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Zani WNWM, Sidik NJ, Isa NAM, Awal A, Osman NI, Alias N, Nordin MK. 2024. Influence of media variations and growth regulators on in vitro propagation of Dendrocalamus asper bamboo. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 237-244. This study reports the effects of different types of media and combinations of plant growth regulators on the in vitro propagation of Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.f.) Backer bamboo species, a species known for its economic significance and challenges in traditional cultivation. The experiment was initiated through the cultivation of in vitro nodal segments as explants in various strengths (half-strength and full-strength) of Murashige and Skoog's (MS) and Vacin & Went (VW) media, supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) hormone. Optimal results were achieved in full-strength MS media with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP, with the highest shoot number (5.6 shoots) and length (2.14±0.18 cm), surpassing outcomes in VW media. Shoot multiplication in full-strength MS media, with varying BAP and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone combinations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg L-1), was conducted. The combination of 4.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 IBA yielded the highest number of shoots (5.17±3.97), while supplementation with 4.0 mg L-1 IBA alone resulted in the longest shoot with 1.89±1.15 cm. These findings underscore the significance of tailored conditions for optimal in vitro propagation of this species. Further investigations could explore additional factors influencing the propagation process for better refinement of bamboo cultivation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel biomaterial of crosslinked chitosan-glutaraldehyde combined with Bacillus subtilis biomass (CHS-GLU/BCL) was synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis to effectively remove the anionic dye (Acid red 88; AR88) from synthetic wastewater solution. The physicochemical properties of the CHS-GLU/BCL biomaterial were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR and pHpzc studies. To optimize the adsorption efficiency of CHS-GLU/BCL for AR88 dye removal, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized. The experiment utilized three independent variables including, the dosage of CHS-GLU/BCL (A: 0.02–0.1 g/100 mL), the contact time (B: 5–30 min), and the pH of the AR88 solution (C: 4–10). The investigation of adsorption kinetics confirms that the AR88 dye adsorption onto the CHS-GLU/BCL biomaterial mainly follows the pseudo first order (PFO) versus the pseudo second order (PSO) kinetic model. Moreover, the isotherm data fits the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 of 0.98. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) of AR88 dye onto CHS-GLU/BCL biomaterial was determined to be 148 mg/g at acidic pH conditions (pH = 4.2). The adsorption mechanism of AR88 and dye onto the biomaterial surface can be related to many contributions, such as hydrogen bonding, n-π interactions, and electrostatic attraction. A reusability study indicated that the CHS-GLU/BCL adsorbent successfully adsorbed AR88, where the reduced adsorption across five cycles is related to structural changes of the biocomposite. Hence, the biomaterial CHS-GLU/BCL has a good affinity for adsorbing anionic dye species from aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde/algae (CHS-GTD/AL) composite was synthesized through a two-step process. Firstly, the natural biopolymer chitosan (CHS) was functionalized with algae (AL), introducing additional functional groups to the pristine chitosan. Then, a cross-linking process was carried out using glutaraldehyde (GTD). The resulting CHS-GTD/AL composite demonstrated excellent adsorption properties for methyl violet 2B (MV 2B) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption behavior of MV 2B by CHS-GTD/AL was extensively investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD), considering the key factors influencing the adsorption process: CHS-GTD/AL dose (0.02 to 0.1 g/100 mL), time (10 to 180 min), and pH (4 to 10). The equilibrium adsorption of MV 2B by CHS-GTD/AL was well-described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetics of MV 2B adsorption by CHS-GTD/AL followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The adsorption capacity of CHS-GTD/AL for MV 2B was determined to be 123.2 mg/g. The effective adsorption of MV 2B on CHS-GTD/AL can be attributed to the electrostatic forces between the positively charged CHS-GTD/AL and the MV 2B anions, as well as interactions such as n-π and H-bonding. Regeneration study indicated that the CHS-GTD/AL could successfully adsorb MV 2B, even after five cycles. The present work reveals the remarkable potential of CHS-GTD/AL as an excellent adsorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the callus morphology, growth index, callus diameter, total antioxidant activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) of callus extracts from Ajuga xylorrhiza, a severely endangered plant found in small populations in Türkiye. Calluses obtained from a total of 18 applications formed in culture media supplemented with Kin and 2,4-d at six ratios (A, B, C, D, E, and F) and their subcultures (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, D2, E1, E2, F1, and F2) were used for examination. Extracts A and D had a higher TFC than the other groups (27.26 and 18.08 µg QEs/mg extract, respectively). Cultures D, A, and B had high TPCs of 66.29, 58.85, and 51.41 GAEs/mg extract, respectively, while F, F2, and E1 had the lowest. Total antioxidant activity varied by the method (DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC). Extracts A, D, and B (IC50 = 4.52, 9.51, and 16.18 µg/mL, respectively) demonstrated higher radical scavenging activity with the ABTS technique than the positive controls, BHT and BHA. The findings showed that an increase in plant growth regulators negatively impacted TPC, TFC, and total antioxidant activity. A. xylorrhiza extracts displayed higher antioxidant activity than their respective subcultures, indicating that the plant has a significant phytochemical content (total phenol and flavonoid contents). Moreover, the data suggest a possible relationship between TPC and TFC in extracts A, B, and D and radical scavenging activity (total antioxidant), which is worth investigating in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of nanotechnology revolutionized the different fields of modern sciences, enabling researchers to develop nanomaterial with extraordinary functionalities making life easier. Nanoparticles such as ZnO NPs and Ag NPs along with sterilizing agents found great potential for controlling contamination in banana tissue culture. Banana provides food for millions of people worldwide even though its origin was South East Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The emergence of tissue culture technology replaces the conventional banana propagation method, i.e., using suckers. Contaminations persist in tissue culture due to nutrient-rich media, thus decreasing its efficiency and profitability. The motive of this study is to make banana tissue culture more profitable by eradicating the contamination problem. Surface-sterilized explant may not be germ-free from inside due to covert bacteria (endogenous bacteria), which reside inside the plant in a passive state but can contaminate the experimental setup at later stages. In the present study, an experiment is designed by using various sterilizing agents (ethanol, NaOCl, H2O2, and HgCl2) for different periods to optimize the best combination of sterilizing agents for banana tissue culture. After treatment with these chemicals, the explant was inoculated to Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with plant growth hormones such as kinetin and indole acetic acid (IAA) and placed into a growth chamber for 1 week and observed regularly for appearance of contamination. The result shows that when the explant was treated with 70% ethanol for 1 min, 20% NaOCl for 10 min, and 0.2% HgCl2 for 2 min, we found it to be the most effective with the least contamination, i.e., 20%. In a separate experiment, zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles were used to control endophytic contamination with different concentrations (60 mg/liter, 90 mg/liter, 120 mg/liter). Both nanoparticles show promising results in controlling endophytic contamination, but using silver nanoparticles as a part of media controls up to 100% contamination. Dual treatment of ZnO and Ag nanoparticles as sterilizing agents as an additional component of media successfully removes the contamination but becomes the major cause of tissue death in banana tissue culture. Chemical sterilization was good but not efficient as compared to the combination with nanoparticle application. Blends of chemicals and nanoparticles are effective against microbes not only from the surface but also from the inside of the plant, so using available nanoparticles with optimized concentration may open a new way in tissue culture technology. The result of this research explains the success of nanoparticles (Ag NPs and ZnO NPs) in controlling exo and endophytic contaminations in banana tissue culture, thus creating a unique way of banana explant sterilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An understanding of plant secondary metabolites may prove to be important for novel drug development. The objective of this investigation was to enhance the biosynthesis of alkaloid compounds aervine and methylaervine in callus-derived cell suspension cultures of Aerva javanica using biotic and abiotic elicitors. The effect of five different elicitors on the biosynthesis of aervine (AE) and methylaervine (MAE) contents was studied for 20 days to determine the concentrations suitable for their accumulation in A. javanica. The callus obtained from the shoots of A. javanica on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg L−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and their cell suspension cultures were used for the elicitation purposes. The result proved the maximum accumulation of AE and MAE contents in cell suspension culture. It was found to be 72.26 ± 0.30 mg g−1 DW of MAE, showing an increase of 8.66-fold, and AE content (7.48 ± 0.39 mg g−1 DW) in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), whereas AE (34.10 ± 0.84 mg g−1 DW) and MAE (9.69 ± 0.04 mg g−1 DW) showed a 2.51-fold increase in salicylic acid. It was observed that the production of hairy root using Agrobacterium rhizogenes (MTCC 532) helps in improving aervine (42.22 ± 1.04 mg g−1 DW) and methylaervine (8.30 ± 0.09 mg g−1 DW) accumulation. This study will serve as an alternate protocol to improve alkaloid quantity as well as quality by elicitor stimulation. Furthermore, it may help in the sustainable production of A. javanica taxon and thereby helping in rescuing the natural sources recommended to cure several ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have long been utilized as the primary source of medicines, providing conventional and effective treatment for a variety of ailments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties from Pistacia lentiscus L. black fruits (PBF) and Clematis flammula L. leaves (CFL) phytochemicals extracted by choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-Acet) deep eutectic solvent (DES) and characterized using LC-ESI/MS. According to our findings, PBF and CFL both provide antioxidant activity in the TBARS assay (72.80± 9.67% and 81.32± 1.27% respectively). Moreover, β-Carotene Bleaching Assay showed that CFL had a better antioxidant potential (54.49± 0.91%) than PBF (60.99 ± 1.34%) (P = 0.0086). The data for the albumin denaturation activity were reversed, with CFL showing stronger anti-inflammatory activity (81.46± 1.87%) than PBF (69.68± 0.54%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PBF outperformed CFL in terms of antidiabetic effect (64.03± 1.21%) against α-amylase (p < 0.05). CFL and PBF samples demonstrated a good inhibition zone against pathogenic bacteria as well, although CFL showed larger inhibition zones than of PBF against both Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. In addition, LC-ESI/MS analysis confirmed the antioxidant content of phenolic-based bioactive molecules for both extracts and identifying 17 and 12 compounds for BPF and CFL respectively. In conclusion, this study emphasis the significance of DES as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for the extraction and the valorization of natural biomass waste for pharmaceutical and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing is a complex, intricate, and dynamic process that requires effective therapeutic management. The current study evaluates the wound healing potentials of methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum L. seeds (CCS) in rats. Sprague Dawley (24) rats were distributed into four cages, wounds produced on the back of the neck, and received two daily topical treatments for 14 days: A, rats received normal saline; B, wounded rats treated with intrasite gel; C and D, rats received 0.2 mL of 250 and 500 mg/kg of CCS, respectively. After that, wound area and closure percentage were evaluated, and wound tissues were dissected for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical examinations. Acute toxicity trials of methanolic extract of CCS showed the absence of any physiological changes or mortality in rats. CCS application caused a significant reduction in wound size and a statistically elevated percentage of wound contraction than those of vehicle rats. CCS treatment caused significant up‐regulation of collagen fiber, fibroblasts, and fewer inflammatory cells (inflammation) in granulation tissues. TGF‐β1 (angiogenetic factor) was significantly more expressed in CCS‐treated rats in comparison to normal saline‐treated rats; therefore, more fibroblasts transformed into myofibroblasts (angiogenesis). CCS‐treated rats showed remarkable antioxidant potentials (higher SOD and CAT enzymes) and decreased MDA (lipid peroxidation) levels in their wound tissue homogenates. Hydroxyproline amino acid (collagen) was significantly up‐regulated by CCS treatment, which is commonly related to faster wound closure area. The outcomes suggest CCS as a viable new source of pharmaceuticals for wound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The high industrial demand for Stevia cultivation (Stevia rebaudiana) has increased due to its high stevioside content derived from the leaves. However, the low germination rate makes the cultivation of the plant become the main obstacle. Therefore, an efficient cultivation technique is required. This present work aims to analyze the effect of five combinations of Kinetin (Kin) and benzyladenine (BA) on stevia micropropagation using nodal segment explants. Results: The micropropagation of stevia was performed using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with BA and Kin. We analyzed different organogenesis and callogenesis responses. In addition, the number of shoots and root formed during in vitro culture were also observed. Our results demonstrated that all treatments with Kin, both alone and in combination with BA, resulted in the development of callus on all nodal segment explants. Explants treated in MS with 1 mg L−1 BA exhibited the best average of shoot number (36.27). In contrast, the treatment without PGR resulted in the best root formation (2.6). The overall results suggested that different combination of BA and Kin resulted in distinct organogenesis responses, where 1 mg L−1 of BA was potentially used for boosting the number of shoots in micropropagation of stevia accession Mini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The status of Gloriosa superba L. in the wild has been declining due to over-collection and habitat destruction. Intrinsic severe seed dormancy and low germination rates hinder the cultivation process. To conserve this plant, in vitro culture protocols have been developed to enhance seed germination and seedling growth. An effective sterilization method involving 0.15% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 8 min was found to eliminate contamination and yield a 100% survival rate, resulting in disinfested seeds and robust seedling growth. The most successful treatment consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1.5 mg⋅L-1 GA3 and 1.5 mg⋅L-1 BAP, along with 4% sucrose under a 16-h photoperiod, which achieved the highest average in vitro seed germination (9.25 out of 12 seed explants) and an impressive overall seedling survival rate of 77.08% after 30 d. Subsequent growth of two-week-old seedlings on MS medium with 1.5 mg⋅L-1 BAP and 1.0 mg⋅L-1 NAA supplemented with 30 g⋅L-1 sucrose and a 16-h photoperiod resulted in the greatest average seedling length (5.83 cm) and seedling root length (4.08 cm) after four weeks. Transferring the excised shoots of in vitro-grown seedlings to half-strength MS medium with 1.0 mg⋅L-1 IBA led to maximum root induction (84.37%) and further enhanced root development. These in vitro-grown plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transplanted under field conditions, with a 60% survival rate after 11 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple in vitro shoot regeneration method was developed for Solanum tuberosum L. 'Yansi' using a simple continuous immersion airlift bioreactor culture system with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Growth characteristics such as fresh weight, dry weight, length of shoots, and the number of nodes per shoot, length, and width of leaves were compared between cultures raised in bioreactor cultures and solid cultures. Shoots developed in bioreactor cultures showed higher values for these parameters than shoots grown in solid cultures. The leaf thickness and width of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade, and spongy tissues were also higher with shoots cultured in bioreactor cultures. Microscopic observation of the lower epidermal surface indicated that the stomata of leaves grown on liquid medium were normal and elliptical with narrow pores, whereas leaves grown on solid medium showed round, abnormal, and closed stomata. Studies on the optimization of the culture medium of bioreactor cultures were carried out. Of the varied strengths of MS media (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 ×) tested, 2.0 × MS medium was found suitable for shoot cultures. Similarly, varied levels of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) (20/100, 40/80, 60/60, 80/40, and 100/20 mM) were tested for the growth of shoots in bioreactor cultures; 20/100 mM ratio of NH4+:NO3− was found suitable. The results indicate that bioreactor cultures with modified MS medium could be used for mass propagation of Solanum tuberosum L. 'Yansi' shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of plant growth regulators and sterilizing agents on in vitro propagation and micro-tuberization of endangered Gloriosa superba L. It also assessed culture contamination and plantlet survival. Cultures without sterilization showed contamination, emphasizing the necessity of sterilization. Contamination decreased with higher sterilizing agent concentrations and exposure times. When using 7.5% H2O2 for 5 min, contamination was reduced to 7.14%, and survival increased to 89.29%. Treatment with 10% H2O2 for 5 min exhibited 82.14% viability and no contamination. Similar trends were seen for HgCl2 and NaOCl, though NaOCl was less effective. Using full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.0 mg L−1 BAP and 0.5 mg L−1 NAA, surface-sterilized tuber explants displayed 90.63% bud break, 6-d average for bud break, ≥ 3 shoots per explant, and significant elongation (5.13 cm). This novel approach established Gloriosa superba L. whole plants from non-dormant corm bud explants, bypassing rooting. The plantlets grown in a controlled environment have successfully acclimatized and can survive at a rate of 80% after being transplanted. MS medium with 1.0 mg L−1 BAP, 4.0% sucrose, and 16-h photoperiod produced 5.75 in vitro root tuber sprouts per non-dormant corm bud explant and an 82.14% tuberization rate, yielding clean, non-callusing microtubers with unique white appearance—a remarkable achievement in a brief duration, revolutionizing protocol efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populus ciliata (PCCR) is traditionally used to treat muscular swelling, inflammation, pain, and fever. The current study was designed to validate the potential of aqueous ethanolic extract of the plant against inflammation, peripheral neuropathy, and pain in arthritic rats. The PCCR was chemically characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro antioxidant, and in vitro anti-inflammatory assays were carried out on PCCR. For anti-arthritic potential, Wistar rats' rear paws were injected with 0.1 ml Complete Freund's Adjuvant using methotrexate (3 mg/kg/week) as standard control. PCCR at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was given orally to arthritic rats for 21 days. The PCCR exhibited significant inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation (IC-50: 202.1 µg/ml), egg albumin denaturation (IC-50:553.5 mg/ml) and RBC membrane stabilization (IC-50: 122.5 µg/ml) and antioxidant (IC-50 = 49.43 µg/ml) activities. The PCCR notably decreased the paw diameter and increased body weight of treated arthritic animals as equated to diseased control. The treatment notably (p < 0.05–0.0001) decreased malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase in the liver and sciatic nerve homogenate in compared to diseased rats. The PCCR treatment remarkably (p < 0.05–0.0001) regulated the levels of nor-adrenaline and serotonin in sciatic nerve in contrast to diseased rats. Treatment with PCCR improved the motor activity, pain, ligament degeneration, and synovial hyperplasia in arthritic rats. Moreover, PCCR significantly (p < 0.01–0.0001) decreased the IL-6 and TNF-α. It is evident from the current study that PCCR had ameliorated polyarthritis and peripheral neuropathy through reduction of inflammatory markers, and improvement of oxidative stress might be due to presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, and other fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed to study the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on in vitro morphogenesis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis potential of Stevia rebaudiana in solid and liquid culture media. Significant variations were recorded (in all the parameters) between plants regenerated on solid and liquid media, while no uniform pattern was obtained in the variations among different treatments. Morphological properties including shoot number (1.4 × to 1.8 ×), shoot length (1.7 × to 2 ×), node count (1.5 × to 1.8 ×), leaf area (2.6 × to 2.75 ×) and fresh weight (10.6 × to 14 ×) were higher in liquid cultures than solid cultures, irrespective of the SiO2 NP treatment. However, some concentrations of SiO2 NPs had positive impact on shoot morphology in both types of cultures increasing the parameters up to 2.4 folds in solid and 1.3 folds in liquid cultures. In case of biochemical parameters, inverse pattern was recorded such that chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were respectively 6 × to 10.6 × and 10 × to 12.5 × higher in solid cultures than in liquid cultures. Antioxidant activities also exhibited similar pattern which indicated higher stress in shoots regenerated on solid medium than on liquid medium. Further, content of reb-A was significantly higher in plants grown on solid medium than in liquid medium. In fact, the content increased up to 1.7 folds in the presence of SiO2 NPs in solid medium, wherein the content decreased in presence of SiO2 NPs in liquid medium. These findings provide first report which indicates that liquid cultures have growth promoting effect while in solid cultures the plants are comparatively under more stress even without any external stimuli and thus produce higher reb-A content. Moreover, SiO2 NPs are likely to have different uptake and action mechanism in solid and liquid medium which needs further investigation to gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for these effects. Key Message: Liquid medium promotes morphogenic response in Stevia, but solid cultures may provide a more conducive environment for inducing secondary metabolite biosynthesis in presence of SiO2 NPs, possibly due to comparatively slower & reduced nutrient diffusion into the plant cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture has long evolved since its first successful attempt by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902, and has then emerged as a powerful alternative approach in the breeding and conservation of various plant species. Extensive utilization of plant tissue culture has been documented in efforts to improve plant production, as well as to conserve and breed endangered and hard-to-propagate plant species through plant biotechnology. Restrictions associated with certain growth requirements, such as geographic, seasonal, and climatic limitations, could be overcome through plant tissue culture, hence enabling the mass propagation of plant species all year round. In this article, studies on various plant biotechnological approaches to breed Lycium barbarum L. (red goji) through plant tissue culture are reviewed to highlight the efficiency and usefulness of the plant tissue culture technique on red goji, summarizing the importance of biotechnology in plant studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, ethanolic extracts of Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum) seeds were evaluated in terms of phytochemical content, total phenol and flavonoid contents. As far as the analytical techniques are concerned, UV–Vis, FTIR, HPLC, NMR (1H and 13C) and ESI-MS were performed. The binding capacity of five different antidiabetic enzymes was tested by in silico molecular docking studies. The HPLC, UV–Vis, FTIR, NMR and ESI-MS data highlighted the presence of seven biologically active molecules e.g. α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, ρ-cymene, α-terpineol, cuminaldehyde and linalool. The results coming from the in silico molecular docking studies showed that such phytochemicals present in the cumin seed extracts play an important role in the activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, C. cyminum is proven to be useful for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its major secondary complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Toxoplasmosis is a globally widespread parasitic disease which causes major health problems in human and animals. This research was conducted to assess the effect of some Egyptian herbal extracts against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tachyzoites in vitro. Methods: The methanol extracts of Withania somnifera, Cyper rotundus, Acacia nilotica,Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium, Anethum graveolens, Raphanus sativus, Ceratonia siliqua, Elettaria cardamomum and Cuminum cyminum were tested against T. gondii tachyzoites. Results: Among the tested plants, the extracts from Raphanus sativus, Cuminum cyminum, and Ceratonia siliqua exhibited high anti-Toxoplasma activities at 50 µg/ml, relative to sulfadiazine. They showed low IC50 values on T. gondii (7.92, 9.47 and 13.52 µg/ml, respectively) and high selectivity index values (100.79, 59.19, and 29.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings indicated evident morphological changes in tachyzoites treated with these three herbal extracts. Conclusion: Raphanus sativus, Ceratonia siliqua, and Cuminum cyminum methanol extracts could be promising sources of new medicament for toxoplasmosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus religiosa contributes huge significance in medicinal and ornamental properties. Recently, some obstacles have arisen for their in vivo propagation. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to produce genetically stable plants from callus of this species using shoot tip explants. Here, morphologically different calluses were formed based on several plant growth regulator treatments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Maximum callus (98.89%) was achieved with 2 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg L−1 both for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination. The green compact callus exhibited superior result of organogenesis (50%) whereas light brown fragile callus recorded the lowest results (16.17%). The highest organogenesis response was 94.44% with green compact callus cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg L−1 BAP and 0.1 mg L−1 NAA. The maximum number of buds per shoot and longest shoot length were 3.72 and 4.51 cm, respectively, following incubation on MS medium with a combination of 1 mg L−1 BAP and 0.5 mg L−1 NAA. The regenerated microshoots were further multiplied by subculturing, and the second subculture generated the highest buds per shoot and longest shoot length of 5.36 and 5.22 cm, respectively, within 1 mg L−1 BAP and 0.5 mg L−1 NAA containing MS medium. The superior level of root response (96.92%), number of roots per shoot (4.44), and highest root length (4.02 cm) were gained with 0.5 mg L−1 NAA combined with 1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1 mg L−1 IBA, and 0.5 mg L−1 NAA, respectively, on ½ strength MS medium. Among the several types of potting mixture tested for primary hardening, the soil:organic manure (1:1) exhibited the best result (91.67%) for survival of plantlets after a month. It increased to 92.2% after 2 mo of secondary hardening to a field environment containing vermiculite-soil mixture (2:1). ISSR fingerprinting revealed that all bands between mother and hardened plants exhibited to be monomorphic, indicating no dissimilarity was detected in banding profiles of hardened plants with their donor mother plant. It demonstrated the absence of any variation among the callus-derived plantlets with their respective mother donor plant. The present study describes an effective protocol for the mass multiplication and conservation of this species through different textures of callus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sterilization effectiveness of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) replaced common disinfectants such as mercury chloride (HgCl2) or calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) on different explants (petioles—P, inflorescence—F and stem nodes—S) of ex vitro tuberous begonias (Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss) was investigated. Subsequently, the P, F and S explants were cut transversely into thin cell layer (tTCL) approximately 1 mm in length (P-tTCL, F-tTCL and S-tTCL) and cultured on SE induction medium in order to investigate the effect of disinfectants on somatic embryogenesis, somatic embryo morphology, antioxidant activity (Catalase—CAT and Ascorbate Peroxidase—APX), and carbohydrate content (sugar and starch) of somatic embryos and their subsequent growth. The results showed that CuNPs can replace HgCl2 and Ca(ClO)2 and are effective in surface disinfection of P, F and S explants. CuNPs enhanced embyrogenic callus and somatic embryogenesis of treated explants compared to those on HgCl2 and Ca(ClO)2. CuNP-treated F-tTCL and S-tTCL explants recorded the highest number of somatic embryos (38.00–36.67 embryos, respectively) as well as the percentage of somatic embryos in cotyledon-shape (47.37–49.09%, respectively). Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT and APX) and starch content of somatic embryo clusters derived from CuNPs-treated F-tTCL and S-tTCL explants were higher and the sugar content was lower as compared to those sterilizated with HgCl2 or Ca(ClO)2. Plantlets derived from different different disinfectant treatments showed no difference in morphology, in vitro rooting and acclimatization stages in the greenhouse. Key message: Surface disinfection efficiency of CuNPs on ex vitro begonia explants compared to those of common disinfectants. CuNPs effected on somatic embryogenesis, antioxidant activity, carbohydrate content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient indirect organogenesis protocol for Naregamia alata was standardized in the present investigation. Purified form of vermicast extract (VCE) was used in combination with various plant growth regulators for callus induction, shoot regeneration, and root induction. Leaf explants were inoculated on MS medium with various concentrations (1.0–2.5 mg L−1) of 2, 4-D and NAA combined with 20%, 30% and 40% of purified VCE for callus induction. Among the various concentrations tested, 2.0 mg L−1 2, 4-D, and 20% VCE produced maximum callus induction (96.2%) with green nodular callus. Then, the calli were transferred to MS medium fortified with different concentrations (1.0–2.5 mg L−1) of TDZ and BA in combination with purified VCE (20%, 30% and 40%). The highest percentage of adventitious shoot regeneration (100%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 TDZ and 30% purified VCE with respect to the number of shoots (20.7 ± 0.28 shoots/callus) and shoot length (11.4 ± 0.21 cm). The well-elongated shoots were rooted in MS medium with IBA and IAA (1.0–2.5 mg L−1) with purified VCE (20%, 30% and 40%). The maximum percentage of root formation (99%), number of roots (9.6 roots /shoot) and root length (5.9 cm) were observed in 2.0 mg L−1 IBA with 30% VCE combination. Healthy rooted plants were successfully acclimatized with a survival rate of 98% in field conditions. The genetic fidelity analysis of in vitro raised plants of N. alata was evaluated using RAPD and ISSR markers and they were found to be true genetic traits. The present work suggests the addition of purified VCE with the plant growth regulators would enhance the regeneration ability of N. alata from leaf explants resulting in regenerants with genetic stability. Key message: The present study was designed for large scale production of genetically pure clones of N. alata via indirect organogenesis using purified Vermicast Extract and various concentrations of plant growth regulators from leaf explants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the bio-fabrication of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles by using aqueous Annona muricata leaf extract. Using UV–visible spectrophotometer, the presence of nanoparticles was observed around 420 nm. Further characterized for their physicochemical properties by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The anti-bacterial potential against Escherichia coli (9.86 ± 0.24 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.05 ± 0.17 mm) was determined. Synergistic effect with standard antibiotics, minimum inhibition concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, growth kinetics and bacterial membrane disruption studies were also done to estimate the anti-bacterial potential of the synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibited better protein denaturation inhibition (58.54 ± 1.28 µg/mL), α-glucosidase inhibition (34.20 ± 2.08 µg/mL), α-amylase inhibition (45.86 ± 1.88 µg/mL) anti-oxidative (69.42 ± 4.15, 67.49 ± 3.05 and 67.49 ± 3.05 µg/mL) activities compared to leaf extract. Additionally, nanoparticles demonstrated their potential as nano-catalyst by degrading 97% of rhodamine-B under 60 min and 95% of methyl orange under 45 min in the presence of sodium borohydride. Eco-toxicity at the organism level was determined by performing brine shrimp toxicity assay. After 24 h exposure, less than 50% mortality was observed at 100 µg/mL concentration and greater than 80% mortality was observed at the concentrations greater than 40 µg/mL after 48 h exposure. The above findings suggest the potential of the nanoparticles synthesized to be used in dye degradation and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis is a common and endemic disease that affects both humans and animals. In this study, the in vitro activities of methanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens, Peganum harmala aerial parts, and Citrullus colocynthis seeds against protoscolosis and isolated bacterial strains from hydatid cysts were assessed using disc diffusion methods and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The chemical composition of three methanolic extracts was studied using LC–MS. After 3 h of exposure to 40 mg/mL R. graveolens extract, a tenfold protoscolocidal effect was seen when compared to the convintional medication (ABZ) for the same duration (P < 0.05). The bacteria listed below were isolated from hydatid cyst fluid collected from a variety of sick locations, including the lung and liver. Micrococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter amnigenus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans are among the bacteria that have been identified. The most effective extract was R. graveolens, followed by P. harmala and C. colocynthis, according to the results of antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. R. graveolens extract had the lowest MIC values (less than 2 mg/mL) against all microorganisms tested. This shows that the R. graveolens extract has additional properties, such as the ability to be both scolocidal and bactericidal. Because these bacteria are among the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria that increase the risk of secondary infection during hydatid cysts, the results of inhibitory zones and MICs of the R. graveolens methanol extract are considered highly promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for plant-derived pharmacologically active compounds calls for sustainable alternative sources and conservation of medicinal plant species. To this end, the present study investigated the development of a callogenesis protocol for Senegalia nigrescens. The plant growth regulators (PGRs), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and thidiazuron (TDZ) at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg L−1 were tested for callus induction in the leaf, stem, cotyledon and root explants of S. nigrescens. 2,4-D was the more effective PGR across the different explant sources with 85 to 100% stem, root and cotyledon explants forming callus (EFC). Hard and compact calli with nodular structures were obtained from the stem explants, the root-derived calli were soft and moist while the cotyledon explants produced glassy and friable calli. Methanol extracts of calli obtained from the stem and root explants were characterised using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The FTIR spectra and GC–MS profiles revealed the presence of the four compounds evaluated, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-methyl ether, ent-kaur-15-en-18-ol and ent-kaur-15-ene-18,20-diol in both 4 and 12-week-old, root-derived calli. This study, therefore, provides preliminary information for the propagation and phytochemical harvesting in S. nigrescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Phytothérapie is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific & Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS is the property of Institute of Oilseed Crops of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nano-elicitation is one among the prioritised strategies considered globally for sustainable and uniform production of industrially important medicinal compounds. Ocimum basilicum (Thai basil), a renowned medicinal species is a reservoir of commercially vital metabolites and proved for its health assuring effects in cancer, diabetes, microbial and cardiovascular diseases. However, its consumption and industrial demand raised intent to divert towards better alternates for ensuring sustainable production of medicinal compounds. Herein, we investigated the comparative potential of metal oxide [copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO)] nanoparticles to elicit the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites and antioxidative capacity of O.basilicum callus cultures. Results showed that callus grown on MS media supplemented with 10 mg/L CuO-NPs resulted in the highest biomass accumulation (FW: 172.8 g/L, DW: 16.7 g/L), phenolic contents (TPC: 27.5 mg/g DW), and flavonoid contents (TFC: 9.1 mg/g DW) along with antioxidant activities (DPPH: 94%, ABTS: 881 μM TEAC, FRAP: 386 μM TEAC) compared with MnO-NPs and control. Likewise, the Superoxide dismutase (SOD: 1.28 nM/min/mg FW) and Peroxidase (POD: 0.48 nM/min/mg FW) activities were also recorded maximum in CuO-NPs elicited cultures than MnO-NPs and control. Moreover, the HPLC results showed that rosmarinic acid (11.4 mg/g DW), chicoric acid (16.6 mg/g DW), eugenol (0.21 mg/g DW) was found optimum in cultures at 10 mg/L CuO-NPs. Overall, it can be concluded that CuO nanoparticles can be effectively used as a elicitor for biosynthesis of metabolites in callus cultures of O. basilicum (Thai basil). The study is indeed a contribution to the field that will help decoding the mechanism of action of CuO NPs. However, further molecular investigations are needed to fully develop understanding about the metabolic potential of O. bascillicum and scalling up this protocol for bulkup production of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the plants in the genus Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae) used as traditional medicines to treat arthralgia, chest pain, and haemorrhoids in Indonesia, Barringtonia racemosa L. and Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in systemic inflammatory models. The anti-inflammatory activity of Barringtonia angusta Kurz has not been investigated. We prepared a methanol extract of the leaves and stems of B. angusta (Ba-ME) and systemically evaluated its anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS or Pam3CSK4 for 24 h were treated with Ba-ME (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 150 µg/mL), and NO production and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were evaluated. Luciferase reporter gene assay, western blot analysis, overexpression experiments, and cellular thermal shift assay were conducted to explore the mechanism of Ba-ME. In addition, the anti-gastritis activity of Ba-ME (50 and 100 mg/kg, administered twice per day for two days) was evaluated using an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mouse model. Ba-ME dose-dependently suppressed NO production [IC50 = 123.33 µg/mL (LPS) and 46.89 µg/mL (Pam3CSK4)] without affecting cell viability. Transcriptional expression of iNOS, IL-1β, COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and phosphorylation of Src, IκBα, p50/105, and p65 were inhibited by Ba-ME. The extract specifically targeted the Src protein by binding to its SH2 domain. Moreover, Ba-ME significantly ameliorated inflammatory lesions in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model. The anti-inflammatory activity of Ba-ME is mediated by targeting of the Src/NF-κB signalling pathway, and B. angusta has potential as an anti-inflammatory drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ranunculus wallichianus is a medicinally important plant and an endemic species to the Western Ghats of South India. An efficient and reliable indirect regeneration protocol system for R. wallichianus was developed from leaf explants in the present investigation. Leaf explants were cultured on both full-strength and half-strength MS (Murashige & Skoog) medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.5 mg L− 1 to 3.0 mg L− 1) of 2,4-D and NAA. Among the different concentrations tested, the highest percentage of yellowish-green compact nodular callus formation was observed on a half-strength MS medium with 2.0 mg L− 1 of 2, 4-D. Then, the in vitro raised organogenic callus was cultured on a half-strength MS medium containing various concentrations (0.5 mg L− 1 to 3.0 mg L− 1) of BA, KIN, and TDZ with 0.5 mg L− 1 NAA and 10 % CW for in vitro shoot regeneration. The highest percentage of regeneration response (97 %) and a maximum number of shoots formation (11.1 ± 0.13 shoots/culture with 9.2 ± 0.21 cm mean shoot length) were obtained from MS medium containing 2.5 mg L− 1 BA with 0.5 mg L− 1 NAA and 10 % CW. The well elongated in vitro raised shoots were effectively rooted in a half-strength MS medium with 2.5 mg L− 1 IBA + 250 mg L− 1 activated charcoal. The well-rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and acclimatized with a survival rate of 94 %. Clonal fidelity of in vitro raised plantlets was assessed by using DNA-based RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. A total of 56 and 47 monomorphic bands were obtained from RAPD and ISSR markers respectively. This present in vitro propagation protocol system could be effective for the conservation of R. wallichianus with their genetic purity and its further investigations. Key message: The present study develops a protocol for mass multiplication of Ranunuculus wallichianus through indirect organogenesis and evaluates the clonal fidelity of regenerants by using RAPD and ISSR markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is still a global health problem. Plasmodium is a single-cell protozoan parasite that causes malaria and is transmitted to humans through the female Anopheles mosquito. The previous study showed that Sonchus arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity. Several treatments are needed for callus quality improvement for antimalarial compound production. This study aimed to examine the effect of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] on growth (morpho-anatomical structure and biomass), secondary metabolite production, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of S. arvensis L. callus. In this study, leaf explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog medium with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, one mg/L) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP, 0.5 mg/L) with dolomite (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). The 21 days callus ethanolic and methanolic extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antiplasmodial test was performed on a blood culture infected with Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 using the Rieckmann method. The results showed that dolomite significantly affected callus growth, metabolite profile, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Dolomite (150 mg/L) showed the highest biomass (0.590 ± 0.136 g fresh weight and 0.074 ± 0.008 g dry weight). GC-MS analysis detected four compounds from callus ethanolic extract. Pelargonic acid, decanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid were major compounds. One new terpenoid compound is based on TLC analysis. S. arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity with the IC50 value of 5.037 μg/mL. It was three times lower than leaf methanolic extract and five times lower than leaf ethanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scutellaria orientalis and S. araxensis are perennial species of genus Scutellaria (Lamiaceae) which produce some important pharmaceutical secondary metabolites. Four strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4, A13, ATCC15834 and MSU440), three types of explant (stem, petiole and leaf), six concentrations of acetosyringone (25–150 μM), two different co-cultivation methods (light and dark condition) and two co-cultivation media (full and half-strength MS) were used for optimization of A. rhizogenes mediated transformation efficiency. Moreover, two inoculation approaches including immersion and injection as well as three infection period (5, 7 and 10 min) were examined. The molecular confirmation analysis of putative transgenic roots was performed by PCR using specific primers of the rol B gene. The results revealed that the transformation efficiency was affected by bacterial strain, co-cultivation medium and type of explants. The highest transformation frequency of 93.3% was achieved on stem explants of S. orientalis with ATCC15834 strain, followed by MSU440, A13 and A4 with the frequency of 63.3%, 46.6% and 30%, respectively. In S. araxensis, the best transformation frequency of 76.6% and 43.3% were obtained on stem and petiole explants with MSU440 strain. 5 and 7 min for infection period significantly improved the transformation efficiency in S. orientalis and S. araxensis respectively. Transformation rates of stem explants induced by ATCC15834, A4 and A13 strains were 53.3%, 36.6% and 20% respectively. Transformation frequency was significantly higher in half-strength MS, regardless of A. rhizogenes strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesamum indicum is an important oilseed crop with beneficiary nutrients such as essential fatty acids, proteins, and lignan. S. indicum crop improvement using conventional breeding methods was disastrous. Moreover, no reproducible regeneration and transformation protocol for large-scale generation of independent primary transformed plant lines of S. indicum virtually exists. Therefore, in the present study, a reproducible regeneration and transformation method was developed for S. indicum. Direct shoot regeneration (94.44%) was achieved using plumule tips as an explant source and when maintained on regeneration medium (BM11) an amalgamation of half the strength of MS macronutrients and B5 macronutrients together with MS micronutrients and vitamins. Maximum number of shoots (~ 16–19 shoots/explant) was obtained on BM11 medium supplemented with TDZ (1 mg/L) and BAP (0.1 mg/L). High root induction efficiency (~ 97%) was observed on RM4 medium consisted of half MS macronutrients, SH micronutrients and vitamins. The developed protocol was found effective for other commercially valuable genotypes such as Co 1, Phule til and Tilottama as well. Successful regeneration was subsequently extended to transformation of reporter gene (gfp: green fluorescent protein) as revealed by molecular analyses includes Southern hybridization, northern hybridization, real time PCR and histological study of the transformants developed in the present study. Based on the Southern analysis the calculated transformation frequency was found to be 1.33%. The presently developed regeneration and transformation system might facilitate any desired improvement of sesame crop. Key message: The present study demonstrated an improved regeneration and transformation method for S. indicum, which is genotype independent and can undergo desired modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a diversity panel of 96 rose genotypes, variation in the capacity to form calluses on leaf explants in vitro was investigated, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify genetic factors associated with callus formation. Calluses were induced from wounded in vitro leaflets on two media differing in their plant growth regulator composition. Significant differences between genotypes were observed in callus size on the first callus-inducing medium (CIM1, containing 10.7 µM naphthylene acetic acid) using a 0–4 scale, as well as on a second callus-inducing medium (CIM2, containing 4.5 µM dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2 µM 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylaminopurine)) with callus size scales of 0.82–4. GWAS utilizing the WagRhSNP 68K SNP array for callus size induced on either CIM1 or CIM2 enabled the identification of 26 and 13 significantly associated SNPs, respectively. Among these SNPs, we found the SNPs Rh12GR_12098_1092Q (uncharacterized gene) and RhMCRND_2903_1233Q in a gene encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein were associated with callus size on CIM1, with large effects being observed between alleles. Two SNPs, RhK5_5473_763P (S-formylglutathione hydrolase) and Rh12GR_37799_568Q (polyglutamine binding protein, WW domain binding protein), were associated with callus size on CIM2 with large effect sizes. The markers associated with callus size on CIM1 form a large cluster on chromosome 3 and minor clusters on other chromosomes and provide the first preliminary indications of candidate genes responsible for the observed phenotypic variation. Key message: Callus formation in rose is strongly genotype dependent and varies continuously among 96 genotypes. A major QTL associated to callus size was located on chromosome 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study undertaken to evaluate antioxidant property of Solanum macranthum fruit methanol extract and its in-vitro cytotoxic effects on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and mice embryo fibroblast (MEF-L929) cell line. Methods: The total alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids content in the methanol extract of S.macranthum fruit were estimated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by FRAP assay, H2O2 scavenging assay and DPPH assay. Anti-inflammatory protein denaturation inhibition assay was carried out using bovine serum albumin. Anticancer property of the extract was evaluated against breast cancer MDA-MB-231 by MTT assay and comparative study was carried out on normal cells using MEF-L929 cell line. Results: Phytochemical estimation revealed that total alkaloid content was measurable high (13.6 g/100 g of extract), where as the total phenolics and flavonoids content was 115.5 mg/GAE and 142.6 mg/QE. Further, the antioxidant effect of methanol extract by H2O2 assay showed considerably higher scavenging activity with 99.6% at 400 μg/ml, where as by FRAP assay the relative reducing power was estimated to be 39.1% at 400 μg/ml and in case of DPPH assay it was found to be 47.9% at 400 μg/ml. EC50 value of anti-inflammatory assay was found to be 112.96 μg/ml. Anticancer studies showed that the IC50 value was found to be 373.77 μg /ml against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, where as the methanol extract showed negligible cytotoxic effect against normal cells (MEF -L929 cell line), indicating its cancer specific effect. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, methanol extract of Solanum macranthum fruit was found to possess significant antioxidant properties and also showed potential anticancer property against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with negligible cytotoxic effect on normal cells revealing its potential application as an anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chonemorpha fragrans is an endangered medicinal woody climber, regarded among alternative plant sources of camptothecin. Camptothecin is a monoterpene indole anti-cancer alkaloid with annual trade value of over three billion U.S. dollars in the recent, and is used in the production of its analog drugs approved for the chemotherapy of cancer of varied types. Effects of plant growth regulators, culture media strength and photoperiodic duration on the micropropagation efficiency of C. fragrans from nodal segment explants were studied on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium amended with Thidiazuron (TDZ), Benzylaminopurine (BAP) or Kinetin (Kin). Thidiazuron was more efficient over BAP and Kin when half basal MS medium was used over full or quarter strength. Results of carbon source experiment showed sucrose as the most effective over glucose, fructose, and maltose in the clonal production. Studies on the photoperiodic incubation duration showed 12 h as the best light period and sub or supra-optimal resulted in the production of abnormal and albino micro shoots. Experimental results on the evaluation of physiological, biochemical parameters showed the role of pigment molecules and antioxidant systems in the production of albino micro shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aim of the study was to synthesise selenium nanoparticles from tamarind extract and check the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of the same. Materials and Methods: Tamarind mediated selenium nanoparticles were synthesised from (Tamarindus indica) extract. The SeNPs were subjected to DPPH assay where the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of tamarind powder mediated SeNPs was determined. The nanoparticles were evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity by studying its inhibitory effect on albumin denaturation assay technique. Results: The selenium nanoparticles were synthesised using tamarind powder and was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Tamarind powder mediated SeNPs were biosynthesised with ease and showed effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to that of standard. The highest concentration of antioxidant activity of SeNps was found at 50µL at a percentage of 68% and the highest concentration of antiinflammatory activity of SeNps was found at 50µL at a percentage of 81%. Conclusion: It can be thus concluded that tamarind powder mediated nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Hence it can be employed in large scale production and be used in many medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of the stems of Vatica mangachapoi (Dipterocarpaceae) led to the isolation and structural elucidation of twenty-seven oligostilbenes (1–27), including a new natural compound 1. The structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including NMR, MS and ECD data, and the known compounds were identified by comparisons with those reported in the literature. The absolute configuration of 1 was first time determined by a combination of NOESY spectrum and quantum chemical computation. Among of isolates were tested for their anti-osteoporosis and anti-HIV-1 activities in vitro by the MTT method. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was summarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, Lycium barbarum L. (goji berry) is an agronomically valuable, imported, commercialized plant. The present study evaluated the effects of cytokinins and light sources on optimization of in vitro multiplication of goji berry by axillary bud proliferation. Nodal explants were excised from plants 90 d after in vitro germination and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 30 g L−1 sucrose; 7 g L−1 agar-agar; and 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 6-furfurylaminopurine (KIN), or thidiazuron (TDZ). After 60 days, regenerated lateral buds and shoot lengths were evaluated. The regenerated shoots were inoculated in MS supplemented with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 μM BAP under white fluorescent lamps or mixed treatment of red/blue (RB) light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. After 60 days in vitro cultivation, the number of formed shoots, leaf number, and shoot length were determined. Subsequently, the shoots were separated and acclimatized in a greenhouse for 30 d and the percentage of survival was evaluated. High regeneration and shoot numbers during lateral bud regeneration occurred with MS medium plus 4 μM BAP. The estimated optimum concentration of 11.56 μM BAP under RB LED lamp resulted in a high shoot number (8.15), with more average leaves per plant (9.2) at 5 μM BAP, and longer shoots (12.34 cm) at 12.42 μM BAP. Acclimatization was successful with 100% survival of ex vitro plants. An efficient in vitro multiplication protocol of an economically important species, goji berry, was developed to facilitate large-scale commercialization of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell suspension culture of Linum usitatissimum is a great source of the novel and multipurpose medicinal compounds lignans and neolignans. Conventional culturing practices usually result in low yield of plant secondary metabolites; therefore, we conceived a successful mechanism to elicit production of lignans and neolignans in cell suspension cultures, simply, by addition of chemogenic Ag-NPs into the culture medium. A three stage feeding strategy (day 10, 10 and 15, and 10 and 20, respectively, after inoculation) spanning the log growth phase (day 10-20), was implemented to elicit cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Though enhancing effects of Ag-NPs were observed at each stage, feeding Ag-NPs at day 10 resulted in comparatively, highest production of lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, 252.75 mg/l; lariciresinol diglucoside, 70.70 mg/l), neolignans (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside, 248.20 mg/l; guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside, 34.76 mg/l), total phenolic content (23.45 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid content (11.85 mg QUE/g DW) and biomass (dry weight: 14.5 g/l), respectively. Furthermore, a linear trend in accumulation of lignans and neolignans was observed throughout log phase as compared to control, wherein growth non-associated trend in biosynthesis of these metabolites was observed. Optimum production of both lignans and neolignans occurred on day 20 of culture; a ten fold increase in secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, 2.8 fold increase in lariciresinol diglucoside, five fold increase in dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside and 1.75 fold increase in guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside was observed in production levels compared to control treatments, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eclipta alba (False daisy) is an important medicinal plant with well-known antihepatotoxic activity. However, no previous in vitro studies are available for its callus culture for increased production of antioxidant secondary metabolites. Herein, we maintained a competent protocol for callus culture of E. alba using stem and leaf explants grown on MS medium containing various concentrations of thidiazuron, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) either alone or in association with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Among all the applied plant growth regulators, BAP along with NAA resulted in maximal dry biomass of 18.0 and 13.8 g/l for stem and leaf explants, respectively. Furthermore, the highest production of phenolics (375.7 mg/l for stem-associated callus and 298 mg/l for leaf-associated callus) and flavonoids (62.0 and 52.3 mg/l for stem- and leaf-associated callus, respectively) were found to be present in optimized callus culture. Antioxidant activity was also elucidated for both stem and leaf derived calli. The highest antioxidant activities (~ 93.5%) were witnessed for stem and leaf associated calli at set concentrations of 3.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA and 4.0 mg/l BAP, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed optimum accumulation of coumarin (1.98 mg/g DW) and wedelolactone (49.63 mg/g DW) in leaf associated callus and desmethylwedelolactone (69.96 mg/g DW), β-amyrin (0.8179 mg/g DW) and eclalbatin (0.3202 mg/g DW) in stem associated callus at optimized concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of elicitation process on gallic acid accumulation in the cell suspension cultures of Barringtonia racemosa L. Gallic acid was acknowledged as the main bioactive compound from phenolic group in this species. Two types of elicitors at various concentrations from biotic (10, 150 and 300 mg/l chitosan) and abiotic (1, 15 and 30 mg/l silver nitrate) origins were added into the cell suspension cultures of B. racemosa and were further harvested after 24, 48 and 72 h of elicitor feeding for gallic acid content analysis by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Elemental composition of the treated cultures which showed the greatest accumulation of gallic acid were further examined through elemental differential x-ray (EDX) analysis. The results revealed that the cultures treated with 30 mg/l silver nitrate and harvested after 24 h of culture recorded the greatest fresh weight of cell biomass (325.77 ± 2.46 g/l), meanwhile the greatest dry weight (DW) was identified in the cultures treated with 150 mg/l chitosan harvested after 72 h of culture (17.81 ± 0.82 g/l). After 72 h of elicitation, the cultures treated with 30 mg/l silver nitrate accumulated the highest gallic acid content up to 2.64 folds higher (193.83 ± 25.96 µg/g DW) than that of control. Besides, this analysis showed that the deficiency and depletion of certain mineral elements in the optimally elicited cell cultures could be attributed to the increased accumulation of gallic acid. The study suggested the effectiveness of elicitation process in enhancing the accumulation of gallic acid in the cell suspension cultures of B. racemosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The leaves of Alpinia zerumbet var. excelsa (alpinia) are used to prepare traditional food items and folk medicines. Objective: This study was designed with a view to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic potentials of major components of alpinia leaves. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of leaf-derived compounds were primarily assessed with protein denaturation and proteinase assay. Their inhibitory effects on nitrite accumulation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells were also evaluated. For anti-melanogenic assays, all the compounds were tested on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells and on mushroom tyrosinase in vitro. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated using fibroblast cell line 3T3 L-1 and brine shrimps. Results: Five compounds, 5,6-dehydrokawain, dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain, (E)-5-methoxy-8-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)-7-phenyl-1-styryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-one (AS-2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (KOG), and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (QOG) were purified from the leaves. Of which, AS-2 and QOG were purified for the first time. All compounds significantly inhibited albumin denaturation and proteinase activity. AS-2, KOG, and QOG remarkably inhibited nitric oxide formation with IC50 values of 8.2, 13.3, and 12.6 μM, respectively, in RAW 264.7 cells. They also inhibited PGE2 production with IC50 values 19.8-23.7 μM. They showed anti-melanogenic effects reducing tyrosinase activity (IC50 values 29.6-112.5 μM) and melanin formation (IC50 values 30.8–164.4 μM) in B16F10 cells, and inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 values 61.5-456.4 μg/ml). Conclusion: Taken together, major components of alpinia leaf could be utilized as a potent herbal drug and food supplement with therapeutic prospects against inflammatory disorders and hyperpigmentation. Abbreviations used: HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; DK: 5,6-dehydrokawain; DDK: Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokawain; AS-2: (E)-5-methoxy-8-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)-7-phenyl-1-styryl-2-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-3-one; KOG: Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide; QOG: Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; PAK1: RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1; UV: Ultra violet; α-MSH: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; PDGF: Platelet Derived Growth Factor; MITF: Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; TRP: Tyrosinase Related Protein; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; CS: Newborn calf serum; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; NO: Nitric oxide; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; DMRT: Duncan's multiple range test; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions were optimized for efficient in vitro regeneration of shoots and roots of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. using nodal shoot explants. Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium augmented with additives and 2.0 mg L−1 BAP was recorded optimum for shoot bud induction from the nodal meristems. The shoots were proliferated by subsequent subcultures on half strength MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg L−1 BAP and 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin + additives. This media combination yielded maximum number of shoots (223 ± 4.12 shoots/culture bottle) with 13.4 cm average length. Flower buds were induced (4.2 ± 0.28 flowers) from the in vitro multiplied shoots on MS medium contained 1.0 mg L−1 BAP and 0.5 mg L−1 of kinetin and IAA under 50 µmol m−2 s−1 SFPD light intensity for 12 h/day photoperiod. In vitro regenerated shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium conjunct with IAA, IBA and NAA singly at different concentrations. The best rooting response was observed on half strength MS medium containing IBA at 2.0 mg L−1 with activated charcoal. Roots were also induced from the cut ends of the shoots using ex vitro rooting techniques in O. corymbosa by pulse treating the shoots with 300 mg L−1 IBA for 4 min. Better roots were achieved in this method than the in vitro roots in terms of numbers (14.7 ± 0.21) and firmness. The foliar micromorphological studies could help to understand the structural adaptations of micropropagated O. corymbosa plantlets towards field environments. The in vitro induced anomalies in stomatal apparatus were repaired during hardening of plantlets in the greenhouse and after field transfer. Decrease in stomatal density (from 70.78 ± 0.55 to 55.6 ± 0.10), and increase in veins, trichomes and crystals/raphides densities revealed the developments of structural changes in the leaves to withstand in the harsh field conditions. The acclimatized plantlets with well developed root systems were successfully shifted to the natural soils with 98% survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]