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Estimating long-term trends and short-term amplitudes requires reliable temperature (Temp) observations in the pre-industrial period when few in situ observations existed in the Arctic. Tree-ring materials are most available and used to reconstruct past Arctic Temp variations. However, most previous studies incorporated materials that are insensitive to local Temp variabilities. The derived reconstruction qualities are low (indicated by low calibration R2), and the uncertainties inherent in the various detrending methodologies are unknown. To reconstruct Arctic (N60°–N90°) summer (June–August) Temp in 1850–1900 and variations over the past centuries, we screened 1116 tree-ring width and tree-ring density records and applied four detrending functions (sf-RCS, RCS, MOD, and spline). In total, 338–396 records show significant correlations (p < 0.05) with the Climate Research Unit (CRU) Temp of the corresponding grid point. These records were selected and combined into a proxy record. The achieved Arctic summer Temp reconstruction explained 45–57% of the instrumental summer Temp variance since 1950. The 2012–2021 summer Arctic warming amplitudes (1.42–1.74 °C) estimated by Temp anomaly datasets extending back to 1850 are within the range derived from our reconstructions, despite using various detrending methods. These findings could suggest the Berkeley and HadCRU5 datasets interpolating Temp from a few (6–73) meteorological stations could still represent the mean Arctic Temp variation in 1850–1900, and the updated reconstruction can be used as a reliable reference for 1550–2007 Arctic summer Temp history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project portfolio benefits (PPBs) are typically regarded as a key feature for successful project portfolios in practice. However, there is little prescriptive knowledge that offers guidance on how to tackle the realisation and improvement of PPBs. To narrow this research gap, we develop a systematic assessment model to analyse and optimize PPBs. Innovatively considering the recessive benefits resulting from synergies among different project components, four subsystems of PPBs are identified. Subsequently, by synthesizing the interrelations within and between subsystems, a system dynamics model is developed to assess PPBs dynamically. Then, a numerical example is adopted to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model. It can be concluded that the model is exploitable in academia and practice. For academia, this study expands benefit management tools and provides a theoretical basis for project portfolio benefit optimization. For practitioners, the straightforward model and procedure contribute to enhancing the management of PPBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising of near‐surface air temperature is the most obvious manifestation of global warming. The analysis of the probability distribution function (PDF) of temperature can deep our understanding of the current characteristics of climate and extreme temperature changes. In this study, the daily maximum, minimum and mean temperature observations from meteorological stations are analysed to construct the temperature anomaly PDF during 1961–2016 over China. The skewness and kurtosis of the PDF are compared between the 1961–1990 and 1991–2016 periods. The non‐Gaussian tails of the PDF are also identified to qualify the deviation of the temperature probability density curve. The results show that near‐surface air temperature in China increased during the recent decades. The daily minimum temperature increased more than the daily maximum temperature did, while the temperature increase in winter was larger than that in summer. The largest increase detected was 1.29°C for the daily minimum temperature in winter, contrasting with the smallest increase of 0.51°C recorded for the daily minimum temperature in summer between the two study periods. The temperature anomaly PDF generally presented a positive skewness in winter and a slightly negative skewness in summer. Obvious non‐Gaussian tails in the temperature anomaly PDF were present in the majority of the study sites. Most areas showed a short cold tail in winter (except for southwestern China), and long cold tails were mainly observed in summer. These results can improve our understanding of the variation of extreme temperatures, and of the responses to global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires lead to permafrost degradation and localized drought, and regional droughts increase the probability of forest fires, leading to a positive feedback loop between climate change and fires. However, the relationship between fire occurrence and climatic factors change is unclear for boreal forests, which represent the largest land-based biome and stock of carbon. Here, we analyzed the relationship between lightning fire occurrence and meteorological and topographic factors based on the fire frequency, burned area, and meteorological data from the primeval forest region of the northern Daxing'an Mountains in China. We found that lightning fires occurred most frequently at an altitude of 600 to 700 m. From 1999 to 2019, the frequency of lightning fires showed an overall upward trend, whereas the affected area had no obvious change. It can be attributed to fire suppression efforts and greatly increased investment in fire prevention in China. Snow cover had a strong regulatory effect on the start and end dates of lightning fires for seasonal cycle. The frequency of lightning fires was positively correlated with the average temperature, maximum temperature, and surface evaporation and negatively correlated with precipitation and surface soil moisture (0–10 cm). The result will be useful in the spatially assessment of fire risk, the planning and coordination of regional efforts to identify areas at greatest risk, and in designing long-term lightning fires management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation events should be characterized using data with high temporal resolution, such as hourly precipitation. Event-based evaluation can provide more information than the traditional equal-time-interval method by considering precipitation intermittency. This study focuses on the performance of hourly gauge observations and ERA5 products based on precipitation events in eastern China during 1979–2015. The annual frequency, duration, amount, and intensity of precipitation events are compared, and the statistics of precipitation events with different durations are also evaluated. Results show that ERA5 estimated more annual precipitation events and longer duration compared to the gauge observations, with relative deviation values of 48.75% and 49.22% at the national scale. Precipitation intensity and amount estimated by ERA5 based on precipitation events were less than those obtained from gauge observations, and the discrepancies in low-latitude regions were greater than those in high-latitude areas. The frequency of precipitation events decreased exponentially with duration for both ERA5 and gauge observations, but generally the value for the former was larger than for the latter. The statistics related to precipitation events showed smaller trends for ERA5 than for gauge observations, i.e., −0.13 h decade−1 and −0.17 mm decade−1 for the trends of duration and amount in ERA5, which contrasts with 0.03 h decade−1 and 0.14 mm decade−1 for gauge observations, respectively. These results can provide a reference for improving the parameterization scheme of the precipitation triggering mechanism in the process of model simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation plays a fundamental role in terrestrial modelling and is extremely vulnerable to climate change. It is particularly challenging to describe precipitation due to its intermittency and fluctuation at nearly all temporal and spatial scales. Precipitation variability represents the degree of unevenness in its distribution or its lack of uniformity over different scales. This study examined the seasonal variability of meteorological station precipitation observations during 1961–2018 over mainland China using entropy theory. The intensity disorder index (IDI) and apportionment disorder index (ADI) were used to characterize the distribution unevenness, including the number of precipitation days, and precipitation amounts. Six special regions were selected according to their geographical location and climate conditions to show the regional differences of the disorder indices. At the daily scale, the regional mean IDI was 0.4081 for the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the regional mean ADI was 0.9984 for north China, which were the largest value among the six regions investigated. The regional mean IDI was 0.1128 and the regional mean ADI was 0.4071 both for the Yangtze River Basin, which were the smallest value among the six regions investigated. Temporal variations of the DIs were also detected. The IDI have decreased not significantly in most regions, except increasing by 0.0223/decade and 0.0129/decade in southwest China during nighttime and daytime, respectively. The ADI decreased by −0.0191, −0.0275, −0.0229, and −0.0203/decade and passed the significant test at.05 level for northwest, northeast, north China, and eastern Tibetan Plateau at the daily scale, respectively. The results quantify the precipitation unevenness over mainland China, which can be treated as a reference for water resources management and land surface model evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green vehicle routing problem of distributing gasoline to retail gasoline stations in a way that is not just the most cost-effective overall but also reduces its own carbon emissions needs to account for uncertainty from multiple sources. Therefore, in this paper we study how to do this, simultaneously reducing the cost and minimizing the environmental impact in the presence of information uncertainty. Among the sources of uncertainty are random demand by gas stations and uncertain travel time to them by tankers, which we build into our model. We also design a three-stage heuristic algorithm. In the first stage, the chance constraints of the model are converted into their deterministic equivalents. In the second stage, gas stations are clustered, based on their distance and demand for gasoline. In the third stage, we use a genetic algorithm to solve the model based on the first two stages. Finally, we use our simulation results to propose how gas stations can optimize their cost of gasoline distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impacts of the purchasing subsidy (PS) and the dismantling subsidy (DS) on a remanufacturing closed‐loop supply chain with a manufacturer and a dismantling firm. We propose two game models, one with the DS and the other without the DS. We find that an increased PS or DS may be unable to enhance the dismantling firm's efforts. The DS reduces the system profit in contrast to the scenario without the DS. Surprisingly, a simultaneous increase in the two subsidies exacerbates the environmental impacts of remanufacturing closed‐loop supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has an important role in the Earth's climate system, but it remains unclear how the instrumentally observed multidecadal variability of the Earth's climate is related to the AMOC. We carried out a comprehensive evaluation of five representative indicators of the AMOC, including one atmospheric index based on the effect of accumulated atmospheric forcing on the AMOC and four oceanographic indices using surface and subsurface oceanographic variables in the North Atlantic Ocean. We compared reconstructions of the AMOC against measurement records and analysed the relationships with the multidecadal variability of the annual mean surface air temperature anomalies over the North Atlantic, Northern Hemisphere and South Atlantic. All the AMOC indicators show a weakening trend during the most recent decade, which is in good agreement with the RAPID measurement record of the AMOC. Besides, the atmospheric reconstruction shows the best agreement with the observed low‐frequency variation in the AMOC since 2004. The multidecadal variability in hemispheric/regional surface temperatures is closely related to all the AMOC reconstructions and opposite relationships are observed between the North Atlantic and South Atlantic oceans. The multidecadal surface air temperature anomalies associated with the variations in the AMOC are most pronounced for the atmospheric reconstruction index, which leads the variations in the surface air temperature by 4–5 years. Among the oceanographic indicators, the reconstructions using subsurface oceanographic variables performed best in terms of the relationship with the variations in the multidecadal surface air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a make-to-stock producti-on-inventory system where a manufacturer's production may be entirely interrupted due to a supply disruption. Customers react dynamically to the subsequent inventory shortage, depending on factors including market condition, customer characteristic, and behavioral interaction. The manufacturer can adopt contingent sourcing to manage the disruption. Consequently, the postdisruption demand and inventory exhibit complicated dynamics in terms of customer behavior, demand recovery, and the adoption of contingent sources. We first model and forecast the postdisruption customer behavior. Customers are classified into two types based on brand loyalty and the interaction is captured as “demand learning” within each type. Using differential models, we analytically characterize customers’ postdisruption behavior in five possible scenarios, depending on customers’ constitution, transient reaction, brand loyalty, and competition intensity. Next, we propose dynamic contingent sourcing strategies to mitigate the supply disruption, and the optimal sourcing time is derived. Finally, by conducting numerical analysis, we obtain further managerial insights on how to adapt dynamic contingent sourcing strategies according to various contributing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigate two competitive tour operators (TOs) who choose between traditional tourism strategy (strategy T) and green tourism innovation strategy (strategy G). Our article attempts to address the following important issues using evolutionary game models: when would TOs facing environment-friendly tourists adopt the strategy G? How do TOs set product prices under different strategy combinations? How can the government effectively motivate TOs to pursue green tourism? Our research results show that a green tourism innovation pioneer could monopolize the market under certain conditions. Furthermore, when the environmental preference of tourists is sufficiently low, no TOs would adopt the strategy G; when it is moderate, only the TO with cost advantage (stronger TO) would adopt the strategy G; when it is sufficiently high, both TOs would select the strategy G. Our research also demonstrates that the stronger TO implements the strategy G mostly independent of the rival's decisions, but the opposite is true for the TO with cost disadvantage (weaker TO). We further investigate potential government subsidies that can motivate TOs to carry out green tourism simultaneously. Our results suggest that to be more effective, the government first offer the green subsidy to highly competitive tourism locations and/or more innovative TOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) acts as an integrated functional indicator for understanding land‐atmosphere interactions. The temporal patterns in the daily variations of WUE and their underlying drivers during different seasons in alpine meadow ecosystems, which are particularly vulnerable to changing climate, still remain poorly understood in spite of increasing efforts. In this study, we investigated the potential divergence in the response of WUE to climatic and biological drivers during different seasons at two alpine meadow ecosystems in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau using continuous eddy‐covariance measurements of carbon and water fluxes between 2013 and 2015. We found that variations in CO2 concentration exert significantly positive effects on variations in WUE in spring, but not in summer and autumn. Notably, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) overrode other factors playing a dominant role in regulating daily variations in WUE during all seasons in these alpine meadow ecosystems. Variations in VPD explained 29.5 to 52.3% of the variance in WUE between different seasons. We further showed that carbon gain and water loss processes responded divergently to different drivers; higher VPD significantly increased ecosystem evapotranspiration; whereas, variations in soil moisture and leaf area index significantly and positively affected gross primary productivity. Our findings highlighted the increasing importance of atmospheric drought in shaping land‐atmosphere interactions in alpine meadow ecosystems, particularly in a warming climate. Key Points: Variations in CO2 concentration exerted significantly positive effects on daily variations of WUE in spring, but not in summer and autumnVPD overrode other factors playing a dominant role in regulating daily variations of water use efficiency in alpine meadow ecosystemsEvapotranspiration was primarily controlled by VPD; whereas, carbon gain was codominated by variations in soil moisture and leaf area index [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Tree-ring width data from 381 trees in ten alpine treeline ecotones were collected. • Summer minimum temperature is limiting forest growth of alpine treelines. • The divergence problem does not yet exist in alpine treeline forests. Abstract Forest growth at high altitudes and latitudes is sensitive to climate warming. However, warming-induced drought stress has decreased forest growth and survival rates, and constitutes a key uncertainty in projections of forest ecosystem dynamics. A fast warming rate has occurred over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), and the response pattern of alpine forest growth on the TP to a warmer and possibly drier climate is still unknown. By compiling tree-ring width records from ten alpine treeline ecotones (ATEs), we developed an index of regional tree growth in ATEs (RTGA) on the southeastern TP, which is a major forested region of the TP. Our results showed a stable and clear coherence between RTGA and the regional summer (June-August) minimum temperature during the studied period (1950–2012, R2 = 0.59, P < 0.001), despite a prominent drying trend since the 1990s. We conclude that warming-induced drought stress has not limited ATE forest growth on the moist southeastern TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Vegetation growth on the Tibetan Plateau is strongly affected by large‐scale climate variability, particularly the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, potential temporal changes in both the direction and strength of relationships between regional vegetation growth and large‐scale climate variability remain poorly understood. Here we quantify temporal changes in these relationships during 1982–2012, using satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index, global ecosystem model simulations of net primary productivity, regional tree ring chronologies, and PDO and NAO indexes. We found consistent weakening relationships between mean growing‐season (April–October) normalized difference vegetation index and both PDO and NAO. A similar pattern was also found in the temporal relationship between net primary productivity and PDO. Such weakening relationships were partly attributable to weakening regional summer atmospheric circulation and its causal effects on changes in hydrothermal conditions over the Tibetan Plateau. These findings highlight a varying coupling of regional vegetation growth to large‐scale climate variability at the interannual/decadal scale during past decades, and this feature should be considered in future prediction of terrestrial vegetation growth in response to shifting climate regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a literature review on quality and operations management problems in food supply chains. In food industry, the quality of the food products declines over time and should be addressed in the supply chain operations management. Managing food supply chains with operations management methods not only generates economic benefit, but also contributes to environmental and social benefits. The literature on this topic has been burgeoning in the past few years. Since 2005, more than 100 articles have been published on this topic in major operations research and management science journals. In this literature review, we concentrate on the quantitative models in this research field and classify the related articles into four categories, that is, storage problems, distribution problems, marketing problems, and food traceability and safety problems. We hope that this review serves as a reference for interested researchers and a starting point for those who wish to explore it further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the quality risk level in the food supply chain can reduce quality information asymmetry and food quality incidents and promote nationally integrated regulations for food quality. In order to evaluate it, a quality risk evaluation indicator system for the food supply chain is constructed based on an extensive literature review in this paper. Furthermore, a mathematical model based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model (FCEM) and failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) for evaluating the quality risk level in the food supply chain is developed. A computational experiment aimed at verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of this proposed model is conducted on the basis of a questionnaire survey. The results suggest that this model can be used as a general guideline to assess the quality risk level in the food supply chain and achieve the most important objective of providing a reference for the public and private sectors when making decisions on food quality management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of future changes in climate, it is important to better understand how different plant functional groups ( PFGs) respond to warmer and drier conditions, particularly in temperate regions where an increase in both the frequency and severity of drought is expected. The patterns and mechanisms of immediate and delayed impacts of extreme drought on vegetation growth remain poorly quantified. Using satellite measurements of vegetation greenness, in-situ tree-ring records, eddy-covariance CO2 and water flux measurements, and meta-analyses of source water of plant use among PFGs, we show that drought legacy effects on vegetation growth differ markedly between forests, shrubs and grass across diverse bioclimatic conditions over the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Deep−rooted forests exhibit a drought legacy response with reduced growth during up to 4 years after an extreme drought, whereas shrubs and grass have drought legacy effects of approximately 2 years and 1 year, respectively. Statistical analyses partly attribute the differences in drought legacy effects among PFGs to plant eco-hydrological properties (related to traits), including plant water use and hydraulic responses. These results can be used to improve the representation of drought response of different PFGs in land surface models, and assess their biogeochemical and biophysical feedbacks in response to a warmer and drier climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite instrumental records showing recent large temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), only a few tree-ring temperature reconstructions do capture this warming trend. Here, we sampled 260 trees from seven Alpine treeline locations across the southeast TP. Standardized tree-ring width chronologies of Abies squamata and Sabina squamat were produced following Regional Curve Standardization detrending. The leading principal component of these records is well correlated with the regional summer (JJA) minimum temperature (MinT) (R = 0.47, P < 0.001, 1953-2009). Hence we produce a regional summer MinT reconstruction spanning the last 212 years. This reconstruction reveals a long-term persistent warming trend, starting in the 1820s, at a rate of 0.45 ± 0.09 °C/century (1820-2009). This trend is also detected since the 1820s in the Asian summer MinT reconstruction produced by the PAGES 2K project, with a very close warming rate (0.43 ± 0.08 °C/century, 1820-1989). Our record also displays an enhanced multi-decadal variability since the mid-twentieth century. The 1990s-2000s are the warmest of our whole record, due to the superposition of the gradual warming trend and decadal variability during this interval. The strongest decadal cooling occurs during the 1950s and the largest warming trend during the 1970s. The magnitude of warming from 1973 to 2003 was larger than the total warming trend from 1820s to 2009. Extreme events are also more frequent since 1950. The pattern of multi-decadal variability has similarities with the Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation, suggesting common causality. CMIP5 historical simulations fail to capture both the magnitude and timing of this multi-decadal variability. The ensemble CMIP5 average produces a steady warming trend starting in the 1970s, which only accounts for about 60 % of the observed warming trend during this period. We conclude that TP summer temperature could reflect a climate response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations, however modulated by multi-decadal variations common with the Atlantic sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We explore the potential of tree-ring cellulose δ 18O and δ 13C records for reconstructing climate variability in the southeast Tibetan Plateau. Our sampling strategy was designed to investigate intra and inter-tree variability, and the effects of the age of tree on δ 18O variation. We show that intra-tree δ 13C and δ 18O variability is negligible, and inter-tree coherence is sufficient to build robust tree-ring δ 18O or δ 13C chronologies based on only four trees. There is no evidence of an age effect regarding δ 18O, in contrast with tree-ring width. In our warm and moist sampling site, young tree δ 13C is not clearly correlated with monthly mean meteorological data. Tree-ring δ 18O appears significantly anti-correlated with summer precipitation amount, regional cloud cover, and relative humidity. Simulations conducted with the ORCHIDEE land surface model confirm the observed contribution of relative humidity to tree cellulose δ 18O, and explain the weak correlation of δ 13C with climate by the non-linear integration linked with photosynthesis. Altogether, the tree-ring cellulose δ 18O is shown to be a promising proxy to reconstruct regional summer moisture variability prior to the instrumental period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The mean tree growth rate (MTGR) was analyzed over the monsoonal Tibetan Plateau. • MTGRs of the upper three transects reached unprecedented high values since the 1980s. • MTGR in the lowest transect dropped sharply to a minimum under drought stress. • The majority of tree growth has benefited from recent summer warming. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is characterized by the world's highest timberlines, largest altitudinal range of forest distribution, and high warming rates. Whether the growth of most forests benefits from climate warming or is inhibited by warming-induced drought stress is still under debate. To understand this question, we collected tree-ring width (TRW) data from 6762 trees at 203 sites that contain 12 genera over the monsoonal TP (MTP) with an elevation range between 975 and 4478 m a.s.l. All sites were equally split into four transects along their altitudinal ranking. The mean tree growth rate (MTGR) of each transect was developed by assembling standardized TRW records. Our results suggest that MTGRs of the upper three transects (2992–4478 m) were stimulated by an increase in the summer (May-September) minimum temperature and have experienced unprecedented high values since the 1980s over the past three to four centuries. In contrast, warming-associated drought stress resulted in a sharp growth drop and minimum MTGR in the lowest transect (975–2970 m) during the 2000s, which was most pronounced in the Himalayan Mountains. We conclude that the majority of tree growth on the MTP has benefited from recent summer warming. The results are robust regardless of using alternative detrending methods, but still could be susceptible to the small replications of some species, outdated end years, oversimplification of the regional climate conditions, and varying growth response within each transect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-season warming is assumed to advance snowmelt and delay snow accumulation; additionally, coupled with warming-induced drought stress, all-season warming could extend both the beginning and the end of the fire season. Using fire data updated for 1968–2018, we found an asymmetrical expansion of the lightning fire season in the boreal forest of Northeast China. Lightning fires have not advanced into the early fire season (May–June) but have largely extended into the snowless late fire season (July–September) since the late 1990s (mean end Julian date delayed by 51.1 days for 1998–2018 compared with 1968–1997, p < 0.001). Despite significant warming, the Julian days of snowmelt have changed only slightly, which has prohibited the fire season from advancing into early spring. The expansion of lightning fires into July–September was associated with a warming-induced significant increase in evapotranspiration and a decrease in soil/fuel moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming-induced drought stress and El Nino-associated summer precipitation failure are responsible for increased forest fire intensities of tropical and temperate forests in Asia and Australia. However, both effects are unclear for boreal forests, the largest biome and carbon stock over land. Here, we combined fire frequency, burned area, and climate data in the Altai boreal forests, the southmost extension of Siberia's boreal forest into China, and explored their link with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Surprisingly, both summer drought severity and fire occurrence showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with La Nina events of the previous year and therefore provide an important reference for forest fire prediction and prevention in Altai. Despite a significant warming trend, the increased moisture over Altai has largely offset the effect of warming-induced drought stress and led to an insignificant fire frequency trend in the last decades, resulting in largely reduced burned area since the 1980s. The reduced burned area can also be attributed to fire suppression efforts and greatly increased investment in fire prevention since 1987. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite is the first to be designed to measure precipitation, and its precipitation products have been assessed in a variety of ways. Data for its post-real-time level 2 product (3B42) performed well in terms of the precipitation amount at the monthly scale because they were corrected by a precipitation dataset that was gauged every month. However, the performance of this dataset in terms of precipitation frequency and intensity is still not ideal. To this end, TRMM 3B42 products were evaluated using precipitation data from 747 meteorological stations over mainland China in this study. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC), relative bias (RB), and relative error (RE) were used to assess the capability of TRMM products in terms of estimating the frequency, intensity, and amount of precipitation for different categories of precipitation during nighttime and daytime in a multiscale analysis (including interannual variation, seasonal cycles, and spatial distribution). Our results showed the following: (1) The 3B42 products reproduced interannual trends of the frequency and amount of precipitation (except for trace precipitation) with an average correlation coefficient of 0.84. (2) 3B42 performed well at calculating the annual and monthly precipitation amount, but performed poorly for frequency and even worse for intensity. The biases in these two properties canceled out, however, which led to a better estimate of the amount. (3) 3B42 represented the distribution of the subdaily amount of precipitation over a majority of the regions in the east, but did not perform well on the Tibetan Plateau or in northwest China. The performance of 3B42, as detailed in this study, can serve as valuable guidance to data users and algorithm developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]