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Evidence suggests that distinct splenic dendritic cell (DC) subsets activate either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in vivo. This bias has been partially ascribed to differential antigen presentation; however, all DC subsets can activate both T cell lineages in vitro. Therefore, we tested whether the organization of DC and T cell subsets in the spleen dictated this preference. We discovered that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells segregated within splenic T cell zones prior to immunization. After intravenous immunization, the two major conventional DC populations, distinguished by 33D1 and XCR1 staining, migrated into separate regions of the T cell zone: 33D1+ DCs migrated into the CD4+ T cell area, whereas XCR1+ DCs migrated into the CD8+ T cell area. Thus, the post-immunization location of each DC subset correlated with the T cell lineage it preferentially primes. Preventing this co-localization selectively impaired either CD4+ or CD8+ T cell immunity to blood-borne antigens.

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa L.) are considered one of the 100 worst invasive species, causing adverse social, economic, and environmental impacts worldwide. Understanding their historical invasion process and following the distribution across the territory can serve as a preoccupant alert for the species' quick expansion. Our goal was to update the information about the invasion history and spatial distribution of wild pigs in Brazil. Using extant occurrence records in the literature and from official agencies, we built distribution maps of wild pigs' distribution in Brazil over time. We identified wild pigs reports in 1152 municipalities across the country, primarily concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil (52.95%). Our results revealed an accelerated increase of wild pigs in the last 30 years, especially across the southern, southeast and mid-west regions. This reinforces the need for immediate measures to control wild pigs and halt expansion. This is the first research showing complete historical invasion of wild pigs in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Milky Way and its satellite system become more entrenched in near field cosmology efforts, the need for an accurate mass estimate of the Milky Way's dark matter halo is increasingly critical. With the second and early third data releases of stellar proper motions from Gaia , several groups calculated full 6D phase-space information for the population of Milky Way satellite galaxies. Utilizing these data in comparison to subhalo properties drawn from the Phat ELVIS simulations, we constrain the Milky Way dark matter halo mass to be ∼1–1.2 × 1012 M⊙. We find that the kinematics of subhaloes drawn from more- or less-massive hosts (i.e. >1.2 × 1012 M⊙ or <1012 M⊙) are inconsistent, at the 3σ confidence level, with the observed velocities of the Milky Way satellites. The preferred host halo mass for the Milky Way is largely insensitive to the exclusion of systems associated with the Large Magellanic Cloud, changes in galaxy formation thresholds, and variations in observational completeness. As more Milky Way satellites are discovered, their velocities (radial, tangential, and total) plus Galactocentric distances will provide further insight into the mass of the Milky Way dark matter halo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign tumor, corresponding to approximately 3% of solid renal tumors, which has in its composition endothelial cells, myocytes and adipocytes. One of the rare complications of this type of tumor is linfonodal involvement and tumor venous dissemination forming thrombus in the renal vein and inferior vena cava and may even reach the right atrium. Surgical treatment of this type of tumor is performed mainly by open surgery, but this video shows the laparoscopic approach for level III of angiomyolipoma, showing that this approach is feasible and reproducible by any trained and experienced surgeon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Woman of 65 years with back pain, ultrasound examination showed a tumor in the right kidney, and follow-up computed tomography revealed aspects of angiomyolipoma. We performed radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy by laparoscopy. RESULTS: The patient recovered well, enjoying all the benefits of laparoscopic surgery. There were no complications during surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical approach of laparoscopic renal angiomyolipoma is a perfectly feasible, bringing numerous benefits to the patient, and can establish itself as a breakthrough in treating this type of tumor

Winds driven by stellar feedback are an essential part of the galactic ecosystem and are the main mechanism through which low-mass galaxies regulate their star formation. These winds are generally observed to be multiphase with detections of entrained neutral and molecular gas. They are also thought to enrich the circumgalactic medium around galaxies with metals and dust. This ejected dust encodes information about the integrated star formation and outflow history of the galaxy. Therefore it is important to understand how much dust is entrained and driven out of the disc by galactic winds. Here, we demonstrate that stellar feedback is efficient in driving dust-enriched winds and eject enough material to account for the amount of extraplanar dust observed in nearby galaxies. The amount of ejected dust depends on the sites from where they are launched, with dustier galaxies launching more dust-enriched outflows. Moreover, the outflowing cold and dense gas is significantly more dust enriched than the volume filling hot and tenuous material. These results provide an important new insight into the dynamics, structure, and composition of galactic winds and their role in determining the dust content of the extragalactic gas in galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact associated with Portland cement production makes it necessary to explore alternatives that minimize the polluting effects of this industrial activity. A promising approach is the development of alkali-activated mortars composed of lime and pozzolan. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of components on the compressive strength of alkali-activated lime-metakaolin mortars. The mortar composition was defined in three ways: the first way followed the guidelines of the Brazilian standard NBR 5751 and used the specific masses of the materials; the second was based on the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio, analyzing the reasons for 0.40 and 0.75 and the third followed the guidelines of NBR 7215 standard and ratio of 0.75. In this last composition, the alkaline activator (NaOH) was incorporated in proportions of 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6%. The results indicated that the lime: metakaolin ratio has a significant impact on strength, with a 34% decrease in compressive strength when the lime-pozzolan ratio was reduced from 3.35 to 1.77. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of an alkaline activator improved mechanical resistance. Therefore, these mortars proved to be viable for several non-structural applications, highlighting their environmental advantages in comparison with Portland cement mortars.

We investigate the viability of a simple dark matter (DM) model consisting of a single fermion in the context of galactic dynamics; the model has a single free parameter, the DM mass. We follow an approach similar to the one used in the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom, and find that for the 76 galaxies considered, the model can explain most of the bulk galactic properties provided the DM mass is in the O(50 eV) range. More precise tests of the model require better modeling of the baryon profile, and a better control on the uncertainties in the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Evidence suggests that distinct splenic dendritic cell (DC) subsets activate either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in vivo. This bias has been partially ascribed to differential antigen presentation; however, all DC subsets can activate both T cell lineages in vitro. Therefore, we tested whether the organization of DC and T cell subsets in the spleen dictated this preference. We discovered that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells segregated within splenic T cell zones prior to immunization. After intravenous immunization, the two major conventional DC populations, distinguished by 33D1 and XCR1 staining, migrated into separate regions of the T cell zone: 33D1+ DCs migrated into the CD4+ T cell area, whereas XCR1+ DCs migrated into the CD8+ T cell area. Thus, the post-immunization location of each DC subset correlated with the T cell lineage it preferentially primes. Preventing this co-localization selectively impaired either CD4+ or CD8+ T cell immunity to blood-borne antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is known to cause developmental toxicity and is a suggested endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). Early life exposure to EDCs has been implicated in programming of the developing organism for chronic diseases later in life. Here we study perinatal metabolic programming by PFOA using an experimental design relevant for human exposure. C57BL/6JxFVB hybrid mice were exposed during gestation and lactation via maternal feed to seven low doses of PFOA at and below the NOAEL used for current risk assessment (3-3000 µg/kg body weight/day). After weaning, offspring were followed for 23-25 weeks without further exposure. Offspring showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight from postnatal day 4 to adulthood. Growth under high fat diet in the last 4-6 weeks of follow-up was increased in male and decreased in female offspring. Both sexes showed increased liver weights, hepatic foci of cellular alterations and nuclear dysmorphology. In females, reductions in perigonadal and perirenal fat pad weights, serum triglycerides and cholesterol were also observed. Endocrine parameters, such as glucose tolerance, serum insulin and leptin, were not affected. In conclusion, our study with perinatal exposure to PFOA in mice produced metabolic effects in adult offspring. This is most likely due to disrupted programming of metabolic homeostasis, but the assayed endpoints did not provide a mechanistic explanation. The BMDL of the programming effects in our study is below the current point of departure used for calculation of the tolerable daily intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sainfoin is a non-bloating temperate forage legume with a moderate-to-high condensed tannin ( CT) content. This study investigated whether the diversity of sainfoin accessions in terms of CT structures and contents could be related to rumen in vitro gas and methane ( CH4) production and fermentation characteristics. The aim was to identify promising accessions for future investigations. Accessions differed ( P < 0·0001) in terms of total gas and CH4 productions. Fermentation kinetics (i.e. parameters describing the shape of the gas production curve and half-time gas production) for CH4 production were influenced by accession ( P ≤ 0·038), but not by PEG. Accession, PEG and time affected ( P < 0·001) CH4 production, but accession and PEG interaction showed only a tendency ( P = 0·08). Increase in CH4 due to PEG addition was not related to CT content. Further analysis of the relationships among multiple traits (nutritional composition, CT structure and CH4 production) using principal component analysis ( PCA) based on optimally weighted variables revealed differences among accessions. The first two principal component axes, PC1 (57·6%) and PC2 (18·4%), explained 76·0% of the total variation among accessions. Loading of biplots derived from both PCAs made it possible to establish a relationship between the ratio of prodelphinidin:procyanidin ( PD: PC) tannins and CH4 production in some accessions. The PD: PC ratio seems to be an important source of variation that is negatively related to CH4 production. These results suggested that sainfoin accessions collected from across the world exhibited substantial variation in terms of their effects on rumen in vitro CH4 production, revealing some promising accessions for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three groups of diamond films were deposited with variations in methane concentration, substrate material, and film thickness by a direct current chemical-vapor-deposition method. Stresses were measured by x-ray diffraction. The material reveals compressive stresses at the substrate interfaces due to thermal expansion mismatch. Increasing influence of defects leads to a drop in the compressive stresses and the formation of tensile stresses toward the growth front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and gas production is moving deeper and further offshore as energy companies seek new sources, making the field layout design problem even more important. Although many optimization models are presented in the revised literature, they do not properly consider the uncertainties in well deliverability. This paper aims at presenting a Monte Carlo simulation integrated with a genetic algorithm that addresses this stochastic nature of the problem. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the probabilistic approach brings new important perspectives to the field development engineering.

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We use the high resolution cosmological N-body simulations from the Aquarius project to investigate in detail the mechanisms that determine the shape of Milky Way-type dark matter haloes. We find that, when measured at the instantaneous virial radius, the shape of individual haloes changes with time, evolving from a typically prolate configuration at early stages to a more triaxial/oblate geometry at the present day. This evolution in halo shape correlates well with the distribution of the infalling material: prolate configurations arise when haloes are fed through narrow filaments, which characterizes the early epochs of halo assembly, whereas triaxial/oblate configurations result as the accretion turns more isotropic at later times. Interestingly, at redshift z = 0, clear imprints of the past history of each halo are recorded in their shapes at different radii, which also exhibit a variation from prolate in the inner regions to triaxial/oblate in the outskirts. Provided that the Aquarius haloes are fair representatives of Milky Way-like 1012M☉ objects, we conclude that the shape of such dark matter haloes is a complex, time-dependent property, with each radial shell retaining memory of the conditions at the time of collapse.

Type 1 CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are required for CD8+ T cell priming but, paradoxically, promote splenic Listeria monocytogenes infection. Using mice with impaired cDC2 function, we ruled out a role for cDC2s in this process and instead discovered an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-dependent cellular crosstalk in the marginal zone (MZ) that promoted bacterial infection. Mice lacking the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK8 or CD19 lost IL-10-producing MZ B cells and were resistant to Listeria. IL-10 increased intracellular Listeria in cDC1s indirectly by reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase expression early after infection and increasing intracellular Listeria in MZ metallophilic macrophages (MMMs). These MMMs trans-infected cDC1s, which, in turn, transported Listeria into the white pulp to prime CD8+ T cells. However, this also facilitated bacterial expansion. Therefore, IL-10-mediated crosstalk between B cells, macrophages, and cDC1s in the MZ promotes both Listeria infection and CD8+ T cell activation. • Loss of marginal zone (MZ) B cells reduces intracellular Listeria in CD8α+ cDC1s • Listeria stimulates MZ B cells to produce IL-10 via a MyD88-dependent pathway • IL-10 does not directly alter cDC1 handling of bacteria or antigen presentation • IL-10 inhibits iNOS and increases splenic macrophage intracellular bacterial burden Splenic dendritic cells (DCs), IL-10, and marginal zone (MZ) B cells each promote Listeria monocytogenes infection. Liu et al. show that these paradoxical responses are linked. IL-10 production from MZ B cells enhances the intracellular Listeria burden in DCs by inhibiting bacterial killing in MZ metallophilic macrophages. This crosstalk in the MZ promotes CD8+ T cell activation but also Listeria infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]