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Copyright of Agroalimentaria is the property of Alejandro Antonio Gutierrez Socorro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article introduces the concept of “counterweight cities” to describe towns that are able to generate an endogenous development process and promote decentralization in traditionally centralist states. This role is accompanied by the prevalence of federalist or autonomist thinking, supported in a local political organization able to inspire changes in the relationships between the different regions within the country. The political group that leads the process is also able to recruit backing in nearby areas. These initiatives have succeeded in consolidating their cities as alternate development poles, displaying dynamic economic and demographic growth, achieving expansion of a modern infrastructure, advanced human resources and cutting- edge cultural and academic assets. Guayaquil in Ecuador and Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia have benefited from strong ties between the public and the private sector, the presence of a robust locally-based political party and solid inter-regional alliances. These strengths have helped both cities achieve a higher degree of regional autonomy than Concepcion in Chile. The later, has-instead- concentrated in developing as an academic and cultural hub. The cities studied here, enhanced the complexity of the human settlement system in their countries, mitigating the macro cephalic tendencies inherent in the Latin American centralist urban structure. In-depth interviews performed in the three countries allow for a better understanding of the context in which the struggle against centralism took place and was able to overcome the challenges it encountered, in the process of generating substantial counterweights against metropolitan macro cephalism.

In this article we examine some historiographical positions on the Bolivian Agrarian Reform from 1953, in order to interpret it as a project that intentionally proposed a mixed national model of economic and agricultural development, which was unfair and unequal, and deepened the contradictions between East and West. Then, we will consider the impact of the reform by regions: in the Andean region, traditional settlement area of Quechua and Aymara people, we will analyze the weight of highly structured indigenous communities pressuring on land possession; while in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, where the native population had declined for different causes and the demand for land wasn ́t strong, we will see how the projection of the Santa Cruz land-owning elite determined the political decision in favor of the region

A partir de la experiencia de Ñuflo de Chaves entre los años 1540 y 1568, este trabajo ofrece un análisis del proceso de conquista y colonización del oriente boliviano prestando especial atención a los derroteros geográficos y los recorridos políticos por medio de los cuales, en la relación del conquistador con otros españoles -individuos e instituciones-, Chaves logró erigirse como figura de poder. A través del examen de documentos coloniales del virreinato del Perú, de los gobernadores y de los oficiales reales del Río de la Plata y de informaciones de méritos y servicios de los conquistadores, se identifican los elementos que hicieron de la conquista de Santa Cruz de la Sierra un proceso excepcional que permite enunciar principios generales para un tema poco explorado hasta el presente como el de la conquista del oriente boliviano.

Between Spaces at Risk and Mobilities : Appreciation of the Inequalities and Risk Management Dengue fever, transmitted by the aedes vector, is most prevalent in urban environments because of the ecological requirements of its vectors that reproduce in the multiple water collections generated by the city and its inhabitants. However the diversity of urban landscapes seems to determine the heterogeneous distribution of the disease across the urban landscape. Across the world, the diffusion of the disease is due in part to urban development, especially to uncontrolled development, and on the acceleration of population displacements. This study explores whether these large-scale processes are also at play at a more local scale, using the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia, as a case study. This city of a million and half of inhabitants is rapidly growing and is at the crossroads of circulation ; it is the epicentre of the disease in Bolivia. We examine the interaction between the various levels of risk factors influencing the disease and inequalities in its distribution. We discuss implications of the results for the development and implementation of urban policies, highlighting the importance of considering health hazards in their formulation.

Objetivo del artículo es estudiar los cambios más significativos producidos en la región de Guarayos (Noroeste del departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia) como consecuencia de la secularización de las misiones franciscanas en la zona, aprobada en 1938/39, y la implantación de la Delegación Nacional de Guarayos encargada de completar el proceso de incorporación de la población guaraya a la «nacionalidad». En particular, se analiza el papel desempeñado por los «administradores », nuevos «gestores» de los territorios y bienes que entre 1939 y 1948 detentaron todo el poder en cada uno de los poblados y fueron los responsables principales de la decadencia económica y despoblación de la región con la connivencia de sus superiores jerárquicos y la incapacidad del Estado para hacerse presente en la convulsa política boliviana del período marcada por continuados golpes militares.

The SAGUAPAC cooperative in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Eastern Bolivia) is regularly presented as an example of cooperative successes regarding water supply and sanitation. Its efficiency, both economic and technical, is widely considered as the main reason for its reproduction. However, without denying its importance, we show, through a discourse analysis from and about SAGUAPAC in local media, that moral and non-instrumental factors are crucial in the reproduction of the cooperative. These factors create attachment and affection toward the cooperative, through a storytelling technique using a four-dimensional rhetoric (mythification, identification, emotionalisation and personification). This storytelling technique, internalized in the local media discourse and materializing the so-called new spirit of capitalism, exploits the affects and instrumentalises local myths and legends, as well as the ‘camba’ ethnic identity. In that, it tends to retain SAGUAPAC members and to canvass new ones, by providing them with recognition in their quality of local community members. However, the mobilisation of social norms and power hierarchies might end up reinforcing the social exclusion of Andean non-camba immigrants, inspite of an a priori inclusive and democratic organisation of the cooperative.

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)