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What is typically seen as the flowering of print culture in Egypt circa the 1880s and 1890s—i.e. newspapers and periodicals and authorship and eventually novels, and political and religious debates in print—in fact marks not a flowering, but the collapse of the first print culture that existed there. This original print culture arose and functioned via the mediation of the khedival government. It therefore necessarily came undone with the challenge to the regime's authority posed by the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, or the beginning of British colonial rule under the veiled protectorate. Indeed, in my interpretation, the dynamism that eventually billowed out from the Arabic press marked the contentious fallout over the collapse of the government, the standing social order, and the original print culture that these two pillars propped up. Those who remained involved in printing in Egypt thereafter competed to fill the void poised by this revolutionary upheaval, battling for legitimacy in speaking out to, and on behalf of, the public regarding how society could regain its footing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured input from both teachers and peers maximizes the opportunities for preschoolers to learn grammatical forms. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a teacher and a peer with typical hearing and language skills to model grammatically correct verbal responses to action "wh-" questions ("What is he/she doing?") using picture stimuli with three preschool-aged children with hearing loss. Data from a multiple probe across participants design indicated that (a) all children learned to appropriately answer the "wh-" question using their targeted grammatical form during intervention, (b) all three children were able to generalize these skills to untrained pictures with varying degrees of success, and (c) all three children maintained the skills for 6 to 10 weeks following intervention. Implications for teaching grammatical forms to preschool children with hearing loss are discussed.

Children with hearing loss often experience communication and language delays that result in difficulties acquiring novel vocabulary and literacy skills. This research examined the effectiveness of using repeated storybook reading paired with explicit teacher instruction to teach novel vocabulary to young children with hearing loss who were receiving instruction with an oral approach. Data from a multiple baseline design across 4 children demonstrated that all children acquired the instructional vocabulary words, demonstrated generalization of the words in a novel situation, and maintained vocabulary for 2-4 weeks following intervention. Vocabulary that had not been explicitly taught was learned at a low rate across the 5 books. Implications for teaching young children with hearing loss and communication delays are discussed.

The article reports on An Egyptian Shaykh's Literary World, an independent project that digitally reconstructs the 480 print and manuscript titles in the handwritten Arabic probate inventory of Shaykh Mustafa Salama al-Najjari, an intellectual in late Ottoman Egypt. Topics covered include the career background of Al-Najjari, how the dataset both in Arabic and in transliteration was built and the workflow of the project.

The article reports on An Egyptian Shaykh's Literary World, an independent project that digitally reconstructs the 480 print and manuscript titles in the handwritten Arabic probate inventory of Shaykh Mustafa Salama al-Najjari, an intellectual in late Ottoman Egypt. Topics covered include the career background of Al-Najjari, how the dataset both in Arabic and in transliteration was built and the workflow of the project.

In 1871, an Italian-Jewish printer published a peculiar Arabic treatise from Cairo. It promoted strengthening legal pluralism in Khedival Egypt by realigning laws there to accord with those of the Ottoman Empire and European states. Composed by the printer's legal team, the treatise questioned how justice could be obtained if the extraterritorial privileges of European subjects and protégés were not guaranteed. The printer had been motivated by his own plight: a test of the Egyptian merchant courts left him mired in a catch-22, whereby he could either accept an imperfect verdict, or demand extralegal measures. Choosing the latter option, the treatise embodied his desperate bid to promote his cause. Its importance stems from its very existence. It gave form to the printer's tricky predicament by grasping at different genres of legal writing; it made his personal story relevant to all by entering it into the public domain; and it audaciously called for strengthening Roman law in Egypt. While the document's actual influence cannot be ascertained, it anticipated wider historical developments regarding the practice and conception of print and law in the modern Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effect of levels of working memory capacity, levels of background noise, and audiovisual cues on adults' ability to process speech when listening in noise. A mixed design was used to examine the effects of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR, 6 levels), audiovisual condition (audio vs. audiovisual), and working memory capacity on speech recognition. Ninety‐six participants between the ages of 18 35 without a history of hearing loss or cognitive impairment were recruited for this research project. Working memory capacity mediated speech processing in noise during the auditory only listening condition. The reliance on working memory capacity increased as noise level increased. There was no interaction effect between working memory capacity and the audiovisual listening condition. People with a high working memory capacity have an advantage when listening to speech in noisy backgrounds. The level of the noise makes the biggest difference in a person's ability to recognize speech and performance can be improved with the inclusion of audiovisual cues. The effects of low signal‐to‐noise ratios can be mitigated with audiovisual cues independent of attentional control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how the study of Middle Eastern book history arose from scholarship on the history of the book, a multifaceted line of inquiry which developed around the early modern European experience of print. I argue that these origins influenced Middle Eastern book history insofar as it took the topic of printing as its main focus. However, an unevenness characterized this focus since European printing became commonplace from the early sixteenth century onwards, whereas printing in the Middle East took off during the nineteenth century. The 400 years that separated these phenomena marked the rise of modern Europe, which print was considered to have helped advance. These years were also interpreted as representing the decline of the Islamicate world until it modernized along a Western model, including its widespread adoption of print. Focusing largely on scholarship written in English, I summarize the effects that such thinking has had in shaping Middle Eastern book history, and then conclude with my sense of the state of current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it Fitnah or the rope? Kanaan Makiyya returns The Rope: A Novel, Kanan Makiya (2016) New York: Pantheon, 336 pp., ISBN-10: 1101870478, ISBN-13: 9781101870471, h/bk, US$17 Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics, Joseph Sassoon (2016) New York, Cambridge University Press, 325 pp., ISBN: 9781107043190, h/bk; ISBN: 9781107618312, p/bk, $29.99 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that papermaking supported cryptanalysis's invention; that cryptology—meaning both cryptography and cryptanalysis—could not be practiced before the sustained production of paper; and that Medieval Arabic cryptology originated in tandem with algebra. Furthermore, this article posits that the regional Islamicate postal service, or thebarīd, was used to relay Medieval Arabic cryptograms and thereby shaped the substance of cryptology. These conclusions stem from examining ninth century to fourteenth century Arabic cryptology as a technology and relating Arabic cryptology to three other technological devices: papermaking in the Middle East, algebra, and thebarīd. Extant documents suggest that cryptology originated in ninth century Baghdad. This is because no cryptanalytical writings are known to exist before this period, and cryptology requires both cryptography and cryptanalysis. However, evidence of Medieval Arabic cryptology exists almost exclusively in practitioners' treatises, not in cryptograms or the working papers of cryptanalysts. To redress this barrier to historical research, I move from text to context, or from the ideas in the treatises to thinking about the technologies these ideas called for. Placing cryptological technology within the wider technological context that inspired, shaped, and confined its development suggests why cryptology originated in the Islamicate world, how Arabic cryptology may have been implemented in practice, and what enabled cryptology's start. I hope that this technological exercise encourages the study of the context in which Medieval Arabic cryptology developed, until further primary sources surface. Furthermore, I intend to demonstrate Medieval Arabic cryptology's relevance to cryptological history and Middle Eastern studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether specific emotion vocabulary could be taught to children with hearing impairments using child-specific social stories and demonstration tasks. The participants were three preschool-aged children who were being served in an auditory-verbal preschool classroom. An A-B single-subject design was used during a small group activity for 10 weeks that took place on average three times a week. During the study, participants were provided small group instruction using social stories and demonstration tasks to teach three target emotion words (afraid, surprised, and frustrated). Results indicated that all children successfully used the target vocabulary without adult prompting to describe target emotions in themselves and in others. The implications for classroom instruction are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the case Coombes v. Florio and third-party liabilities of Massachusetts physicians. The Supreme Judicial Court decision on the Coombes case is seen to broadly extend the liability of physicians to third parties, to an extent that prescribing drugs may be a cause for litigation. The author compares the limited liability rules applied to the Coombes case to the rules used in Florida and New Mexico and examines patient confidentiality and expanding physician liability issues.

This article presents the evolution of the Arabic cryptologic treatises discovered in Istanbul's Suleymaniye library, linking its various phases to the greater bureaucratic trends of the regimes which produced these treatises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 25 years a number of instruments have been published that attempt to measure understanding and acceptance of evolution. Science educators have been administering these instruments and reporting results, however, it is not clear these instruments are being used appropriately. The goal of this paper is to review these instruments, noting the original criteria and population for which evidence of validity and reliability was assessed, and to survey other publications that report their use, examining each for evidence of validity and reliability with subsequent populations. Our hope is that such a comprehensive review will engage researchers and practitioners in a careful examination of how they intend to use a particular instrument and whether it can provide an accurate and meaningful assessment of the desired outcomes. We encourage the community to administer evolution education assessments with the consideration of an instrument's measurement support and past use with similar populations. We also encourage researchers to add additional evidence of validity and reliability for these instruments, especially if modifications have been made to the instrument or if its use has been extended to new populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]