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Several Cerrado tree species have traits and structures that protect from fires. The effectiveness of a trait depends on the fire regime, especially the frequency. We used Vochysia elliptica, a common Cerrado tree, as a model to test whether different fire frequencies alter crown architecture and flower, fruit and seed production.We analysed the effect of fire on the production of inflorescences, fruits and seeds, as well as seed germination and tree architecture of 20 trees in each of three plots of a long‐term ecological experiment managed with different fire regimes: burned every 2 years (B), burned every 4 years (Q) in mid‐dry season and an area protected from fire (C).We found a large negative effect of fire frequency on crown architecture and on flower and fruit production. Trees in C and Q had significantly more main branches and a larger crown area than trees in B. At its peak, a tree in C was expected to produce 2.4 times more inflorescences than Q, and 15.5 times more than B, with similar magnitudes for fruits. Sixty per cent of trees in B and 10% in Q produced no fruits.The differences in architecture might explain the reduction in sexual reproduction due to a smaller physical space to produce flowers at the branch apices. Resource limitation due to plant investment to replace burned vegetative parts may also decrease sexual reproduction. Our results indicate potentially severe consequences of high fire frequencies for population dynamics and species persistence in Cerrado communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory skin disease with unknown aetiology. Activation by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns or environmental stimuli may activate some components of inflammasomes that contribute to the inflammatory process in LP lesions. Aim: To characterize the inflammasomes in skin lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with LP under Toll‐like receptor (TLR) activation. Methods: In total, 15 patients with LP and 14 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the study. Inflammasome expression in skin was evaluated by real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry, while ELISA was used to assess the production of interleukin (IL)‐1β by PBMCs under stimulation with TLR4 and TLR7/TLR8 agonists and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Results: Compared with the levels in HC samples, increased expression of the inflammasome AIM2 was verified in both epidermal and dermal sections of LP skin lesions, whereas NLRP1 and IL‐β expression levels were enhanced in the dermis. LP skin lesion samples exhibited higher AIM2 transcript levels, similar NLRP1 levels and lower pro‐IL‐1β mRNA levels compared with HC samples. We verified that, compared with PBMCs from HC subjects, PBMCs from patients with LP produced similar amounts of IL‐1β after induction by TLR4 agonists but lower IL‐1β levels after induction by TLR7/TLR8 agonists, regardless of the addition of ATP. Conclusion: Alterations in innate immunity, such as inflammasome component expression in skin lesions and PBMCs, were observed in patients with LP. Further investigations of dysfunctional inflammasome activation and the chronic inflammatory status of LP are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Cerrado vegetation is adapted to fire, anthropogenic fires may impair the reproduction of some species. This study aimed to test the role of fruits of Qualea multiflora and their position in the tree crown in protecting the seeds during fires.Ten trees were selected in an area protected from fire (NB) and ten in a biannually burned area (B). Fruits were counted before the 2008 fire and weekly thereafter for 5 weeks. Fruit dehiscence, damage and position in the tree crown were recorded. Seed germination was assessed for seeds from both areas.In NB, 5.7% of fruits were located higher than 2 m, while in B 49.5% were located at this height. One week after the fire, the proportion of dehiscent fruits was lower in NB (19.5%) than in B (34.5%). Five weeks after the fire, all fruits in NB had dispersed their seeds, whereas in B only 47% of the fruits had. Immediately before the fire, the germination rate of seeds collected in NB was 80% (0–1 m), 97% (1–2 m) and 92% (≥2 m). Fifteen days after the fire, the germination rate of seeds in the B area was 3% (0–1 m), 13% (1–2 m) and 78% (≥2 m).Protection of Q. multiflora seeds from high temperatures is related to the fruit position in the tree crown rather than to fruit protection. Therefore, the results suggest that fire may alter the recruitment of new individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is insufficient information about germination, seed biology and seedling establishment of native grass species of the cerrado ( Brazilian savannah) to recommend their use in restoration of disturbed areas. We evaluated the production, percentage of fertile seeds, germination, seedling growth and establishment in the field of eighteen native grass species and one exotic invasive species ( Melinis minutiflora) and also the effects of different storage periods on germination. The percentage of fertile seeds varied from 6·0 to 94·2% among native species. Ten species produced a minimum of 800 fertile seeds per gram. Germination rate was in the range of 11·0 to 98·8%. Storage for 1 year reduced the germination rate in one species, did not affect germination of three species and increased germination (by 2-10 times) in 14 species. After 2 years of storage, six species showed reductions in germination. Three different patterns of resource allocation were observed and might provide mechanisms for increasing seedling establishment under different environmental conditions. In the field, only two species flowered in the first year after sowing and an additional eight in the second year of observation. Melinis minutiflora is an aggressive species with more than three times the fertile seed production of native species (2820 seeds per gram), high germination rate (55%) and a high number of germinable seeds (1551 per gram). Despite the wide variation in seed characteristics and the delay in flowering, it is concluded that most native grass species can be used in projects aiming at the restoration and management of degraded areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Several studies correlated genetic background and pancreatic islet-cell autoantibody status (type and number) in type 1A diabetes mellitus (T1AD), but there are no data evaluating the relationship among these markers with serum cytokines, regulatory T cells and β cell function. This characterization has a potential importance with regard to T1AD patients' stratification and follow-up in therapeutic prevention. In this study we showed that peripheral sera cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, II-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10] and chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL8, CXCL9, CCL2) measured were significantly higher in newly diagnosed T1AD patients when compared to healthy controls ( P < 0·001). Among T1AD, we found a positive correlation between CXCL10 and CCL-2 ( r = 0·80; P = 0·000), IL-8 and TNF-α ( r = 0·60; P = 0·000); IL-8 and IL-12 ( r = 0·57; P = 0·001) and TNF-α and IL-12 ( r = 0·93; P = 0·000). Glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD-65) autoantibodies (GADA) were associated negatively with CXCL10 ( r = −0·45; P = 0·011) and CCL2 ( r = −0·65; P = 0·000), while IA-2A showed a negative correlation with IL-10 ( r = −0·38; P = 0·027). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR3, DR4 or DR3/DR4 and PTPN22 polymorphism did not show any association with pancreatic islet cell antibodies or cytokines studied. In summary, our results revealed that T1AD have a proinflammatory cytokine profile compared to healthy controls and that IA-2A sera titres seem to be associated with a more inflammatory peripheral cytokine/chemokine profile than GADA. A confirmation of these data in the pre-T1AD phase could help to explain the mechanistic of the well-known role of IA-2A as a more specific marker of beta-cell damage than GADA during the natural history of T1AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and Blomia tropicalis (Bt) are important sources of indoor allergens in tropical and subtropical countries. Murine models allow the analysis of the immune response and regulation of IgE production to Dp and Bt allergens. Oral tolerance induces unresponsiveness in naive animals, but its application in sensitized animals can provide useful information to improve allergy therapy. Objective To study the profile of IgE and IgG subclasses antibody upon oral administration with Bt and Dp extract in previously sensitized mice. Further, the occurrence of autoantibodies IgG antiIgE in the immunization and in the oral tolerance was investigated. Methods A/Sn mice were immunized with Bt or Dp extract in alum, orally administrated with 0.25 mg of Bt or Dp extract or PBS at the 6th, 7th and 8th days after immunization and boosted twice with their respective allergens. To analyse the mice groups, specific IgE antibodies were measured by passive anaphylaxis reaction and specific IgG subclasses and anti-IgE IgG autoantibody by ELISA assay. Results IgE levels were markedly increased in Bt-immunized mice compared with Dp-immunized mice. A distinct profile of the specific isotypes was verified in Bt-immunized mice with a preferential production of IgG3 and IgA antibodies, whereas Dp-immunized mice developed high titres of antiDp IgG 1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies. The antigen feeding inhibited IgE response in both fed-mice groups but only Dp-fed mice presented decreased levels of IgG antibodies. Free anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies were detected mainly in the Dp-immunization and they correlated with the antibody isotypes found against the allergen. Conclusions This is the first time that the murine-type I hypersensitivity is employed to study Btimmunization, showing a marked IgE production, associated with IgG response, which is at least in part driven by T-independent antigens. The oral tolerance protocol in previously... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) mice spontaneously develop a lupus-like syndrome characterized by an increased level of autoantibodies in old mice. We analysed the role of T cells in the regulation of anti-DNA antibody production by B cells in vitro as a function of age. In cultures of old mouse T and B cells, IgG and IgM anti-DNA antibodies were synthesized at high levels, in contrast to consistantly lower amounts, particularly of IgG, measured in cultures of young mouse cells. Addition of young mouse T cells to old B cells inhibited IgG, but not IgM, anti-DNA production, whereas T cells from old mice stimulated IgG synthesis by young mouse B cells. Addition of supernatants harvested from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated T cells to B-cell cultures induced similar effects. Therefore, we evaluated possible modifications of lymphokine synthesis compared to that of the healthy NZW parent. T cells from old mice were able to secrete normal levels of interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-10; however, secretion of IL-2 and IL4 was dramatically decreased. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of constitutive RNA messengers showed increased IFN-γ levels in young and old B/W mice, and normal IL-10 mRNA levels in young and higher levels in old mice. Constitutive IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA were detected only after Con A stimulation and their levels decreased in old compared to young B/W mice; in particular IL- 2 mRNA was considerably lower in old B/W than in control NZW mice. Taken together, these results suggest that, despite constitutive T-cell abnormalities, young B/W mice are able partially to control their lymphokine production, whereas aged mice exhibit a deficient synthesis, associated with an increased capacity to produce IFN-γ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]