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Background Methods Results Conclusion Hemolysis in mechanical circulatory support systems is currently determined quantitatively. To also locally resolve hemolysis, we are developing a fluorescent hemolysis detection method. This requires a translucent two‐phase blood analog fluid combined with particle image velocimetry, an optical flow field measurement. The blood analog fluid is composed of red blood cell surrogates. However, producing surrogates in sufficient volume is a challenge. We therefore present a high‐volume and high‐concentration production for our surrogates: ghost cells, hemoglobin‐depleted erythrocytes.In the ghost cell production, the hemoglobin is removed by a repeated controlled osmolar lysis. We have varied the solution mixture, centrifugation time, and centrifugation force in order to increase production efficiency. The production is characterized by measurements of output volume, hematocrit, transparency, and rheology of the blood analog fluid.The volume of produced ghost cells was significantly increased, and reproducibility was improved. An average production of 389 mL of ghost cells were achieved per day. Those ghost cells diluted in plasma have a rheology similar to blood while being permeable to light.The volume of ghost cells produced is sufficient for optical measurements as particle image velocimetry in mechanical circulatory support systems. This makes further work on experimental measurements for a locally resolved hemolysis detection possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies aimed at explaining populist support emphasize the crucial role of populist attitudes and ideology among the general population. With respect to the role of discontent and grievances as drivers of populist support—often at the heart of theoretical work on populism—however, empirical results are rather mixed. We argue that the apparent contradictions are partly due to insufficient conceptualization of discontent. We distinguish between societal-centered discontent, which is more based on a general, negative subjective assessment of society, and self-centered discontent that expresses a negative assessment of one's personal situation. In line with our expectations, regression results for Germany confirm that society-centered discontent, but not self-centered discontent, is important for populist party support. Moreover, we find that society-centered discontent also moderates the relation between populist attitudes and populist support. We conclude that beyond ideologies, populism capitalizes on the cultivation of collective—but not individual—discontent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]