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The shelf life of whole wheat bread (WWB) significantly impacts its freshness and overall quality. This research investigated the impact of chitosan lactate (CL) on various characteristics influencing the shelf life of WWB, including its physical, chemical, textural, antimicrobial, and sensory attributes. These characteristics were evaluated by conducting various experiments such as physical inspection, moisture, impedance, swelling, color, texture, FTIR, microbiological, and sensory analysis. CL with different concentrations was incorporated into WWB formulations: P0.0 (0.0% w/w CL, control), P0.5 (0.5% w/w CL), P1.0 (1.0% w/w CL), P2.0 (2.0% w/w CL), and P3.0 (3.0% w/w CL). The inclusion of CL promoted the Maillard reaction (MR) compared to P0.0. The promotion of MR resulted in the formation of a shinier crust, which increased as the CL content was increased. P0.5 comprised large-sized pores and exhibited increased loaf height. CL-containing WWB formulations showed an increased moisture content and decreased impedance values compared to the control. FTIR analysis of P0.5 demonstrated the enhanced interaction and bonding of water molecules. P0.5 demonstrated optimal textural, colorimetric, and antimicrobial properties compared to other formulations. The sensory attributes of WWBs remain unchanged despite CL addition. In conclusion, P0.5 exhibited optimal characteristics associated with better quality and prolonged shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetramethrin (TMT) is a commonly used insecticide and has a carcinogenic and neurodegenerative effect on humans. The binding mechanism and toxicological implications of TMT to human serum albumin (HSA) were examined in this study employing a combination of biophysical and computational methods indicating moderate binding affinity and potential hepato and renal toxicity. Fluorescence quenching experiments showed that TMT binds to HSA with a moderate affinity, and the binding process was spontaneous and predominantly enthalpy‐driven. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that TMT binding did not induce any significant conformational changes in HSA, resulting in no changes in its alpha‐helix content. The binding site and modalities of TMT interactions with HSA as computed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that it binds to Sudlow site II of HSA via hydrophobic interactions through its dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate methyl propanyl group. The structural dynamics of TMT induce proper fit into the binding site creating increased and stabilizing interactions. Additionally, molecular mechanics–Poisson Boltzmann surface area calculations also indicated that non‐polar and van der Waals were found to be the major contributors to the high binding free energy of the complex. Quantum mechanics (QM) revealed the conformational energies of the binding confirmation and the degree of deviation from the global minimum energy conformation of TMT. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the binding mechanism of TMT with HSA, which is important for evaluating the toxicity of this insecticide in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thalassemia is a major public health concern in India. The thalassemic burden in India is high, with an estimated 100,000 patients diagnosed with β-thalassemia syndrome. However, the exact number is unknown because of the absence of National Registries for patients. India alone contributes to approximately 25% of the global β-thalassemia burden. A possible option to control this burden is to endorse education and awareness programs, compulsory prenatal screening, and develop suitable facilities for genetic counseling, and availability of cost-effective diagnostic tests in India, especially in rural areas. In addition to the various clinical complications associated with thalassemia, lifelong intervention creates mental and physical trauma in patients and their relatives. Government and nongovernment organizations have initiated screening programs to prevent thalassemia. However, prenatal screening is not mandatory, and the reachability of screening programs in rural areas is yet to begin. This review article will discuss the progress in thalassemia research in India, including its prevalence, spectrum of β-thalassemia mutations, preventive and therapeutic measures, and awareness programs. More importantly, we will discuss the need and roadmap to strengthen prevention programs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endotracheal intubation and central venous catheter (CVC) insertion are generally performed on the patient in the supine position. In traumatic cases, manual in-line stabilization and Sellick’s maneuver make airway management difficult. CVC insertion in the lateral position is not reported in the literature. A 30- year-old male with a history of falls from height presented with iron rods pierced into the right hand and right leg. The patient was intubated with manual in-line stabilization and Sellick’s maneuver in a lateral position. Due to the technical difficulty on the right side, CVC was inserted on the left side in a lateral position. Needle orientation was modified as per the position of the patient, and the left arm was pulled during the CVC insertion. The most experienced anesthesiologists should attempt for the best outcome. Wherever available, CVC should be inserted under ultrasonic guidance. With the landmark technique, the three-dimensional orientation of the anatomy should be kept in mind while attempting CVC insertion in an abnormal position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertebrate appendage comprises three primary segments, the stylopod, zeugopod and autopod, each separated by joints. The molecular mechanisms governing the specification of joint sites, which define segment lengths and thereby limb architecture, remain largely unknown. Existing literature suggests that reciprocal gradients of retinoic acid (RA) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling define the expression domains of the putative segment markers Meis1, Hoxa11 and Hoxa13. Barx1 is expressed in the presumptive joint sites. Our data demonstrate that RA-FGF signaling gradients define the expression domain of Barx1 in the first presumptive joint site. When misexpressed, Barx1 induces ectopic interzone-like structures, and its loss of function partially blocks interzone development. Simultaneous perturbations of RA-FGF signaling gradients result in predictable shifts of Barx1 expression domains along the proximo-distal axis and, consequently, in the formation of repositioned joints. Our data suggest that during early limb bud development in chick, Meis1 and Hoxa11 expression domains are overlapping, whereas the Barx1 expression domain resides within the Hoxa11 expression domain. However, once the interzone is formed, the expression domains are refined and the Barx1 expression domain becomes congruent with the border of these two putative segment markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of genetic biomarkers that play a crucial role in cancer survival is challenging, but requires attention. The present study aimed to identify common biomarkers that affect the survival of patients with cancer. For this purpose, The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets of liver, lung, cervical and pancreatic cancers were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that have an impact on cancer survival. The STRING database and ComplexHeatmap package were used to develop a protein-protein interaction network and heatmaps of the DEGs, respectively. The inhibitors of DEGs were identified using CMap software. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed using PyRx and NAMD software. Of note, two common genes [human NDC80 kinetochore complex component (NDC80) and human disks large-associated protein 5] in liver and lung cancers and five common genes [human minichromosome maintenance complex component (MCM)2, origin recognition complex subunit 1, cell division cycle 45, MCM3 and human DNA topoisomerase II alpha] in cervical and liver cancers were found to significantly affect overall survival. Several inhibitors of these seven common genes were identified and it was found that cytochalasin (NDC80 inhibitor) demonstrated the highest binding affinity. The results of molecular dynamics suggested that cytochalasin B can be used as a therapeutic drug in cancers with a high expression of NDC80. In addition, the present study identified unique biomarkers present in specific types of cancer and these data were validated using the c-BioPortal database. The c-BioPortal data analysis demonstrated that the expression of the cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain genes, together with the American Joint Committee on Cancer Pathological Staging, can be used as prognostic markers of liver cancer recurrence (AUC value=0.71). No such data were obtained for other cancers. On the whole the present study highlights that the selection of DEGs as potential treatment targets should be based on their effects on cancer survival along with tumor stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dextromethorphan or DXM is an effective and harmless cough and cold suppressant available in many cold and cough preparations. At maximum dosage, it mimics hallucinogenic and psychoactive effects in human body and hence it is appealing for abuse. In this work, a detailed study of an antitussive agent i.e. Dextromethorphan which is a semi-synthetic opioid and a replacement of codeine and pholcodine in various cough linctuses has been described extensively. This review also revolves around the structured detailing of Dextromethorphan, its physical and chemical properties as well its pharmacokinetics in human body and also its effect on human brain and its relationship with NMDA receptors. This study also focuses on the emergence of Dextromethorphan as new drug of abuse due to its easy availability and as it possesses similar effects with LSD and other hallucinogens when taken in overdose in addition with the Toxicological analysis of Dextromethorphan from biological matrices using respective analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasma clearance and tissue distribution in mice of the versatile capsid of bacteriophage Q[beta] are determined by decorating the particles with gadolinium complexes using the [Cu.sup.I]-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The results have shown that nanoparticle trafficking is designed in predictable ways by chemical and genetic modifications that modulate surface charge.

Abstract Specific targeting of tumor cells is an important goal for the design of nanotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Recently, viruses have been explored as nano-containers for specific targeting applications, however these systems typically require modification of the virus surface using chemical or genetic means to achieve tumor-specific delivery. Interestingly, there exists a subset of viruses with natural affinity for receptors on tumor cells that could be exploited for nanotechnology applications. For example, the canine parvovirus (CPV) utilizes transferrin receptors (TfRs) for binding and cell entry into canine as well as human cells. TfRs are over-expressed by a variety of tumor cells and are widely being investigated for tumor-targeted drug delivery. We explored whether the natural tropism of CPV to TfRs could be harnessed for targeting tumor cells. Towards this goal, CPV virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by expression of the CPV-VP2 capsid protein in a baculovirus expression system were examined for attachment of small molecules and delivery to tumor cells. Structural modeling suggested that six lysines per VP2 subunit are presumably addressable for bioconjugation on the CPV capsid exterior. Between 45 and 100 of the possible 360 lysines/particle could be routinely derivatized with dye molecules depending on the conjugation conditions. Dye conjugation also demonstrated that the CPV-VLPs could withstand conditions for chemical modification on lysines. Attachment of fluorescent dyes neither impaired binding to the TfRs nor affected internalization of the 26 nm-sized VLPs into several human tumor cell lines. CPV-VLPs therefore exhibit highly favorable characteristics for development as a novel nanomaterial for tumor targeting.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is defined as "the stoppage of ventilation or incidence of significant hypoventilation during sleep, which is characterized by episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction related with hypoxemia and/or hypercarbia. There have been many treatments reported for this syndrome including Mandibular repositioning appliance (MRA), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), weight loss, exercise, intraoral appliance therapy, soft tissue procedures, and maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery. Present study is an attempt where three patients of OSAS have been treated with Miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE). The results of BMI, AHI index showed the promising effect. Even the use of MARPE has improved the air flow and increased the rapid palatal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have always been an integrated part of human life, whether we discuss about providing food or about their medicinal value. Ethnomedicines have led to the discovery of many valuable drugs against various diseases. There are many diseases that are affected by imbalance balance between antioxidants and prooxidants or free radicals. Free radicals are the chemical entities capable of independent existence that contain one/more unpaired electrons and can be balanced by antioxidants. Antioxidants maintain the integrity and function of membrane lipids, cellular proteins, and nucleic acids and the control of signal transduction of many genes. Whenever there is imbalance between prooxidant and antioxidants they can lead to many diseases and even ameliorate the severity of disease like Alzheimer, cardiovascular disorder, cancer etc. There are evidences showing usage of plants as a potent source of antioxidants has provided a lot of support in combating various diseases, without any side effect. Various Bioflavonoids, Carotenoids, Hydroxycinnamates etc helps in scavenging these free radicals. There are various mechanisms through which these Phyto antioxidants assisted against various diseases. The present review is an attempt showing the relationship of free radicals with various diseases and the role of Phyto antioxidants against various health related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During appendicular skeletal development, the bi-potential cartilage anlagen gives rise to transient cartilage, which is eventually replaced by bone, and to articular cartilage that caps the ends of individual skeletal elements. While the molecular mechanism that regulates transient cartilage differentiation is relatively well understood, the mechanism of articular cartilage differentiation has only begun to be unraveled. Furthermore, the molecules that coordinate the articular and transient cartilage differentiation processes are poorly understood. Here, we have characterized in chick the regulatory roles of two transcription factors, NFIA and GATA3, in articular cartilage differentiation, maintenance and the coordinated differentiation of articular and transient cartilage. Both NFIA and GATA3 block hypertrophic differentiation. Our results suggest that NFIA is not sufficient but necessary for articular cartilage differentiation. Ectopic activation of GATA3promotes articular cartilage differentiation, where as inhibition of GATA3 activity promotes transient cartilage differentiation at the expense of articular cartilage. We propose a novel transcriptional circuitry involved in embryonic articular cartilage differentiation, maintenance and its crosstalk with the transient cartilage differentiation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During appendicular skeletal development, the bi-potential cartilage anlagen gives rise to transient cartilage, which is eventually replaced by bone, and articular cartilage which caps the ends of individual skeletal elements. While the molecular mechanism that regulates transient cartilage differentiation is relatively better understood, the mechanism of articular cartilage differentiation has only begun to be unraveled. Further, the molecules that coordinate articular and transient cartilage differentiation processes are very poorly understood. Here, we have characterized the regulatory roles of two transcription factors, NFIA and GATA3 in articular cartilage differentiation, maintenance and the coordinated differentiation of articular and transient cartilage. Both NFIA and GATA3 block hypertrophic differentiation. Our results suggest that NFIA is not sufficient but necessary for articular cartilage differentiation. On the other hand, while ectopic activation of GATA3 promotes articular cartilage differentiation, inhibition of GATA3 activity promotes transient cartilage differentiation at the expense of articular cartilage. Finally, we propose a novel transcriptional circuitry involved in embryonic articular cartilage differentiation, maintenance and its crosstalk with transient cartilage differentiation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Articular cartilage present at the ends of appendicular skeletal elements provides friction-less movement to the synovial joints and any damage to this tissue can lead to a degenerative disease of joint called osteoarthritis. During past two decades although many genes e.g.,Gdf5, Wnt9a , Noggin etc. have been identified and characterized in joint development, still a comprehensive understanding of molecular network(s) operational in articular cartilage morphogenesis is far from being drawn. Here we report identification of 36 genes (19 from literature survey and 17 from microarray analysis) that are expressed in developing chicken phalangeal joints in a spatiotemporally dynamic manner. For both these set of genes across the time window investigated we observed three kinds of expression patterns: early, late and constant. The early expressed genes are invariably expressed in a domain broader than the interzone while the late expressed genes are expressed in restricted spatial domains. The comprehensive expression analysis presented in this report provides a candidate list of molecular players involved in articular cartilage differentiation and/or maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articular cartilage, which lines the joints of the limb skeleton, is distinct from the adjoining transient cartilage, and yet, it differentiates as a unique population within a contiguous cartilage element. Current literature suggests that articular cartilage and transient cartilage originate from different cell populations. Using a combination of lineage tracing and pulse-chase of actively proliferating chondrocytes, we here demonstrate that, similar to transient cartilage, embryonic articular cartilage cells also originate from the proliferating chondrocytes situated near the distal ends of skeletal anlagen. We show that nascent cartilage cells are capable of differentiating as articular or transient cartilage, depending on exposure to Wnt or BMP signaling, respectively. The spatial organization of the articular cartilage results from a band of Nogexpressing cells, which insulates these proliferating chondrocytes from BMP signaling and allows them to differentiate as articular cartilage under the influence of Wnt signaling emanating from the interzone. Through experiments conducted in both chick and mouse embryos we have developed a model explaining simultaneous growth and differentiation of transient and articular cartilage in juxtaposed domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the outer-membrane channel from a mycolic acid containing Gram-positive bacteria Nocardia farcinica , which forms a hydrophilic pathway across the cell wall, was characterized. Single channel electrophysiology measurements and liposome swelling assays revealed the permeation of hydrophilic solutes including sugars, amino acids and antibiotics. The cation selective N. farcinica channel exhibited strong interaction with the positively charged antibiotics; amikacin and kanamycin, and surprisingly also with the negatively charged ertapenem. Voltage dependent kinetics of amikacin and kanamycin interactions were studied to distinguish binding from translocation. Moreover, the importance of charged residues inside the channel was investigated using mutational studies that revealed rate limiting interactions during the permeation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembled protein capsids have gained attention as a promising class of nanoparticles for biomedical applications due to their monodisperse nature and versatile genetic and chemical tailorability. To determine the plasma clearance and tissue distribution in mice of the versatile capsid of bacteriophage Qβ, the particles were decorated with gadolinium complexes using the CuI-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Interior surface labeling was engineered by the introduction of an azide-containing unnatural amino acid into the coat protein for the first time. Clearance rates were conveniently monitored by quantitative detection of Gd using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and were found to be inversely proportional to the number of complexes attached to the exterior surface of the particle. This phenomenon was correlated to changes in exterior surface charge brought about by acylation of surface- exposed amine groups in the initial step of the bioconjugation protocol. When primary amine groups were reintroduced by azide—alkyne coupling, the circulation time increased accordingly. These results show that nanoparticle trafficking may be tailored in predictable ways by chemical and genetic modifications that modulate surface charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Expression of full-length and N-terminal deletion mutants of the coat protein (CP) of tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) using the recombinant baculovirus system resulted in spontaneously assembled virus-like particles (VLPs). Deletion of the majority of the R-domain sequence of the CP, residues 1–52 (CP-NΔ52) and 1–62 (CP-NΔ62), produced capsids similar to wild-type VLPs. Interestingly, the CP-NΔ62 mutant that retains the last 3 residues of R-domain is capable of forming both the T = 1 and T = 3 particles. However, between the two types of VLPs, formation of the T = 1 capsids appears to be preferred. Another mutant, CP-NΔ72, in which R-domain (residues 1–65) was completely removed but contains most of the β-annulus and extended arm (βA) regions exclusively formed T = 1 particles. These results suggest that as few as 3 residues (63–65) of the R-domain, which includes 2 basic amino acids together with the arm (βA) and β-annulus regions, may be sufficient for the formation of T = 3 particles. However, anywhere between 4 to 13 residues of the R-domain may be required for proper positioning of βA and β-annulus structural elements of the C-type subunits to facilitate an error free assembly of T = 3 capsids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Specific targeting of tumor cells is an important goal for the design of nanotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Recently, viruses have been explored as nano-containers for specific targeting applications, however these systems typically require modification of the virus surface using chemical or genetic means to achieve tumor-specific delivery. Interestingly, there exists a subset of viruses with natural affinity for receptors on tumor cells that could be exploited for nanotechnology applications. For example, the canine parvovirus (CPV) utilizes transferrin receptors (TfRs) for binding and cell entry into canine as well as human cells. TfRs are over-expressed by a variety of tumor cells and are widely being investigated for tumor-targeted drug delivery. We explored whether the natural tropism of CPV to TfRs could be harnessed for targeting tumor cells. Towards this goal, CPV virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by expression of the CPV-VP2 capsid protein in a baculovirus expression system were examined for attachment of small molecules and delivery to tumor cells. Structural modeling suggested that six lysines per VP2 subunit are presumably addressable for bioconjugation on the CPV capsid exterior. Between 45 and 100 of the possible 360 lysines/particle could be routinely derivatized with dye molecules depending on the conjugation conditions. Dye conjugation also demonstrated that the CPV-VLPs could withstand conditions for chemical modification on lysines. Attachment of fluorescent dyes neither impaired binding to the TfRs nor affected internalization of the 26 nm-sized VLPs into several human tumor cell lines. CPV-VLPs therefore exhibit highly favorable characteristics for development as a novel nanomaterial for tumor targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine field strains of fowlpox virus (FPV) isolated during a 24-year span from geographically diverse outbreaks of fowlpox in the United States were screened for the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) sequences in their genomes by PCR. Each isolate appeared to be heterogeneous in that either a nearly intact provirus or just a 248- or 508-nucleotide fusion of portions of the integrated REV 5' and 3' long terminal repeats (LTRs) was exclusively present at the same genomic site. In contrast, four fowlpox vaccines of FPV origin and three originating from pigeonpox virus were genetically homogeneous in having retained only the 248-bp LTR fusion, whereas two other FPV-based vaccines had only the larger one. These remnants of integrated REV presumably arose during homologous recombination at one of the two regions common to both LTRs or during retroviral excision from the FPV genome. Loss of the provirus appeared to be a natural event because the tripartite population could be detected in a field sample (tracheal lesion). Moreover, the provirus was also readily deleted during propagation of FPV in cultured cells, as evidenced by the detection of truncated LTRs after one passage of a plaque-purified FPV recombinant having a "genetically marked" provirus. However, the deletion mutants did not appear to have a substantial replicative advantage in vitro because even after 55 serial passages the original recombinant FPV was still prevalent. As to the in vivo environment, retention of the REV provirus may confer some benefit to FPV for infection of poultry previously vaccinated against fowlpox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue metaplasia is uncommon in adults because established cis -element programs resist rewiring. In Barrett's esophagus, the distal esophageal mucosa acquires a predominantly intestinal character, with notable gastric features, and is predisposed to developing invasive cancers. We sought to understand the chromatin underpinnings of Barrett's metaplasia and why it commonly displays simultaneous gastric and intestinal properties. We profiled cis -regulatory elements with active histone modifications in primary human biopsy materials using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing. Mutations in Barrett's esophagus were examined in relation to tissue-specific enhancer landscapes using a random forest machine-learning algorithm. We also profiled open chromatin at single-cell resolution in primary Barrett's biopsy specimens using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin. We used 1- and 2-color immunohistochemistry to examine protein expression of tissue-restricted genes. Barrett's esophagus bears epigenome fingerprints of human stomach and intestinal columnar, but not esophageal squamous, epithelia. Mutational patterns were best explained as arising on the epigenome background of active gastric cis -elements, supporting the view that adjoining stomach epithelium is a likely tissue source. Individual cells in Barrett's metaplasia coexpress gastric and intestinal genes, reflecting concomitant chromatin access at enhancers ordinarily restricted to one or the other epithelium. Protein expression of stomach-specific mucins; CLDN18; and a novel gastric marker, ANXA10, showed extensive tissue and subclonal heterogeneity of dual stomach-intestinal cell states. These findings reveal mixed and dynamic tissue-restricted chromatin states and phenotypic heterogeneity in Barrett's esophagus. Pervasive intragland variation argues against stem-cell governance of this phenotype. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizes the host responses to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections. Antigen-specific proliferation assay (SPA) for MG and identification of immune cell-activation markers; Positive reactivity in SPA tests of sera from chickens inoculated with the F and A5969 strains; Lymphocyte proliferation; Determination of interferon and nitric oxide production.

Abstract: Viruses-like particles (VLPs) are frequently being used as platforms for polyvalent display of foreign epitopes of interest on their capsid surface to improve their presentation enhancing the antigenicity and host immune response. In the present study, we used the VLPs of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), an icosahedral plant virus, as a platform to display 180 copies of 16 amino acid epitopes of ricin toxin fused to the C-terminal end of a modified TBSV capsid protein (NΔ52). Expression of the chimeric recombinant protein in insect cells resulted in spontaneous assembly of VLPs displaying the ricin epitope. Cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction of the chimeric VLPs at 22 Å resolution revealed the locations and orientation of the ricin epitope exposed on the TBSV capsid surface. Furthermore, injection of chimeric VLPs into mice generated antisera that detected the native ricin toxin. The ease of fusing of short peptides of 15–20 residues and their ability to form two kinds (T =1, T =3) of bio-nanoparticles that result in the display of 60 or 180 copies of less constrained and highly exposed antigenic epitopes makes TBSV an attractive and versatile display platform for vaccine design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of peptides. A growing variety of applications have employed the CPMV display technology including vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, nanoblock chemistry, and materials science. CPMV chimeras can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants and are completely stable at 37 °C and low pH, suggesting that they could be used as edible or mucosally-delivered vaccines or therapeutics. However, the fate of CPMV particles in vivo, or following delivery via the oral route, is unknown. To address this question, we examined CPMV in vitro and in vivo. CPMV was shown to be stable under simulated gastric conditions in vitro. The pattern of localization of CPMV particles to mouse tissues following oral or intravenous dosing was then determined. For several days following oral or intravenous inoculation, CPMV was found in a wide variety of tissues throughout the body, including the spleen, kidney, liver, lung, stomach, small intestine, lymph nodes, brain, and bone marrow. CPMV particles were detected after cardiac perfusion, suggesting that the particles entered the tissues. This pattern was confirmed using methods to specifically detect the viral capsid proteins and the internal viral RNA. The stability of CPMV virions in the gastrointestinal tract followed by their systemic dissemination supports their use as orally bioavailable nanoparticles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]