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Aims: To measure carbonyl emissions from a heated tobacco product (IQOS) in comparison with an e‐cigarette (Nautilus Mini) and a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red). Design Regular and menthol variants of the heated tobacco product were tested. A tank‐type atomizer was tested with a tobacco‐flavoured liquid at 10 and 14 W. Aerosol and smoke were collected in impingers containing 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine. Health Canada Intense and two more intense puffing regimens were used. Setting Analytical laboratory in Greece. Measurements Carbonyl levels in the aerosol and smoke. Findings At the Health Canada Intense regimen, heated tobacco products emitted 5.0–6.4 μg/stick formaldehyde, 144.1–176.7 μg/stick acetaldehyde, 10.4–10.8 μg/stick acrolein, 11.0–12.8 μg/stick propionaldehyde and 1.9–2.0 μg/stick crotonaldehyde. Compared with the tobacco cigarette, levels were on average 91.6% lower for formaldehyde, 84.9% lower for acetaldehyde, 90.6% lower for acrolein, 89.0% lower for propionaldehyde and 95.3% lower for crotonaldehyde. The e‐cigarette emitted 0.5–1.0 μg/12 puffs formaldehyde, 0.8–1.5 μg/12 puffs acetaldehyde and 0.3–0.4 μg/12 puffs acrolein, but no propionaldehyde and crotonaldehyde. At more intense puffing regimens, formaldehyde was increased in heated tobacco products, but levels were three–fourfold lower compared with the tobacco cigarette. Based on the findings from Health Canada Intense puffing regimen, use of 20 heated tobacco sticks would result in approximately 85% to 95% reduced carbonyl exposure compared with smoking 20 tobacco cigarettes; the respective reduction in exposure from use of 5 g e‐cigarette liquid would be 97% to > 99%. Conclusions: The IQOS heated tobacco product emits substantially lower levels of carbonyls than a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red) but higher levels than a Nautilus Mini e‐cigarette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]