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ABSTRACT This preliminary study investigated the chemical composition and biological properties of essential oils derived from Schinus molle L. leaves obtained from three specific regions in Algeria: Algiers (SMA), Djelfa (SMD), and Mascara (SMM). Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses confirmed the presence of 52 compounds (100.0%) in SMA essential oil, 50 compounds (100.0%) in SMD, and 72 compounds (100.0%) in SMM essential oils. The main components of SMA oil were camphene (31.82%), limonene (14.71%), and p‐cymene (9.25%). In SMD and SMM oils, α‐phellandrene (14.25% and 12.70%), limonene (13.02% and 11.90%), and germacrene D (10.62% and 10.15%) were the major components, respectively. The antioxidant characteristics were evaluated using five methods: β‐carotene‐linoleic acid, DPPH, ABTS+, CUPRAC, and Metal chelating assays. The results revealed a moderate to low anti‐oxidant effect, with SMA essential oils exhibiting the highest activity. A moderate inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, urease, and tyrosinase was observed, indicating anti‐enzymatic activity. Nevertheless, all samples had higher IC50 values for both antioxidant and anti‐enzymatic activities than 200 μg/mL. It was determined that regional differences in the locations where S. molle grows showed both qualitative and quantitative differences in essential oil components. This difference was also detected in the biological activities of the essential oils. The anti‐inflammatory capacities of the three samples were assessed using Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilisation and egg albumin denaturation techniques. The results showed effective anti‐inflammatory activity in all three samples. The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using a range of tests, such as anti‐quorum sensing, violacein inhibition, anti‐swimming, and anti‐swarming assays, demonstrating moderate activity. No toxic effects were observed at the tested dosages when assessing cytotoxicity against a healthy cell line (CCD18‐Co). This thorough examination provides valuable insights into the chemical composition and bioactive properties of essential oils derived from S. molle. These findings indicate the possible use of these essential oils in the food, medicinal, and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an important and worldwide public health issue, particularly in Latin America. Limitations of conventional treatment with benznidazole and nifurtimox underscore the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for this disease. Schinus molle, a tree used in traditional medicine for various ailments, has demonstrated promising antiparasitic activity. The in vitro anti-T. cruzi activity of Schinus molle crude methanol extract, partitions, and fractions, as well as their cytotoxicity in Vero cells and Artemia salina, and hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes were assessed. Most of the extracts possessed anti-T. cruzi effects, with Sm-CF3 being the fraction with the highest activity (IC50 = 19 µg/mL; SI = 6.8). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified 20 compounds, with fatty acyls comprising the predominant chemical class (55%). We also identified the antiparasitic compounds cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid and trans-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide, suggesting their potential contribution to the observed anti-T. cruzi activity. In conclusion, our findings support the therapeutic potential of S. molle as a source of novel antiparasitic agents against T. cruzi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is considered as a major stored product pest. Conventional insecticides induce adverse effects on the environment. Plant derivative products constitute a promising alternative for pest control. The purpose of our research was to identify the chemical profile of essential oil (EO) extracted from Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) and to evaluate the fumigant and the contact toxicity, and the repellent activity of this oil on adults of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera), a major pest in products that are stored around the world. The effects of this oil were examined on biochemical profile (energy reserves and Proteins), selective biomarkers like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione (GSH), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Digestive enzymes were also investigated. The major chemical compounds identified by the GC-MS were α-phellandrene (16.613%), ß-phellandrene (12.104%), elemol (9.028%) and β-eudesmol (5.872%). Then, we evaluated the repellent activity, and also the effects in nutritional reserves and some biomarkers. This EO exhibited an insecticidal and repellent activity as a function of the exposure time and concentrations. Contact (LC50 at 24 h: 19.99 μL/mL) is the most effective mode of application compared to fumigation (LC50 at 24h: 174.30 μL/L air). S. molle EO was also investigated in digestive enzymes' activities (α-amylase, lipase, chitinase and protease). Our results revealed a decrease in both α-amylase, lipase, protease and chitinase activities in treated adults compared to controls. In addition, we noticed a neurotoxic activity of S. molle EO traduced by a decrease of AChE. An induction of the detoxification system was observed via a decrease in GSH rate and an increase in GST activity. Moreover, the treatment induces an alteration of biochemical profile of R. dominica adults. Lastly, essential oil was examined on nucleic acids. Results showed an increase in DNA and RNA amount in treated adults when compared with control. Due to their effective source of bioactive compounds, the EO from the studied plant could be used as an alternative strategy for the management of stored product pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Rosmarinus officinalis, berries, and leaves of Schinus molle essential oils were analysed using GC-MS techniques and assessed for their fumigant toxicity against adults, larvae, and eggs of Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Ephestia kuehniella. Results showed that E. leucoxylon contained Spathulenol, p-Cymene, and Cryptone as major compounds. GC – MS analyses showed that the major compounds of R. officinalis essential oil were 1,8-Cineole, Camphor, and α-pinene. I-Phellandrene, t-Muurolol, and Phellandrene were the major components of the S. molle leaves; while I-Phellandrene, Limonen, and δ-Cadinene were the major components of the S. molle berries. S. molle berries were the most efficient followed by R. officinalis against E. ceratoniae and E. kuehniella. The most effective tested essential oil against E. ceratoniae larvae was S. molle berries. Results on the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of the tested oils demonstrated that R. officinalis was the most effective essential oil against E. kuehniella eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La contaminación del aire en zonas urbanas debido a las emisiones automotrices e industriales es un problema global, incluyendo la ciudad de Quito- Ecuador. En este contexto, estudios previos han señalado el uso efectivo de bioindicadores de la calidad del aire utilizando criptógamas epífitas (briofitas y líquenes), que son organismos sensibles a los contaminantes porque absorben agua y nutrientes del ambiente. En este estudio, determinamos por primera vez los cambios en la riqueza y composición de criptógamas epífitas en el árbol hospedador Schinus molle comparando zonas de alto, medio y bajo tráfico de vehículos. Para ello, registramos la frecuencia y la cobertura de líquenes y briófitos con una cuadrícula de 10 x 50 cm, dividida en veinte cuadrados de 5 x 5 cm sobre árboles de Schinus molle. Se registraron 30 especies (23 líquenes y 7 briofitas). La riqueza, la cobertura y la diversidad no indicaron cambios en relación con el tráfico de vehículos, sin embargo, la composición de las comunidades indicó ligeros cambios en relación con el tráfico de vehículos. La composición de las especies indicó cambios en relación con el tráfico de vehículos, donde las especies de los géneros Leptogium y Teloschistes eran dominantes en las zonas con poco tráfico, por el contrario, las especies de los géneros Candelaria, Physcia y Frullania se observaron en zonas con más tráfico que son tolerantes a la contaminación. Schinus molle es una especie muy importante como refugio para la diversidad de criptógamas epífitas en zonas urbanas.

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, represents an important and worldwide public health issue, particularly in Latin America. Limitations of conventional treatment with benznidazole and nifurtimox underscore the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for this disease. Schinus molle, a tree used in traditional medicine for various ailments, has demonstrated promising antiparasitic activity. The in vitro anti-T. cruzi activity of Schinus molle crude methanol extract, partitions, and fractions, as well as their cytotoxicity in Vero cells and Artemia salina, and hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes were assessed. Most of the extracts possessed anti-T. cruzi effects, with Sm-CF3 being the fraction with the highest activity (IC50 = 19 µg/mL; SI = 6.8). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified 20 compounds, with fatty acyls comprising the predominant chemical class (55%). We also identified the antiparasitic compounds cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid and trans-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide, suggesting their potential contribution to the observed anti-T. cruzi activity. In conclusion, our findings support the therapeutic potential of S. molle as a source of novel antiparasitic agents against T. cruzi.

Abstract Medicinal plants play a huge role in the treatment of various diseases in the Limpopo province (South Africa). Traditionally, concoctions used for treating tuberculosis and cancer are sometimes prepared from plant parts naturally occurring in the region, these include (but not limited to) Schotia brachypetala, Rauvolfia caffra, Schinus molle, Ziziphus mucronate, and Senna petersiana. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the potential antimycobacterial activity of the five medicinal plants against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, Mycobacterium aurum A + , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB 231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Phytochemical constituents present in R. caffra and S. molle were tentatively identified by LC-QTOF-MS/MS as these extracts showed antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity. A rigorous Virtual Screening Workflow (VSW) of the tentatively identified phytocompounds was then employed to identify potential inhibitor/s of M. tuberculosis pantothenate kinase (PanK). Molecular dynamics simulations and post-MM-GBSA free energy calculations were used to determine the potential mode of action and selectivity of selected phytocompounds. The results showed that plant crude extracts generally exhibited poor antimycobacterial activity, except for R. caffra and S. molle which exhibited average efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.25–0.125 mg/mL. Only one compound with a favourable ADME profile, namely, norajmaline was returned from the VSW. Norajmaline exhibited a docking score of –7.47 kcal/mol, while, pre-MM-GBSA calculation revealed binding free energy to be –37.64 kcal/mol. All plant extracts exhibited a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of

Background: Liver disease is any disease that negatively affects the normal function of the liver, and it is a major health problem that challenges not only healthcare professionals, but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Similarly, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under five globally next to pneumonia. The available synthetic drugs for the treatment of liver disorders and diarrhoea have limited safety and efficacy. Objective: To evaluate the in vivo hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities of hydroalcoholic leaf and fruit extracts of Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice. Methods: Hepatoprotective activity of the extracts was evaluated by using CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice model. In this model, mice were divided into groups and treated as follows. The normal control and toxicant control groups were treated with the vehicle used for reconstitution, the positive control was treated with the standard drug (silymarin), and the test groups were treated with different doses of plant extracts daily in the morning for seven days. Additionally, all groups except the normal control were treated with CCl4 (2 mg/kg, IP) on the 4th day of treatment, 30 min post-dose. On the 7th day, blood was collected from each mouse via a cardiac puncture. The collected blood was centrifuged, and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were determined using an automated chemistry analyser. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test.The antidiarrheal activity of the extract was investigated using castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestine transit. The test groups received various doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the extract, whereas the positive control received loperamide (3 mg/kg), and the negative control received the vehicle (distilled water, 10 ml/kg). Result: Hepatoprotective activity: The leaf and fruit crude extracts showed significant improvement in the body weight and liver weight of mice compared to the untreated toxicant control. Additionally, treatment with hydromethanol leaf and fruit extracts caused a significant (P 0.05) the level of albumin compared with the toxicant control.Antidiarrheal activity: In the castor oil-induced diarrheal model, the 80 % methanol extract delayed the onset of defaecation and significantly reduced the number and weight of faeces at all tested doses compared to the negative control. In the enteropooling test, 80 ME significantly (P

Schinus molle L. has been used as a folk medicine for many years. The aim of this study is to synthesize the silver nanoparticles, to identify them by spectroscopic techniques and to evaluate the antioxidant effects. In this study, Schinus molle was extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol successively. After removal of the solvent from each extract by reduced pressure, the crude extracts were yielded. Methanol extract was used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (s-AgNPs). The methanol extract dissolved in distilled water was treated with silver nitrate solution to produce the s-AgNPs. The extensive spectroscopic study enabled the identification of synthesized s-AgNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis presented the maximum absorption of s-AgNPs at 486 nm. The average particle size of s-AgNPs was measured as 77.6 nm by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that the nanoparticles were face-centered cubic structure. The slight differences between extract and AgNPs in FTIR spectrum proved the formation of s-AgNPs. In that, some functional group such as hydroxyl in the extract was oxidized while reduction of silver ions. Elemental analysis displayed the silver percentage to be 75.79 %w/w. Antioxidant activity study including DPPH, ABTS•+ and FRAP assays displayed the considerable effect of s-AgNPs. This is the first report to present the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Schinus molle L. methanol extract and to evaluate the antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance of the extensive parks at National Agrarian La Molina University (UNALM) generates a large amount of forest biomass, with high treatment costs. For this reason, the pyrolysis of the forest biomass is an alternative for valorization, allowing proper management producing biochar. The aim of the research was to evaluate the stability of biochar at 300℃ and 500℃ from forest biomass of five predominant species at UNALM, Grevillea robusta, Schinus molle, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Ficus benjamina and Eucalyptus spp. To determine the stability of biochar produced, two methodologies were used (IBI and an adaptation of the López et al.(2010) method), for which organic, labile, oxidizable, recalcitrant carbon on biochar were determined. The results showed a decrease in biochar yield of 6.50% with an increasing pyrolysis temperature. Regarding physicochemical characteristics, the biochar produced was alkaline (pH above 8); besides, the pH and electrical conductivity increased with temperature, by 0.64 and 0.38 ds/m, respectively. However, in the case of nitrogen and ashes, the opposite occurred. It was concluded that all the biochar produced complied with the stability limits according to the applied methodologies, and BSM500 had the highest value of stability considering the applied methodologies. This may indicate that it could have the greatest sequestration of C once applied to the soil and also the reduction of emissions; for that reason, it would be important to carry out future research to estimate the potential for C sequestration in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants play a huge role in the treatment of various diseases in the Limpopo province (South Africa). Traditionally, concoctions used for treating tuberculosis and cancer are sometimes prepared from plant parts naturally occurring in the region, these include (but not limited to) Schotia brachypetala, Rauvolfia caffra, Schinus molle, Ziziphus mucronate, and Senna petersiana. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the potential antimycobacterial activity of the five medicinal plants against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, Mycobacterium aurum A + , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB 231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Phytochemical constituents present in R. caffra and S. molle were tentatively identified by LC-QTOF-MS/MS as these extracts showed antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity. A rigorous Virtual Screening Workflow (VSW) of the tentatively identified phytocompounds was then employed to identify potential inhibitor/s of M. tuberculosis pantothenate kinase (PanK). Molecular dynamics simulations and post-MM-GBSA free energy calculations were used to determine the potential mode of action and selectivity of selected phytocompounds. The results showed that plant crude extracts generally exhibited poor antimycobacterial activity, except for R. caffra and S. molle which exhibited average efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.25–0.125 mg/mL. Only one compound with a favourable ADME profile, namely, norajmaline was returned from the VSW. Norajmaline exhibited a docking score of –7.47 kcal/mol, while, pre-MM-GBSA calculation revealed binding free energy to be –37.64 kcal/mol. All plant extracts exhibited a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of < 30 μg/mL against MDA-MB 231 cells. Flow cytometry analysis of treated MDA-MB 231 cells showed that the dichloromethane extracts from S. petersiana, Z. mucronate, and ethyl acetate extracts from R. caffra and S. molle induced higher levels of apoptosis than cisplatin. It was concluded that norajmaline could emerge as a potential antimycobacterial lead compound. Validation of the antimycobacterial activity of norajmaline will need to be performed in vitro and in vivo before chemical modifications to enhance potency and efficacy are done. S. petersiana, Z. mucronate, R.caffra and S. molle possess strong potential as key contributors in developing new and effective treatments for triple-negative breast cancer in light of the urgent requirement for innovative therapeutic solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pink pepper is a worldwide used spice that corresponds to the berries of two species, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi or S. molle L. (Anacardiaceae). Toxic and allergic reactions by ingestion or contact with these plants were reported, and classical in vitro studies have highlighted the cytotoxic properties of apolar extracts from the fruits. Objectives: Perform a non-targeted screening of 11 pink pepper samples for the detection and identification of individual cytotoxic substances. Methods: After reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) separation of the extracts and multi-imaging (UV/Vis/FLD), cytotoxic compounds were detected by bioluminescence reduction from luciferase reporter cells (HEK 293 T-CMV-ELuc) applied directly on the adsorbent surface, followed by elution of detected cytotoxic substance into atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (APCI-HRMS). Results: Separations for mid-polar and non-polar fruit extracts demonstrated the selectivity of the method to different substance classes. One cytotoxic substance zone was tentatively assigned as moronic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid acid. Conclusion: The developed non-targeted hyphenated RP-HPTLC–UV/Vis/FLD–bioluminescent cytotoxicity bioassay–FIA–APCI-HRMS method was successfully demonstrated for cytotoxicity screening (bioprofiling) and respective cytotoxin assignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research concerns the study of the adsorption of methylene blue, used to stain living tissues and in several fields, on purified celluloses (CMFs) extracted from Schinus molle. The morphological and physico-chemical properties of the raw material and the extracted cellulose were determined. Adsorption experiments were performed to analyze initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time effects. The experiments showed that adsorption at pH 6–10 was appropriate and the equilibrium was established after 60 min. The adsorption was perfectly adjustable to the pseudo-second-order and fit well with Langmuir's mathematical models with maximum adsorption capacity of 125 mg g− 1. Moreover, it seems that Dubinin Radushkevich model gives a good fit with experimental data with adsorption energy of 5.49 kJ mol− 1, indicating a physical sorption process of methylene blue onto obtained cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential Oils (EOs) from aromatic plants were reported to have an insecticidal activity against several insects and could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of two plants (Schinus molle and Cupressus sempervirens) grown in Algeria and to investigate their insecticidal activity against the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, a secondary pest that may alter seriously the proprieties of some food products. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis determined that the major components of S. molle EO are β-Eudesmol (15.19 %), Elemol (13.97 %), D-Limonene (9.89 %), Spathulenol (9.33 %) and β-Phellandrene (7.72 %) while those of C. sempervirens EO are Cedrol (44.81 %), α-Pinene (15.71 %) and neoiso-Dihydrocarveol acetate (9.7 %). The biological activity of EOs was evaluated by fumigation and repellency at different concentrations and exposure times. Fumigation toxicity bioassays showed maximum efficacy was reached at a concentration of 100 μL/L of air for the two kinds of EOs (90-100 %). Repellency tests revealed that S. molle EO was moderately repellent (55.62 %), while C. sempervirens EO was highly repellent (66.25 %). In fact, the EO of the experimental plants can be incorporated into insecticidal formulations and might be efficient as alternative to synthetic insecticides for O.surinamensis control. However, other tests need to be performed on other life stages of the insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La medicina tradicional podría ser una alternativa segura para potenciar la inmunidad de pacientes inmunocomprometidos propensos a infecciones recurrentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad fagocítica y toxicidad in vivo del extracto acuoso de Schinus molle L. en Mus musculus BALB/c. Material y Métodos: Estudio experimental que utilizó una dosis única de extracto acuoso de hojas de Schinus molle de 2000 mg/kg. La fagocitosis in vivo se determinó en 10 ejemplares de M. musculus BALB/c que cumplieron criterios de inclusión y exclusión, distribuidos aleatoria y equitativamente en los grupos control y experimental. Los especímenes del grupo experimental fueron inoculados vía intraperitoneal con 0,5 ml de suspensión de Staphylococcus aureus y 0,5 ml del extracto acuoso. Los del grupo control con 0,5 ml del mismo inóculo bacteriano y 0,5 ml de solución salina estéril. La toxicidad del extracto se evaluó por el método de las clases de toxicidad aguda en 12 ejemplares de ratones con las mismas características y cumpliendo los mismos criterios aplicados en la evaluación de la fagocitosis in vivo. Resultados: El 57,1 % de los macrófagos expuestos al extracto acuoso de S. molle presentaron importante actividad fagocítica, encontrándose una media de 21 bacterias fagocitadas por macrófago. No se evidenciaron significativamente signos ni síntomas de toxicidad en los especímenes durante los 14 días de experimentación. Conclusiones: El extracto acuoso de S. molle incrementó significativamente la fagocitosis in vivo de los macrófagos peritoneales de M. musculus BALB/c, sin evidencia de clínica de toxicidad y en ausencia de mortalidad.

A partir del estudio de la historia y culto católico a la Santísima Cruz de Ampushino, el artículo presenta algunos hallazgos preliminares y plantea líneas de investigación futuras respecto a las conceptualizaciones sobre la naturaleza entre los habitantes de la localidad de Pamparomás (Cordillera Negra, Perú central). Para ello, la investigación traza la historia natural y cultural del Schinus molle en los Andes centrales, el árbol de cuyas ramas emergió la Cruz de Ampushino según la tradición local. Se hipotetiza que los poderes sobrenaturales atribuidos a la Cruz por sus devotos guardan estrecha cercanía con tradiciones religiosas prehispánicas de esta región andina. Considerando este trasfondo histórico y cultural, se describen transformaciones ambientales y sociales en curso en la zona. Finalmente, se plantea la importancia de una agenda de indagación futura que enfatice el estudio de perspectivas ético-ambientales de los residentes locales respecto al cambio ambiental, y se conjetura la posible emergencia de nuevas visiones sobre la naturaleza.

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ozognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859), a species native to the Nearctic zoogeographical realm, has gradually spread throughout Europe and the Mediterranean region becoming alien. The species has been associated with at least 41 host-plant species and has been detected in both manmade and natural habitats. Nevertheless, no phytosanitary measures have been applied or adverse impacts on native biodiversity recorded. In this publication, O. cornutus is recorded in Greece from Rhodes Island, constituting the first record of this alien species to the country. In addition, examination of material from Cyprus and Greece unveils four new host-plants for the species, Asphodelus ramosus, Schinus terebinthifolia, Schinus molle and Vachellia farnessiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental conditions affect polyphenolic compounds in plants, and yet little is known about the response of Schinus molle peppercorns to geographical location. S molle is a folkloric pseudospice of Andean origin possessing multiple culinary and medicinal functions. This globally invasive species presents an immense multidimensional potential. Polyphenolic compounds were therefore profiled and quantified from pink peppercorns growing in 12 distinct locations in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa using UPLC-QTOF-MS techniques. Eleven flavonoids were reported, including epigallocatechin gallate, +)-tephrorin B, astilbin, procyanidin B5, 4-benzyl-7-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one, and isochamaejasmin which were reported for the first time in this species. Five phenolic acids, three glycosides, and tannins (theogallin (3-galloylquinic acid), digalloyl quinic acid, digalloylshikimic acid, β-glucogallin A and β-glucogallin B) were also revealed among others. PCA revealed a high composition of polyphenolic compounds in the Eastern in comparison to the Western Cape regions. Flavonoids were glaringly higher in winter rainfall receiving coastal regions. Consequently, the highest catechin content was 229% higher in the Eastern (1269.9 mg/kg) than the Western Cape (553.4 mg/kg). Furthermore, isochamaejasmin, the compound with possibly the highest concentration is reported in George (1741 mg/kg) and Gqeberha (2601.2 mg/kg) representing 149% differences between the two regions. Soil type alone did not conclusively appear to influence polyphenolic compound accumulation in this study. Elucidating the distribution of polyphenolic compounds in this species could open new insights for potential therapeutic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications including possibilities for new and improved organic drugs, and food product development. [Display omitted] • We report 11 flavonoids, 5 phenolic acids, 3 glycosides, & a coumarin among others. • Mascaroside and verbascoside were newly identified in S. molle peppercorns. • PCA showed that polyphenolic compounds are higher in the Eastern Cape region. • Flavonoid contents are higher in coastal regions experiencing winter rainfall. • Soils alone did not conclusively influence secondary metabolite contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current research centers on exploring the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic features of Schinus molle L. grown in Turkey. Methods: Quantitative analysis of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and hyperoside levels in leaf, ripe fruit, and raw fruit extracts was conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in a 70% methanol-water mixture. Among the extracts, the methanol extract from ripe fruits displayed the highest chlorogenic acid concentration, measuring at 2.040% ± 0.172% standard deviation (SD). Moreover, analysis of their total phenolic and flavonoid contents was carried out. Antioxidant power was assessed through different chemical assays, together with their antimicrobial and anti-diabetic properties. Results: The results of DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and reducing power assays showed that leaf and ripe fruit alcoholic extract exhibited peak performance. While the MIC ( minimum inhibitory concentration) values of the extracts were determined to have moderate bactericidal effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans it was observed that none of the extracts displayed biofilm inhibition. The inhibition percentage of α-glucosidase enzyme activity for the methanol extract of raw fruits was determined to be 99.11 ± 1.61. In diabetic β-TC cells, glucose level was measured as 129 ± 2.03 mg/dL, and insulin amount was measured as 37.2 ± 0.02 mg/dL. Conclusions: The findings of our study seem to have important implications for future research, as Schinus molle L. may be a potential pharmaceutical candidate with important pharmacological activities.

Traditional fermented products are disappearing from the local foodscapes due to social pressures and ecological changes that affect their production; it is therefore crucial to document local knowledge, which is crucial to maintain and recover local biocultural heritage and to contribute to food security. This study aims to document and foster the production of local traditional beverages by registering recipes of fermented beverages in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán biosphere reserve in central Mexico, a region recognized for its great biocultural diversity. We conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature. Additionally, we included ethnographic research and participatory methods to engage residents in different steps of the production process. We identified five main fermented beverages in the research area, the most common beverages are those produced by agave species which include, mescal, pulque and an almost extinct beverage known as lapo which involves sugar cane as main substrate. We also identified a fermented beverage produced with several cacti fruits known as nochoctli and a traditional a fermented beverage produced with fruits of Schinus molle known as tolonche. We highlight the production of lapo and tolonche since these involved the incorporation of foreign substrates into the region after the Spaniard conquest and to their restricted distribution and almost extinction. The beverages tolonche and lapo are nowadays almost lost and only a few producers still prepare them to follow modified versions of the original recipe. Lapo and tolonche were once important in the research area but almost became extinct until local people started to recently recover them. Traditional fermented beverages in Mexico play an important role in cultural identity and contribute to the local diet; nevertheless, several fermented beverages have not been recorded and have even become extinct. This work is an effort to promote and conserve traditional fermented beverages as valuable biocultural heritage by empowering people to make decisions about the use of locally available resources, which is crucial in times when food systems are highly vulnerable.

Schinus molle is a plant traditionally used in Mexico to treat gastric disorders. However, no scientific evidence has been reported on its gastroprotective effect. The aim of the current contribution was to conduct a bioassay-guided study on S. molle to evaluate its gastroprotective activity in a model of Wistar rats given ethanol orally to induce gastric lesions. The hexane and dichloromethane extracts from the tested plant showed over 99% gastroprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg. From the hexane extract, two of the three fractions (F1 and F2) afforded over 99% gastroprotection. The F1 fraction was subjected to column chromatography, which revealed a white solid. Based on the ESI-MS analysis, the two main compounds in this solid were identified. The predominant compound was probably a triterpene. This mixture of compounds furnished about 67% gastroprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin, and NEM was carried out to explore the possible involvement of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and/or sulfhydryl groups, respectively, in the gastroprotective activity of the white solid. We found evidence for the participation of all three factors. No antisecretory activity was detected (tested by pylorus ligation). In conclusion, evidence is herein provided for the first time of the gastroprotective effect of S. molle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schinus molle (SM) was investigated as a primary source of cellulose with the aim of discovering resources to generate cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The SM was put through a soda pulping process to purify the cellulose, and then, the fiber was treated with an enzymatic treatment. Then, a twin-screw extruder and/or masuko were utilized to help with fiber delamination during the nanofibrillation process. After the enzymatic treatment, the twin-screw extruder and masuko treatment give a yield of 49.6 and 50.2%, respectively. The optical and atomic force microscopy, morfi, and polymerization degrees of prepared cellulosic materials were established. The pulp fibers, collected following each treatment stage, demonstrated that fiber characteristics such as length and crystallinity varied according to the used treatment (mechanical or enzymatic treatment). Obviously, the enzymic treatment resulted in shorter fibers and an increased degree of polymerization. However, the CNF obtained after enzymatic and extrusion treatment was achieved, and it gave 19 nm as the arithmetic width and a Young's modulus of 8.63 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of whey protein isolate (WPI) associated with the prebiotic biopolymers inulin (IN) and oligofructose (OL) as a wall material on the physicochemical, morphological and thermal stability of pink-pepper oleoresin microcapsules. For spray drying in the treatments (WPI, WPI/IN, and WPI/OL), ultrasound-assisted emulsions were used, being prepared with 30% (w/w) wall material, 5% (w/w) oleoresin, and a 5:1 (w/w) replacement ratio for the WPI/IN and WPI/OL treatments. WPI increased the size of the oil droplets and of the reconstituted powder, which provided a greater encapsulation efficiency. The WPI and WPI/OL treatments showed a better antioxidant capacity, whereas WPI/IN and WPI/OL provided a better powder solubility. The microcapsules showed a spherical structure with some roughness, but no rupture, which favored the retention of oleoresin. Moreover, the microcapsule walls had no defined crystalline region. The addition of prebiotic biopolymers decreased the temperature at which the wall material started to degrade, decreasing its thermal stability. The use of WPI associated with inulin and oligofructose is suitable for the production of emulsions for the spray-drying microencapsulation of pink-pepper oleoresin.

The essential oil of molle (Schinus molle) has proven biocidal activity, which can be enhanced by spray-drying. Therefore, an emulsion was prepared with this oil and chitosan (1:2) to be later micro-encapsulated with the Spray-drier YC 500 equipment. SEM morphologically evaluated the resulting powder and determined the amount of essential oil processed. Finally, a population of aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) was dosed to determine the amount necessary to kill 50% of individuals (LD50) compared to the direct application of oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Schinus molle tree is notoriously invasive in most parts of the world, and yet as a pseudospice, its berries potentially possess some significant health benefits which need to be explored. Therefore, polar metabolome of seed + husks (SH), husks (H), and de-hulled (DH) berries were profiled and quantified by untargeted metabolomics approach using UPLC-QTOF-MS. A total of 13 gallotannins, three phenolic acids, a phenolic acid glucoside, three phenolic acid esters, an organic acid, a gallotannin derivative, and nine flavonoids were detected and quantified. Phenolic acids ranged between 12.2–295.7; 4.9–77; and 89.7–1613.1 mg/kg in SH, DH seeds and H respectively. Flavonoids ranged between 1.8–267.5; 73.4–80.4; and 124–564.3 mg/kg in SH, DH seeds and H respectively. Gallotannins ranged between 1.1–146.6; 14.8–21.8; and 48.1–664.8 mg/kg in SH, DH seeds and H respectively. Feruloyltartaric A, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, catechin digalloylshikimic acid B as well as digalloyl quinic acid were some of the dominant secondary metabolites revealed. These results indicate that S. molle berries are a rich source of secondary metabolites with elevated concentrations in the husks, while DH seeds possess lower concentrations to none. These findings open important insights into the potential of S. molle berries as a natural source of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schinus molle is a perennial tree commonly known as “Pirul” in Mexico. This aromatic plant belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and the antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of its bioactive essential oils have been previously investigated. Locally, the plant is mainly used as an analgesic, antiseptic, antibacterial, purgative and diuretic agent. In this study, the plant, which is generally grown as an ornamental plant on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, was evaluated in terms of its cytotoxic properties based on its secondary metabolites. Raw and ripe fruits, together with the plant’s leaves, were collected and extracted using different solvents. Both 70% methanol and water extracts of leaves, ripe fruits and raw fruits were prepared. The six different extracts obtained were tested in cell lines of humans’ most common cancer types (Du-145 prostate cancer, CaCo-2 colon cancer and MCF-7 breast cancer). As a result, methanol extracts prepared from the ripe fruits of the plant decreased the viability of three different cancer cells, especially MCF-7 and Du-145 cell lines, at low concentrations below 50%. Particularly in the MCF-7 cell line, the viability at 15 µg/mL was calculated as 46.03 ± 1.19%. While the cell line which was least effected by the extracts was CaCo-2, the extracts with the most negligible antiproliferative effect were the water extracts of the leaves and the raw and ripe fruits.

Schinus molle is a plant traditionally used in Mexico to treat gastric disorders. However, no scientific evidence has been reported on its gastroprotective effect. The aim of the current contribution was to conduct a bioassay-guided study on S. molle to evaluate its gastroprotective activity in a model of Wistar rats given ethanol orally to induce gastric lesions. The hexane and dichloromethane extracts from the tested plant showed over 99% gastroprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg. From the hexane extract, two of the three fractions (F1 and F2) afforded over 99% gastroprotection. The F1 fraction was subjected to column chromatography, which revealed a white solid. Based on the ESI-MS analysis, the two main compounds in this solid were identified. The predominant compound was probably a triterpene. This mixture of compounds furnished about 67% gastroprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin, and NEM was carried out to explore the possible involvement of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and/or sulfhydryl groups, respectively, in the gastroprotective activity of the white solid. We found evidence for the participation of all three factors. No antisecretory activity was detected (tested by pylorus ligation). In conclusion, evidence is herein provided for the first time of the gastroprotective effect of S. molle.

Schinus molle (SM) was investigated as a primary source of cellulose with the aim of discovering resources to generate cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The SM was put through a soda pulping process to purify the cellulose, and then, the fiber was treated with an enzymatic treatment. Then, a twin-screw extruder and/or masuko were utilized to help with fiber delamination during the nanofibrillation process. After the enzymatic treatment, the twin-screw extruder and masuko treatment give a yield of 49.6 and 50.2%, respectively. The optical and atomic force microscopy, morfi, and polymerization degrees of prepared cellulosic materials were established. The pulp fibers, collected following each treatment stage, demonstrated that fiber characteristics such as length and crystallinity varied according to the used treatment (mechanical or enzymatic treatment). Obviously, the enzymic treatment resulted in shorter fibers and an increased degree of polymerization. However, the CNF obtained after enzymatic and extrusion treatment was achieved, and it gave 19 nm as the arithmetic width and a Young’s modulus of 8.63 GPa.

Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the current work was to study the phytochemical variability among Schinus terebinthifolius (STE) and Schinus molle (SME) fruit extracts. The in vitro antioxidant, antihemolytic, antidiabetic, and macromolecule damage protective activities, as well as, the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive capacities were assessed. Using the HPLC–ESI–QTOF/MS analysis, the chemical profile of fruit extract varied between S. terebinthifolius (30 compounds) and S. molle (16 compounds). The major compound was masazino-flavanone (5774.98 and 1177.65 μg/g sample for STE and SME, respectively). The investigations highlighted significant antioxidant proprieties when using ABTS radical (IC50; 0.12 and 0.14 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively), superoxide (IC50; 0.17 and 0.22 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively) and hydrogen peroxide (IC50; 014 and 0.17 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively). In addition, STE and SME proved preventive effects against H2O2-induced hemolysis (IC50; 0.22 and 0.14 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively). The in vitro antidiabetic effect revealed that STE and SME exhibited important inhibitory effects against α-amylase (IC50; 0.13 and 0.19 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively) and α-glycosidase (IC50; 0.21 and 0.18 mg/ml for STE and SME, respectively) when compared with acarbose. Furthermore, the extracts showed potent inhibitory activity against AAPH-induced plasmid DNA damage, and protein oxidation. In vivo study revealed that STE and SME presented interesting antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory capacities. All observed effects highlighted the potential application of Schinus fruit extract in food and pharmaceutical industries against ROS-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Schinus molle species produces high yields of volatile oils that can be obtained from leaves and fruits. It has been reported that S. molle oils have a variable chemical composition and biological activities, besides, they can be a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, studies were performed on the influence of extraction methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation and fractional hydrodistillation) and seasonal variation, on the chemical composition (GC/MS and GC/FID analysis) of volatile oils (fruits and leaves) of this species. The comparison between the methods of hydrodistillation and steam distillation demonstrated that higher yields are obtained with hydrodistillation (1.2 % ± 0.2 % leaves, 1.8 % ± 0.3 % fruits). Increases in the concentrations of monoterpenes (50.7 % leaves and 70 % fruits) and sesquiterpenes (73.2 % leaves and 45.9 % fruits) are favored by the use of hydrodistillation and steam distillation techniques, respectively. Fractional hydrodistillation, using fractions collected at different extraction times (120 and 240 minutes), presented variations in the composition of oils from leaves and fruits. The 120 minutes fraction displayed the balanced distribution of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (46.8 % and 48.7 %, respectively), while 240 minutes fraction exhibited a high concentration of sesquiterpenes (80.5 %), with a predominance of epi-α-cadinol (40 %). The 240-minutes fraction was subjected to purification by preparative thin-layer chromatography and enabled isolation of the epi-α-cadinol (characterized by NMR). In the statistical analysis referring to the seasonal study of oil from leaves, 3 groups of compounds were characterized. Group I, corresponding to autumn, was characterized by the highest content of sesquiterpenes. Group II, corresponding to spring, was characterized by a higher percentage of monoterpenes. And group III, referring to summer and winter, was characterized by concentrations close to all the compounds identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Schinus molle tree is notoriously invasive in most parts of the world, and yet as a pseudospice, its berries potentially possess some significant health benefits which need to be explored. Therefore, polar metabolome of seed + husks (SH), husks (H), and de-hulled (DH) berries were profiled and quantified by untargeted metabolomics approach using UPLC-QTOF-MS. A total of 13 gallotannins, three phenolic acids, a phenolic acid glucoside, three phenolic acid esters, an organic acid, a gallotannin derivative, and nine flavonoids were detected and quantified. Phenolic acids ranged between 12.2–295.7; 4.9–77; and 89.7–1613.1 mg/kg in SH, DH seeds and H respectively. Flavonoids ranged between 1.8–267.5; 73.4–80.4; and 124–564.3 mg/kg in SH, DH seeds and H respectively. Gallotannins ranged between 1.1–146.6; 14.8–21.8; and 48.1–664.8 mg/kg in SH, DH seeds and H respectively. Feruloyltartaric A, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, catechin digalloylshikimic acid B as well as digalloyl quinic acid were some of the dominant secondary metabolites revealed. These results indicate that S. molle berries are a rich source of secondary metabolites with elevated concentrations in the husks, while DH seeds possess lower concentrations to none. These findings open important insights into the potential of S. molle berries as a natural source of antioxidants for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Background.: Malaria is a major public health problem in developing countries. In Ethiopian, the seeds of Schinus molle are used for the management of malaria. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate in vivo antimalarial activity of hydro-alcoholic crude extract and solvent fractions of Schinus molle seeds in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Methods.: An 80 percent of methanolic crude extract and solvent fractions of Schinus molle seeds were tested for antimalarial activity at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. The parasitemia level, packed cell volume, body weight, survival of date and rectal temperature were used to evaluate the anti-malarial activity of the extracts. One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's HSD multiple comparison test was employed and the result was expressed in mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). Results.: The curative activity of the highest dose of crude extract and aqueous fraction of Schinus molle seeds was 69.86% and 73.82% (p < 0.001), respectively. In the prophylactic test, aqueous fraction had 72.39% (p < 0.001) suppression antimalarial activity. Among solvent fractions, only chloroform fraction was significantly attenuated packed cell volume reduction. The mice treated with crude extract and aqueous fraction had longer survival date than vehicle-treated mice (p < 0.001). Conclusion.: The experiment finding showed that the crude extract and solvent fractions of Schinus molle seeds had significant curative and prophylaxis anti-plasmodial activity. This result revealed that the Schinus molle seeds extract has promising antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei. However, further confirmatory studies, isolation and characterization of the active constituents are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esta especie monófaga de Schinus molle, se encuentra en áreas de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy). Para el reconocimiento, en los diferentes estadios larvarios se elaboró ??una clave dilemática. Se encontró una relación clara entre los gránulos fecales de las larvas y las cápsulas de la cabeza (ley de Dyar). La alta capacidad reproductiva, la adaptación al medio físico (diapausa hibernal, nacimiento primaveral, mayor actividad nocturna) y factores bióticos (baja depredación y parasitismo) pueden explicar la eficiencia de esta especie como plaga.

La Molina es uno de los distritos con mayor cantidad de áreas verdes y conciencia ecológica de la ciudad de Lima. La Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) representa cerca de la mitad de las áreas verdes del distrito; siendo el Schinus molle L. «molle serrano» la segunda especie arbórea más abundante en el campus y una de las más plantadas en Lima. Este árbol nativo con reconocida importancia cultural es ampliamente utilizado en los arboricultivos por su carácter ornamental y rústico, resistente a la sequía y plagas; cuya copa conformada por ramas colgantes brinda sombra y al tener una reposición rápida de follaje es capaz de filtrar el aire captando partículas en suspensión y CO2. Sin embargo, se ha observado la presencia de tumoraciones a lo largo del fuste y ramas en los individuos de esta especie alterando su carácter ornamental y representando un probable riesgo. Por lo que se estudió la estructura interna del árbol mediante el tomógrafo forestal Arbosonic 3D y/o la resistencia de la madera sana, madera con tumor y madera con pudrición mediante las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la madera: densidad básica (DB), resistencia a la flexión o módulo de ruptura (MOR) y rigidez o módulo de elasticidad (MOE). Los resultados determinaron la ausencia de riesgo de caída de árboles de Schinus molle L. por la presencia de tumoraciones, evidenciando la importancia del empleo del tomógrafo forestal en la gestión de los arboricultivos en Lima.

The most highly recommended oils for the diet are those which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the presence of these components in the oils is related to oxidation, which can be determined by the induction period. Further safety and the prolongation of the storage period for such oils can be achieved by the addition of efficient antioxidants, which today are preferably from natural sources. In order to contribute to the related research, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Schinus molle extracts compared to synthetic antioxidants (BHT) in delaying the oxidation of some vegetable oils. The results of the present study showed that the fruit and leaf extracts of Schinus molle presented activities and potential for being used as antioxidants in vegetable oils based on the tested methods (DPPH and ABTS). The extracts were also characterized as containing phenolic compounds by the Folin Ciocalteau method and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The action of the extracts as natural antioxidants was proven in the vegetal oils of chia (Salvia hispanica) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by the Rancimat method. It was observed that the oils increased their resistance to oxidation when incorporated with the extracts of Schinus molle, and the extract from the leaves increased the induction period of peanut oil by more than three hours (from 19.5 to 22.9 hours) with an extract concentration of 2.5%. The fruit extract was more efficient in delaying the oxidation of chia oil, prolonging its induction period by more than one hour with a concentration of 2.5% (from 3.1 to 4.3 hours). According to the results, the extracts of Schinus molle have favorable properties for possible use as an additive which inhibits the oxidation process of the tested vegetables oils.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is ranked as the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Schinus molle (S. mole) L. is an important medicinal plant that contains many bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties. The role of S. molle leaf extract in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was determined. The biosynthesized AgNPs were thoroughly characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of the biosynthesized AgNPs using S. molle (SMAgNPs) against HepG2 liver cancer cells was investigated. Reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis induction, DNA damage, and autophagy activity were analyzed. The results clearly showed that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 by significantly (p < 0.05) inducing oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, and autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These findings may encourage integrating the potential of natural products and the efficiency of silver nanoparticles for the fabrication of safe, environmentally friendly, and effective anticancer agents.

The present study determines the best conditions for the fermentation of Schinus molle drupes by the combination of different types of hydrolysis with the search for an adequate yeast strain. Schinus molle seed residues from an essential oil extraction plant (EOEP) have a high potential for ethanol production. Native yeast strains were isolated from the residues and were used to ferment the lignocellulosic residues, along with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 30 °C and pH 5.5 for comparison. Morphological and biochemical characterizations were carried out on the isolated yeast strains. Thermogravimetric and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were done on the S. molle seeds (fresh and residue) to determine the ethanol production potential. The followed methodology included increasing the sugar content by hydrolysis with chemical (sulphuric acid, acetic acid, and sodium hydroxide), physical (thermal, vacuum, and ultrasound), and enzymatic treatments (amyloglucosidase and α-amylase). Once the optimum combination of yeast-hydrolysis was determined, a comparison of the greenhouse gas emissions between the original and proposed processes was done. The fermentation of the residues might replace methane from uncontrolled decomposition and reduce the solid residues in 50%/day, hence the EOEP global warming potential is reduced by 47%. The yearly income was estimated to increase by USD 2592.50 from 6302.6 L of ethanol produced from the residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most highly recommended oils for the diet are those which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids. However, the presence of these components in the oils is related to oxidation, which can be determined by the induction period. Further safety and the prolongation of the storage period for such oils can be achieved by the addition of efficient antioxidants, which today are preferably from natural sources. In order to contribute to the related research, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Schinus molle extracts compared to synthetic antioxidants (BHT) in delaying the oxidation of some vegetable oils. The results of the present study showed that the fruit and leaf extracts of Schinus molle presented activities and potential for being used as antioxidants in vegetable oils based on the tested methods (DPPH and ABTS). The extracts were also characterized as containing phenolic compounds by the Folin Ciocalteau method and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The action of the extracts as natural antioxidants was proven in the vegetal oils of chia (Salvia hispanica) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by the Rancimat method. It was observed that the oils increased their resistance to oxidation when incorporated with the extracts of Schinus molle, and the extract from the leaves increased the induction period of peanut oil by more than three hours (from 19.5 to 22.9 hours) with an extract concentration of 2.5%. The fruit extract was more efficient in delaying the oxidation of chia oil, prolonging its induction period by more than one hour with a concentration of 2.5% (from 3.1 to 4.3 hours). According to the results, the extracts of Schinus molle have favorable properties for possible use as an additive which inhibits the oxidation process of the tested vegetables oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Molina is one of the districts with the bigger green areas and ecological awareness in the city of Lima. The Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) represents about half of the green areas in the district; being the Schinus molle L. «molle serrano» the second most abundant tree species in the campus and one of the most planted in Lima. This native tree with recognized cultural importance is widely used in the arboriculture crops for its ornamental and rustic character, resistant to the drought and plagues; whose top formed by hanging branches offers shade and when having a fast replacement of foliage, it is able to filter the air capturing particles in suspension and CO2. However, it has been observed the presence of burls along the shaft and branches in trees of this species altering its ornamental character and representing a probable risk. Therefore, the internal structure of the tree was studied using the Arbosonic 3D forest tomograph and/or the resistance of healthy wood, wood with burl and wood with rot by means of the physical and mechanical properties of the wood: basic density (DB), resistance to bending or modulus of rupture (MOR) and rigidity or modulus of elasticity (MOE). The results determined the absence of Schinus molle L. tree risk due to the presence of burls, evidencing the importance of the use of the forest tomograph in the management of arboriculture crops in Lima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The study was focused on the evaluation of antimicrobial activity in vitro of the essential oil (EO) of leaves from Schinus molle against bacteria and fungi of clinical importance in the search for the discovery of new active compounds. Methods and Results: The chemical composition of the S. molle EO was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and its antimicrobial effect was verified by broth microdilution method. The major compounds found were β‐pinene (25·23%), epi‐α‐cadinol (21·29%), α‐pinene (18·72%), myrcene (11·54%) and sabinene (5·02%). The EO showed significant antifungal activity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (39·06 μg ml−1), weak action against Cryptococcus neoformans (625 μg ml−1) and Trichophyton quinckeanum (625 μg ml−1) and was inactive against Candida sp. In the analysis of the antibacterial action, the micro‐organisms tested did not show sensitivity. Conclusions: This study showed a promising result of S. molle volatiles against the fungus P. brasiliensis, which causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis of great clinical importance in Latin America. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results found here are novel and encourage investigations of the compounds present in this EO, which represents a source of molecules with potential use in the treatment of PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial properties of various solvent extracts from fruits of Schinus molle grown in the Abha area of Saudi Arabia were determined against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and Candida species using the agar well diffusion method. Seven populations from S. molle plants situated at 2193-m, 2246-m, 2197.7-m, 2441-m, 2372- m, 2250.6-m and 2175-m were assessed. The results revealed that different solvent extracts of the fruits demonstrated antimicrobial effects on all microbial strains tested. The maximum activities were exhibited by (i) an acetone extract from population at 2246-m (33.00±0.57 mm), (ii) ethanol extract from population at 2193-m (30.00±1.15 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and (iii) from a hot acetone extract (22.00±3.21 mm) from the population at 2372-m against Micrococcus luteus. The MICs levels of the acetone extract range from 0.502 to 0.289 g/ml against S. aureus, and hot methanol fruits extracts against Candidaalbicans range from 0.335 to 0.259 g/ml. GC-MS and HPLC analysis revealed the presence of dominant phytochemicals in each population, including 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl- and vitamin B12 in populations at 2175-m, 2193-m, 2197.7-m and 2250.6-m; 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl- and folic acid in populations at 2246-m and 2441-m; 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl- and vitamin B1 in populations at 2372-m. In conclusion, these findings indicate that extracts of S. molle fruit may be used as source of natural compounds for the manufacture of antibiotic drugs. Variable amount of phytocompounds and vitamins in each location may be used as chemotype fingerprint of the plant species related to its geographic distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schinus areira, especie originalmente sudamericana, se encuentra naturalizada en el noroeste y oeste de Argentina, y presenta una gran afinidad morfológica con S. molle con quien comparte parte de su rango de distribución. A lo largo de su historia taxonómica, ambas especies han sido tratadas como especies independientes, como una misma especie con dos variedades o sinonimizadas bajo el mismo taxón. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar la taxonomía de S. areira, redefinir los caracteres diagnósticos de la morfología que permitan diferenciarla claramente de S. molle en Argentina, y realizar clarificaciones nomenclaturales. Como resultado se descartan como posibles tipos los especímenes depositados en el herbario LINN y se lectotipifica el nombre de S. areira por medio de una ilustración. Por otro lado, se identificaron los siguientes caracteres vegetativos de S. areira con valor taxonómico: dimorfismo foliar en la misma rama, presencia de alas en el raquis y número de pares y margen de folíolos. Adicionalmente se presenta una clave dicotómica para separar S. areira de S. molle.

The current concern about resistance to acaricides and the impact of toxic waste on the environment has led to the search of vegetal alternatives in the control of the brown tick of the dog Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) derivatives have been associated with insecticidal, antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities and essential oil showed to be lethal to R. microplus larvae. This study aimed at evaluating the acaricidal effect of essential oil of S. molle (EOSm) on engorged adult females and larval stages of R. sanguineus. One-hundred engorged females were obtained from the ears, interdigital spaces, neck, groin and base of the tail of two cross-bred dogs. The larvae package test was accomplished with 21-day-old larvae and five concentrations (v/v) of EOSm (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2%) in an anionic detergent, a synthetic acaricide (cypermethrin) and detergent and deionized water as controls. The immersion adult test was carried out with nine concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20%) of the EOSm. At the concentration of 2%, EOSm caused 99.3% of larval mortality. In adults, inhibition of oviposition, egg hatching (EH) and reproductive efficiency (RE) values were dose-dependent from 4 to 20% EOSm; the lowest values of EH (29.62) and RE (22.61) were achieved with 20% EOSm. Strong and negative correlations were found between concentration of EOSm and EH (r = − 0.948) and between concentration of EOSm and RE (r = − 0.985). This study demonstrated for the first time the acaricidal effect of EOSm on larvae and reproductive parameters of engorged adult females of R. sanguineus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Schinus molle Linn. (Anacardiaceae) is a medicinal plant used by traditional healers in Mexican traditional medicine as antitumoral. Objective: This study was undertaken to obtain information that support the traditional use of the leaves from S. molle as antitumoral. Material and Methods: Antilymphoma properties of the ethanol extract of the leaves from S. molle (EELSm) and rutin were made on athymic CD-1 nu/nu and CD-1 mice inoculated with U-937 cell line (human leukemic monocyte lymphoma [HLML]), and for their antiproliferative effects on U-937 cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Furthermore, the extract and rutin were tested for brine shrimp (BS) toxicity test. In addition, HPLC analysis was realized to known the content of rutin in the leaves from S. molle. Results: An EELSm and rutin exhibited important cytotoxic effects on U-937 cells line (IC50from 172.0 μg/mL and 9.6 μg/mL, respectively) and showed in vivo antitumoral properties on HLML in two murine models (EC50from 52.2 and 9.5 mg/kg to CD-1 nu/nu mice; EC50from 99.4 mg/kg and 6.8 mg/kg to CD-1 mice, respectively). In addition, both showed strong lethality on BS larvae (LC50≤ 22.2 μg/mL). The result of HPLC showed that rutin was the major constituent of EELSm. Conclusions: These test results support traditional medicinal use of S. molle as antitumoral and also suggest that both rutin and EELSm possess antitumor effect on HLML in murine models. Finally, rutin may play an important role in anticancer properties of S. molle. Abbreviations used: EELSm: Ethanol extract of the leaves from S. molle, HLML: Human leukemic monocyte lymphoma, HPLC: High pressure liquid chromatography, BS: Brine shrimp, BSLT: BS lethality test, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, MTT: 3 (4,5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]