐dwelling adults (63% Black, 24% Hispanic; ages 25‐65; 65% women) who completed baseline measures of personality and mental health, followed by reports of hassles and uplifts 5x/day for 14 days. We present associations between introversion and hassles/uplifts both with and without controlling for mood‐related factors (neuroticism, recent symptoms of depression, and anxiety). Results: Introversion was associated with reporting less frequent and less enjoyable uplifts, but not with overall hassle frequency or unpleasantness; exploratory analyses suggest associations with specific types of hassles. Conclusions: Our results expand understanding of the role of introversion in everyday experiences, suggesting an overall association between introversion and uplifts (but not hassles, broadly) in daily life. Better understanding of such connections may inform future research to determine mechanisms by which introversion relates to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Deviations from normative trajectories of receptive language abilities following early life adversity (ELA) may indicate an elevated risk for advanced cognitive aging and related morbidities. Accelerated epigenetic aging at midlife may further identify those at greatest risk for advanced cognitive aging following ELA. We examined whether accelerations in epigenetic aging at midlife can identify those individuals who demonstrated the greatest change in receptive language abilities following ELA. Methods Data were drawn from the Female Growth and Development Study (n  = 86), a 30-year prospective cohort study of females exposed to substantiated child sexual abuse (CSA), a severe ELA, and a non-CSA comparison condition. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) measured receptive language abilities on 6 occasions from childhood to mid-life. Interindividual differences in PPVT-R trajectories were examined in relation to CSA exposure and across 5 independent measures of epigenetic age acceleration derived from first (Horvath DNAmAge, Hannum DNAmAge) and second (GrimAge, PhenoAge, Dunedin Pace of Aging) generation epigenetic clocks. Results Quadratic growth models revealed that PPVT-R scores were significantly lower at age 25 for females exposed to CSA. Specifically, CSA exposed females had lower intercepts when GrimAge was accelerated and a smaller quadratic trend when PhenoAge was accelerated.  Discussion ELA is associated with significant differences in development of receptive language abilities with the most pronounced differences observed for females with accelerated epigenetic ages at mid-life. These findings suggest that epigenetic age acceleration could serve as an indicator of differences in cognitive aging and portend to later adulthood cognitive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Vascular theories of cognitive aging have focused on macrovascular changes and cognitive decline. However, according to the artery-size hypothesis, microvascular changes, such as those that underlie changes in erectile function, may also play an important role in contributing to cognitive decline. Thus, we examined associations between erectile function, sexual satisfaction, and cognition starting in middle age because this represents a transition period where declines in these areas emerge. Research Design and Methods We examined 818 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging across three waves at mean ages 56, 61, and 68. Erectile function and sexual satisfaction were measured using the International Index of Erectile Function. Cognitive performance was measured using factor scores for episodic memory, executive function, and processing speed. We tested multilevel models hierarchically, adjusting for demographics, frequency of sexual activity, and physical and mental health confounders to examine how changes in erectile function and sexual satisfaction related to changes in cognitive performance. Results Lower erectile function at baseline was related to poorer performance in all cognitive domains at baseline and faster declines in processing speed over time. However, baseline sexual satisfaction was unrelated to cognitive performance. Decreases in erectile function and sexual satisfaction were both associated with memory decline. Discussion and Implications Decreasing sexual health may signal an increased risk for cognitive decline. We discuss potential mechanisms, including microvascular changes and psychological distress. Discussing and tracking sexual health in middle-aged men may help to identify those likely to face memory decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leisure engagement is believed to offer emotional benefits. However, relatively few studies have examined how leisure engagement influences emotional well-being in the context of individuals' everyday lives. The current study examined the associations between leisure engagement and daily emotional well-being, as measured by participants' mean levels of positive affect (PA), PA variability, and PA reactivity to stressors. Using smartphones, participants (n = 176) completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) 5 times per day for 14 consecutive days. The Pearson correlations indicated that the participants who engaged in leisure more frequently experienced higher mean levels of PA and lower PA variability in daily life compared to those with less frequent leisure engagement. However, multilevel models indicated that individuals' differences in frequency of leisure engagement did not influence their emotional reactivity in response to daily stressors. The findings extend the importance of leisure engagement to consider the dynamics of daily emotional well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smartphone‐based ecological momentary assessments (EMA) have the potential to capture subtle changes in cognition associated with preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) in older adults. The Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone application is based on EMA principles and administers brief tests of associative memory, processing speed, and working memory ∼4 times per day over 7 consecutive days. Participants perform these 7‐day cycles every ∼6 months, longitudinally. ARC was designed to be performed unsupervised, on participants' personal devices, and in their everyday environments in order to increase accessibility, testing, and reliability. Method: We evaluated the reliability, validity, and feasibility of ARC in a large, well‐characterized sample of cognitively normal older adults (ages 65‐97) and individuals with very mild dementia (ages 61‐88). Participants completed at least one 7‐day cycle of ARC testing along with conventional cognitive assessments. Most participants also had cerebrospinal fluid, amyloid and tau PET, and structural MRI data available. The reliability, validity, and feasibility of ARC as an unsupervised, high‐frequency cognitive assessment tool using participants' personal smartphones was tested by examining (1) between‐subjects and test‐retest reliability, (2) correlations with age, conventional cognitive measures, and AD‐related biomarkers, and (3) adherence and attrition rates of older adults with varying technology familiarity. Result: First, ARC tasks demonstrated good reliability such that between‐person reliability across the 7‐day cycle and test‐retest reliabilities at 6‐month and 1‐year follow‐ups all exceeded intraclass correlations of 0.85. Second, ARC demonstrated construct validity as evidenced by correlations with conventional cognitive measures. Third, ARC measures correlated with AD biomarker burden at baseline to a similar degree as conventional cognitive measures. Finally, high adherence rates and low attrition rates indicated that ARC was feasible and, to some extent, enjoyable, for older adult participants. Conclusion: Ultimately, these results suggest that ARC is a reliable and valid measure of cognition in older adults at risk for AD and is a feasible tool for assessing subtle cognitive changes associated with the earliest stages of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]