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In this study, greenhouse gas emissions caused by natural gas, electricity and diesel fuel consumed within the boundaries of Kütahya 30 August Organized Industrial Zone were calculated and studies were explored for reduction activities. Within the scope of ISO 14064-1 Guidelines and Features Standard for Calculation and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removal at the Establishment Level” and “ISO 14067 Product Carbon Footprint Calculation Standard”, the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere was calculated by using the data recorded by the enterprises on a yearly basis. While the direct emissions from natural gas was calculated as 105394.84 tCO2e in 2019, these emissions decreased in 2020 and reached 2019 level again in 2021. Indirect emissions from imported electricity were 64269.12 tCO2e in 2019, while electricity-related emissions increased in 2020 and 2021. Direct emissions from diesel are considerably lower than those from natural gas and electricity in terms of quantity. However, while the emissions from diesel fuel was 74.11 tCO2e in 2019, these emissions decreased by 75.5% in 2020 and reached 29.49 tCO2e in 2021. A large part of the greenhouse gas generated due to both electricity and natural gas consumption originates from an organization operating in the field of tile-ceramic manufacturing and an organization operating in the field of paper-corrugated cardboard manufacturing. There are many organizations in different fields of activity in organized industrial zones. The study has shown that greenhouse gas emissions must be monitored in these regions and it is necessary to determine the source of greenhouse gas emissions, otherwise the proposed reduction methods will not be very effective.

Bio-based activated carbon is a promising porous material for the use in electrodes for supercapacitors due to its low-cost production, high surface area with controllable pore structure and better thermal properties. Apart from activation type and conditions, the content of lignocellulosic biomass (namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) is also a critical parameter on textural properties of activated carbon. In the present study, glycerol organosolv treatment was applied to fractionate lignin and cellulose from hazelnut shells. Hazelnut shell, lignin and cellulose-rich pulp mixed separately with KOH at a ratio of 1:2, and each mixture was activated for 1 h at 800 °C. FTIR results showed that lignin-based (AL) and cellulose-based activated carbons (AC) had more oxygen-containing functional groups, while AL had more aromatic structure. While activated carbon of hazelnut shell (ANS) had the highest specific surface area (1052.2 m2/g) and micropore volume (0.427cm3/g), AC had the least specific surface area (319.07 m2/g) and micropore volume (0.107cm3/g). While AL and ANS had microporous structure, AC was classified as mesoporous activated carbon. Due to high amount of oxygen-rich surface functional groups, high specific surface area and pore diameter of higher that 1 nm, activated carbon of hazelnut shell is a good candidate to be used as an electrode material. But, since the specific surface area and pore diameter are not the only factors that affect the capacitance, future work will include an electrochemical performance test to ANS, AL and AC.

Lignin-based biorefineries are gaining importance day by day to obtain many value-added products from lignin. One of the most important processes that allow the recovery of both cellulose and lignin in those biorefineries is organosolv pretreatment. In this study, organosolv pretreatment was applied to the hazelnut shell at 130 °C for 60 min with ethylene glycol and γ-valerolactone solvents in the presence of a catalyst (either phosphoric acid or acetic acid). The success of solvent-catalyst systems was assessed by delignification efficiency and lignin recovery. Lignins obtained by precipitation were also analyzed by FTIR, TGA, DSC and Py-GC/MS. Highest delignification efficiency (33.9%) was detected for ethylene glycol- phosphoric acid solvent-catalyst pair. It was observed that acetic acid was not an effective catalyst compared to phosphoric acid. The delignification efficiency of γ-valerolactone was low (< 26 %) under atmospheric conditions, and in the presence of acetic acid, lignin was not precipitated from GVL system.