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Bioethanol has great potential to reduce emissions from transportation while improving energy security and developing the economy. Bioethanol has a higher octane-number and a higher enthalpy of vaporisation than gasoline (resulting in charge cooling)—properties that have been used to extend knocking limits. Therefore, bioethanol can be used to substitute gasoline in automotive engine applications. The characteristics of bioethanol spray, such as hydrous bioethanol fuel which consists of 93% bioethanol and 7% water, were investigated under various temperature conditions from sub-zero (−15 °C) to room temperature (17 °C) by means of high-speed direct photography and laser Mie scattering techniques without any seeding materials. The experimental results show that the spray patterns are not significantly changed. In the case of the sub-zero temperature condition, the spray tip penetration decreases while the spray angle keeps almost constant once the spray becomes fully developed. The results show that scaling of the spray tip penetration rate achieves a reasonable collapse of the experimental results. The normalised droplet diameter was also obtained and shows that larger droplets are formed at the sub-zero temperature condition.

This paper deals with the voltage characteristics of customers in a real distribution system interconnected with wind power systems. Distributed generations will be energetically interconnected with distribution systems. Especially, Global Wind Energy Council has expected to install 400GWWP in the world within 2014. When a large scale wind power system is interconnected to the existing distribution systems, some voltage quality problems can be occurred. The modeling and analysis of distribution system and wind power are critical for the steady-state voltage quality problems in the case where wind power is interconnected with distribution system. Therefore, this paper proposes the analysis method of steady-state voltage characteristics using the PSCAD/EMTDC and theoretical method. The simulation results show that this paper is practical and effective for power quality problems and issues of distribution systems with wind power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]