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Purpose: Mind–Body therapies are considered as adjunctive treatments to help ameliorate or at least cope with chronic pain conditions. Despite a lack of scientific acceptance, these approaches are of interest to patients which widely use relaxation techniques, biofeedback, imagery, hypnosis, etc. We intended to analyze the scientific literature with respect to the impact of yoga on chronic pain conditions. Methods: In January 2009 we searched the databases Medline, Pubmed and CAMbase. The search terms were >yoga< and >pain<. Results: We found 15 studies which addressed the impact of yoga on chronic pain conditions. The studies enrolled patients with chronic low back pain (n=6), headache/migraine (n=2), various other chronic pain conditions (n=6), and one experimental study with healthy individuals. Fourteen studies addressed pain perception or disability, 6 mood states (anxiety/depression) and distress, and one study health-related quality of life. Nine studies were randomized, 2 controlled, and 3 had a single arm design; one study was an experimental study with yoga trained and non-trained individuals. The number of patients in the randomized or controlled studies ranged from 15 to 101. The randomized and controlled studies described positive effects in terms of decreased pain frequency and intensity, decreased anxiety/depression, and improvement of fatigue- and health-related quality of life. Conclusions: There is reasonable evidence that yoga practices may have positive effects on pain perception and mood states. The overall positive findings in the identified studies indicate that yoga may enhance patients’ self-efficacy, inner balance, adjustment and coping abilities. Nevertheless, there are several research questions, which have to be addressed in future studies, i.e., adequate control interventions; patients’ positive expectations; patients’ ability and will to change behavior, etc. Several of the unspecific effects of distinct mind–body therapies are nevertheless critical aspects (i.e., expectancy, sense of control, mindfulness, etc.) which cannot be ignored as they contribute to the intended treatment effect. Mind–body interventions such as yoga may become important adjunctive interventions in the multi-modal treatment of patients with chronic pain conditions as they foster self-control and self-management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Einleitung: Mind-Bod-Interventionen werden als zusätzliche Option in der Behandlung chronischer Schmerzerkrankungen angesehen. Wir erstellten daher eine Literaturübersicht zur Bedeutung meditativer Verfahren. Methodik: Im Januar 2009 suchten wir mit den Begriffen meditation und pain in den Datenbanken Medline, Pubmed und CAMbase nach relevanter Literatur. Ergebnisse: 29 Untersuchungen thematisierten den Einfluss meditativer Verfahren (zumeist Achtsamkeits-basierte Verfahren) bei muskuloskelettalen Schmerzen (n=5), chronischen Rückenschmerzen (n=4), Migräne (n=1), anderen Schmerzerkrankungen (n=9), sowie bei Gesunden/Älteren (n=10). Als Zielkriterien wurden Schmerzempfindung gewählt (n=19), Gestimmtheit (Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität, Distress; n=17), Lebensqualität/Wohlbefinden (n=13) u.a. 9 Studien waren randomisiert, 5 kontrolliert, 11 einarmig; 3 experimentelle und 1 qualitative Studie. Die randomisierten und kontrollierten Studien (22–215 Patienten) beschrieben positive Auswirkungen hinsichtlich Schmerzfrequenz, -kontrolle und -akzeptanz, Verbesserung der Stimmungslage, der Coping-Fähigkeiten sowie verschiedener Lebensqualitätsdimensionen. Schlussfolgerung: Die positive Auswirkungen meditativer Verfahren auf Schmerzverarbeitung und Stimmungslage scheinen u.a. mit bestimmten Bewusstwerdungsprozessen für Gefühle und Empfindungen und Kontrollfähigkeiten zusammen zu hängen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Einleitung: Mind-Bod-Interventionen werden als zusätzliche Option in der Behandlung chronischer Schmerzerkrankungen angesehen. Wir erstellten daher eine Literaturübersicht zur Bedeutung des Yoga. Methodik: Im Januar 2009 suchten wir mit den Begriffen yoga und pain in den Datenbanken Medline, Pubmed und CAMbase nach relevanter Literatur. Ergebnisse: 15 Untersuchungen thematisierten den Einfluss des Yoga bei chronischen Rückenschmerzen (n=6), Kopfschmerz/Migräne (n=2) sowie anderen Schmerzerkrankungen (n=6); eine experimentelle Studie bezog gesunde Probanden ein. Als Zielkriterien wurden Schmerzempfindung und Beeinträchtigung durch Schmerz gewählt (n=14), Gestimmtheit (Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität, Distress; n=6) sowie Gesundheits-bezogene Lebensqualität (n=1). 9 Studien waren randomisiert, 2 kontrolliert, 3 einarmig; eine experimentelle Studie verglich trainierte und untrainierte Probanden. Die randomisierten und kontrollierten Studien (15–101 Patienten) beschrieben positive Auswirkungen hinsichtlich Schmerzfrequenz und –intensität, Reduzierung von Ängstlichkeit/Depressivität sowie Verbesserung von Fatigue und Lebensqualität. Schlussfolgerung: Es fanden sich begründete Hinweise, dass die Yoga-Praxis positive Auswirkungen auf Schmerzempfindung und die Stimmungslage hat, indem u.a. die Selbstwirksamkeit, innere Balance, Adaptierung und Coping-Fähigkeiten verbessern werden. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Young people below the age of 18, whose lives are affected by looking after a relative with a disability or long-term illness, are called young carers. Evidence based family oriented support for young carers and their families in Germany is currently being developed. To allow for scientific evaluation, an outcome criterion needs to be chosen. Until today, there are no assessment instruments available, which focus on young carer's specific demands and needs. As HRQOL seems to be an adequate alternative outcome criterion, an integrative review of the literature was carried out to verify this assumption.Methods: The aim of the integrative review was to get information about a) the concept and the common definition of HRQOL in children, b) preferable HRQOL assessment techniques in children, and c) the relevance of HRQOL measures for the population of young carers. An additional aim of the review was to give advice on which instrument fits best to assess young carer's HRQOL in Germany. Searches were conducted in PubMed in order to obtain papers reporting about a) the development or psychometric assessment of instruments measuring HRQOL in children and adolescents up to the age of 18, and b) on the conceptual framework of HRQOL in children.Results: HRQOL is a multidimensional construct covering physical, emotional, mental, social, and behavioural components of well-being and functioning as subjective perceived by a person depending on the cultural context and value system one is living in. Young carer's problems and needs are well covered by these common domains of HRQOL. Since no specific HRQOL-measures are available to address young carers, a generic one has to be chosen which a) has been created for use in children, b) allows self- and proxy-report, and c) has good psychometric testing results. Comparing four generic measures with currently best published psychometric testing results, items of the KIDSCREEN cover young carer's specific problems most accurate.Conclusion: The KIDSCREEN questionnaires seems adequate to evaluate the intervention as their items cover young carer's needs and problems most accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]