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The indole nucleus is a privileged heterocyclic scaffold, which is present in several natural and synthetic compounds. New synthetic strategies to access functionalized indoles have therefore attracted the attention of both synthetic and medicinal chemists over the decades. In this study, the bismuth nitrate-promoted disproportionative condensation of indoles with cyclohexanone in one pot, to yield C3-cyclohexyl substituted indoles and 1,3-di(1H-indol-3-yl)benzene derivatives is reported for the first time. Using 3-methylindole with cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone results in new and different synthetic pathways. The plausible reaction mechanisms are presented and supported with DFT (M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p)) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to economists and other observers of the energy scene, there is an impending shortage in the civilized world of petroleum and gas. Exhaustion of these nonrenewable fuels prompts consideration of alternative energy sources. One alternative source is forest biomass, which is defined as the quantity constituted by living organisms in the forest ecosystem in terms of mass. The aboveground portions of trees and shrubs transform solar energy in the form of vegetational substances. Because the forest is a renewable natural resource, plantations of trees and natural stands that were previously considered unmerchantable are now being examined as a new source of renewable energy. To help overcome a possible future energy shortage, methods of correctly managing and using forest biomass resources have to be developed now. The need for knowledge of the existing amount of standing timber and its growth in terms of mass, as measured and expressed by consistent methods and standars, is a part of this broad problem. The solution can be approached by producing biomass tables for tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is the major source of energy in rural Turkey. Biomass is used to meet a variety of energy needs including generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial facilities. Biomass potential includes wood, animal and plant wastes. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. The electrical production from usable biomass has a net impact of 4.4 billion USD in personal and corporate income and represents more than 160,000 jobs. There is a total 4 million ha of degraded coppice forests for energy forestry applications in Turkey. The improvement of degraded coppice forests is a very important activity, as important as forestation. Converting coppice forests into productive energy forests in order to meet continually-increasing fuel requirements in Turkey prevents the destruction of highly productive forests, thereby supplying more wood raw material for the forest industry, which at present operates with a low capacity. At the end of 2006, 623.247 ha of energy forest have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood pellets are an economic, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative to the fossil fuels available. Both new and residual wood is used to supply the pellet production, and new raw material resources are constantly being developed. As well as residual wood, scrap wood such as tree tops and thinner trunks are readily used in pellet production. In the near future, the growing of energy-rich woods on fallow agricultural areas could provide even more resources for pellet production in many countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the washing performance of Western Anatolia clinoptilolite zeolite in detergent formulations was investigated as a single builder or in binary or ternary builder combinations. In all the experiments the remaining part of the detergent compositions were the same and consisted of alcohol ethoxylate, sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate. The washing test was performed at 60 deg. C by using coffee soiled swatches. For binary builder systems, clinoptilolite was combined with either a synthetic zeolite (NaA or NaX)or a complex-making co-builder (Na citrate or Na EDTA). clinoptilolite/NaA/co-builder, clinoptilolite/NaX/co-builder ternary systems were also tested. Results indicated that binary or ternary systems formed by the addition of clinoptilolite have synergistic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]