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Deixis has an important role to build the communication process. This research aimed to find out the distribution of scenes, types of deixis are often found and distribution of deixis in all sections of Beauty and The Beast movie script by using Cruse theory (2000). This research used a descriptive qualitative method. The object of this study is Beauty and The Beast movie script by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos. Documentation and checklist were used in data collection. The results showed that the distribution of scenes in the Beauty and The Beast movie script are found in the orientation section, complication section, rising action section, turning point section and resolution section. Coda is not found in this movie. Then, person deixis, social deixis and spatial deixis are the most dominant deixis in Beauty and The Beast movie script. Finally, there were five types of deixis in the orientation section, complication section, rising action section, turning point section but there are only two types of deixis that are found in the resolution section in the Beauty and the Beast movie script. It is suggested that English teachers and students should be familiar with the types of deixis in the main section of the movie before using it for the teaching and learning process.

It is generally acknowledged that an abstract is just a short text, but it is a gateway to publish and promote the article. However, writing a good abstract to publish in a prestigious international journal is quite challenging. Therefore, writing a well-constructed abstract based on the guideline is the best solution for writers. So far, the study on how to arrange rhetorical moves for writing the abstract of the review article is very limited. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the rhetorical structure of review article abstracts in applied linguistics published in high-impact international journals. The checklist obtained from the pilot project was used to analyze the 50 review article abstracts selected from four international journals. The results show that five moves are identified: Background, Objective, Method, Synthesis of Discussion, and Conclusion. The first two moves are regarded as conventional, while the rest of the moves are optional. Moreover, the outcomes indicate that some moves are constructed differently in terms of the content and structure, especially the linguistic features, compared to the research article abstracts. The findings also reveal that Background-Objective-Synthesis of Discussion (M1-M2-M4) is the common move pattern. As a practical implication, article writers should follow the common rhetorical move pattern and linguistic features as shown by this study when writing a review article abstract. For theoretical application, this study can be used to support future studies also.

In the evolving landscape of education, the integration of flipped and gamified learning into online English courses has remained a complex and underexplored terrain. To address this knowledge gap, our study designed and implemented an innovative hybrid pedagogical model, seamlessly blending flipped and gamified learning principles into the context of online TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) instruction. The study, conducted within a public university in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, included 27 carefully selected research participants (11.1% male, 88.9% female) from a population of 80 third-year undergraduate English majors, employing purposive convenient sampling techniques to ensure diversity representation. Our comprehensive data collection encompassed pre- and post-TOEFL assessments, surveys, and reflective essays, with qualitative data subjected to thematic analysis and quantitative data analyzed through descriptive statistics, nonparametric Wilcoxon rank tests, and Spearman’s correlation analysis. The results unveiled a multifaceted landscape, showing improvements in student enjoyment and motivation alongside increased anxiety. However, the intervention demonstrated significant enhancements in TOEFL listening, reading, and overall scores, although structure and written expression remained largely unchanged. Intriguingly, while heightened enjoyment correlated with increased motivation, emotional variables displayed no significant correlation with TOEFL posttest scores. These findings carry profound implications for TOEFL preparation, student motivation, and the management of classroom diversity in online learning settings.

This article analyzes the flouting types of maxim in classroom interaction videos on YouTube. The aims of this study are to find out the flouting types of maxim and also the gender representation of it. Descriptive qualitative method was used. The corpus of the study were 10 classroom interaction videos that were taken from YouTube. Grice’s theory was used to find and analyze the flouting types of maxim found in the video, those are; maxim of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. The result showed that those four types of flouting maxim were found in the classroom interaction videos on YouTube. The highest flouting maxims found were maxim of quantity, relevance and manner and the least one is maxim of quality. This is probably because the speaker wants to build trust and cheer the hearer. The findings of the second research question shows that male was the most dominant gender flouting the maxims. Based on the results and limitation of the study, it is recommended for further research to take the data directly to schools to compare videos taken from YouTube and those taken directly from schools.

Research gap (RG) becomes an important rhetorical work in research article introductions in all fields, especially in a competitive research publication atmosphere. A research article (RA) submitted to a reputable journal may be rejected because the writers fail to show the ‘niche’ in reviewing previous relevant studies to justify their research project. This research aims to find how writers in Applied Linguistics (AL) published in international journals of different quality in terms of their quartile value address the novelty in their journal article introductions. Forty articles were selected from eight different reputable international journals in AL of different tiers for the corpus of this study. The content analysis method under the umbrella of the qualitative approach was applied in the data collection and analysis. Six RG strategies, as suggested by Arianto et al. (2021), were used as a model for analysis and then the linguistic features used by the writers in realizing the RGs. The results show that among the six different RG strategies, the most frequently used by international writers are Strategy 2 (inadequate research) and Strategy 4 (contradictive/conflicting evidence). Among the four groups of RAs, those published in Quartile 1 journals used the most frequent strategies. The frequent linguistic features used by international writers are adversative conjunctions and adjective-modifying nouns to signal their RG strategies. To improve the quality of an article introduction, writers, especially novice writers, should use multiple strategies with the appropriate linguistic features.

The journal article (henceforth JA) title is regarded as an advertisement to promote the content of the research article to potential readers. The authors must write and organize their titles to be attractive by paying attention to the syntactic features of titles. This research aims at investing the average length, syntactic features, and the differences of JA titles in Applied Linguistics at different Sinta scores. The method used in this research was a mixed-method with an exploratory sequential design. 120 JA titles were included as corpora of this research taken from six journals at different Sinta scores. The analyses of data were conducted following Cheng et al. (2012)’s framework on the syntactic features, while the analysis of the average length of JA titles by counting the parts of speech of the titles. The results show that the average length of JA titles was in the range of 10.5 to 13.55 words. Moreover, there are three types of syntactic features of JA titles found in this research, namely nominal structure, compound structure, and Verb-Ing phrases. Furthermore, all groups of journals in applied linguistics at different Sinta scores tended to have the same average length and syntactic features of JA titles. The findings of this research give useful significance for Indonesian authors in applied linguistics especially new or novice authors should learn and use the common syntactic features of JA titles when writing an article in English to be submitted to reputable international journals.

The study of reporting verbs (RVs) is rarely done by Indonesian scholars. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate how Indonesian writers used the RVs in research article introductions published in low-ranking and medium-ranking ELT journals and investigating the differences of the usage of RVs used by them in both groups of journals. This research used a quantitative approach with a comparative design that investigated 40 research article introductions published in low-ranking (SINTA 6: Journal of English Language Education, and SINTA 5: The Journal of English Literacy Education) medium-ranking (SINTA 4: Journal of English Education and Teaching, and SINTA 3: ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching) ELT journals in 2021. The data were taken by using the purposive sampling technique and they were analyzed by using the RVs’ framework of Francis et al. (1996). The results revealed that Indonesian writers of low-ranking and medium-ranking ELT journals used all of the RVs in research article introductions, but the most frequent RVs used by them was “argue verb”. Moreover, Indonesian writers of low-ranking ELT journals used more “find and think verbs”. Meanwhile, “the argue and show verbs” were more often used by Indonesian writers of medium-ranking ELT journals. These findings indicate the importance of using the RVs in writing the research article introductions for Indonesian writers in the field of English language teaching. The writers are suggested to use more “Argue Verbs, followed by “Find and Shows Verbs” when writing research article introductions. Keywords: ELT journals, research article introduction, low-ranking journal, medium journal, reporting verb

This study investigated the EFL classroom learning environment at a university in Thailand from the perspective of low-English proficiency students. Using structural equation modelling, five hypotheses involving variables generated by students and teachers were investigated (SEM). According to the findings, task orientation in low-proficiency students was the key to boosting students' English course grades. In the case of low-proficiency students, equity, teacher support, and student cooperation were not found to be important. Student cohesion was also found to be an unreliable predictor of students' English grades. Because research on the classroom learning environment engaging low students is still limited, these findings suggest future investigation.

Indonesian faculty members in Islamic Institutes in Indonesia are expected to publish their research results in reputable international journals such as those published in English. This study aims to investigate the problems and expectation by faculty members from publishing articles in reputable international journals. A mix-method was adopted in this study questionnaire and depth interviews for gathering primary data. The sample of the study was 100 faculty members at the English Department of Islamic Institutes in Indonesia. The result shows that some problems were faced by the lecturers to publish their articles in reputable international journals: lack of references and difficulties related to academic writing, consuming long time and high costs associated with international publishing, and no reward or for those who can succeed in reputable international journals. However, there are some possible expectations to encourage the lecturers’ international journal publication: frequently attend seminars and workshops on how to write and publish in international journals, practice writing articles collaboratively with the help of a mentor or experienced writer, always revise the article drafts following the suggestion and correction from journal editors or reviewers, and government or institution can support adequate references and costs in the order they fell confident to publish in reputable international journals.

This article presents the findings of sentence characters in article introductions written by Indonesian authors in Applied Linguistics published in national accredited and international reputable journals. This study aimed to identify sentence characters in article introductions used by Indonesian authors in Applied Linguistics published in national accredited journals and reputable international journals. The method employed in this study was a mixed-method to describe and compare the data. This study’s total number of articles was forty from eight different journals. The results indicated that the average sentence lengths in terms of words number per sentence in the international reputable journals articles were 22.38 words, and those in national accredited journals articles were 21.84 words. Also, the results revealed that the most commonly used sentence pattern in both groups of articles was complex sentences, with 414 sentences in national journals and 378 in international journals. It is followed by simple, compound-complex, and compound sentences. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Indonesian authors from both groups prefer to use long words and use complex sentences more often than the other sentence patterns. Hence, there is no important difference in sentence characters between national accredited and international reputable journals.

Multimodal inputs (both auditory and visual) in the forms of films and videos have long been used in teaching EFL listening comprehension. Previous studies have shown that listening while watching videos can significantly aid students’ comprehension. However, videos were rarely used as testing materials since they contained more than aural input so they did not ‘really’ test listening. This study explored the extent to which multimodal testing materials can be used in testing listening comprehension for EFL students and how the results would differ from that of mono modality testing materials. The participants were 100 students of the English Department, Bina Nusantara University (henceforth Binus) University Jakarta. The researchers gave them two kinds of tests: the video listening test (VLT) and audio listening test (ALT). The materials were two short videos from YouTube. The first test, ALT was given after the participants listened to the videos twice. On the contrary, VLT was administered after they watched the videos twice. To examine the differences in the effects of VLT or ALT on EFL students’ performance in listening comprehension, the data were analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that students got better scores for VLT compared to ALT. The findings imply that students’ performance in listening comprehension is significantly improved with multimodal testing materials

The aims of this study are to find out (1) ICT (Information and Communications Technology) platform used by male and female students from Islamic universities in Indonesia, (2) their perception of using ICT, and (3) their barriers to using ICT in English language learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected from an online questionnaire (Google Form) from students majoring in English from seven Islamic universities in Indonesia. There were 30 male students and 30 female students from every university who participated in this research, making a total of 210 student respondents. The data were analyzed quantitatively by using the SPSS computer program. First of all, female students used more various types of ICT platforms compared to male students. Second, the female students viewed ICT use more positively than male students in language learning. And lastly, even though the females deemed ICT more optimistically compared to male students, nevertheless the females encountered more barriers in using the ICT platforms compared to the male students in this study. Again, even though male students were more skillful in ICT literacy than female students, female students constructively regarded ICT use in language learning as more beneficial to them in terms of skill, knowledge, and motivational improvement.

It is much easier to access literature now than before because of the existence of the internet where students can download soft files of articles or written works from journals or particular websites. However, postgraduate students especially those studying at a teacher education program should not plagiarize because they become role models for their students and should present noble behaviour for their students to be. This study investigated how much undergraduate and postgraduate students in English education are familiar with plagiarisms, how their attitudes toward plagiarism are and what may encourage them to plagiarize. The data for this study came from 151 students involved in this study by filling in the questionnaire and 6 of them were randomly selected for interview. The results show that in general there is no important difference between undergraduate and postgraduate students on their knowledge, attitude, and experiences of dishonesty and plagiarism although there are some differences in the percentage of the two groups of students on several items asked in the questionnaire. This implies that the level of education does not affect university students of their knowledge, attitude and experience on dishonesty and plagiarism. Therefore, it is recommended that specific training programs on academic writing which include moral ethic, knowledge on dishonesty and plagiarism and their practical samples in written texts to combat dishonesty and plagiarism among university students at any level.

This study investigated the EFL classroom learning environment at a university in Thailand from the perspective of low-English proficiency students. Using structural equation modelling, five hypotheses involving variables generated by students and teachers were investigated (SEM). According to the findings, task orientation in low-proficiency students was the key to boosting students' English course grades. In the case of low-proficiency students, equity, teacher support, and student cooperation were not found to be important. Student cohesion was also found to be an unreliable predictor of students' English grades. Because research on the classroom learning environment engaging low students is still limited, these findings suggest future investigation.

This study investigated the EFL classroom learning environment at a university in Thailand from the perspective of low-English proficiency students. Using structural equation modelling, five hypotheses involving variables generated by students and teachers were investigated (SEM). According to the findings, task orientation in low-proficiency students was the key to boosting students' English course grades. In the case of low-proficiency students, equity, teacher support, and student cooperation were not found to be important. Student cohesion was also found to be an unreliable predictor of students' English grades. Because research on the classroom learning environment engaging low students is still limited, these findings suggest future investigation.

The quality of argument in the discussion section determines the quality of a journal article because in this section authors must argue convincingly so that readers may accept and use their new knowledge claim. This study aims to determine the differences in argument strategies and linguistic realizations in the discussion sections of unaccredited local, accredited national, and reputable international journals in English by Indonesian writers in the field of Language Teaching. The research method used was descriptive qualitative and quantitative research methods (mixed-method) in analyzing differences in argument styles and linguistic features of the discussion sections of the journal articles. Sixty articles were analyzed using the genre-based text analysis method following Swales (1990) and Dudley Evan (1994). The results show that the argument strategies of articles in local, national, and international journals have important differences. The main differences are the discussion sections in the international journals are much longer in word count and use much more references than the local and national journals do. Also, unlike international journal articles, the majority of local journals use an incomplete argument strategy while national journal articles use a semicomplete argument strategy. Yet another difference is that international journal authors tend to use non-integral citations more frequently while local and national journal authors prefer using integral citation types. The similarity among the three journal articles is that the majority of the authors tend to use present tense and past tense in their discussion section rather than present perfect tense and future tense. Keywords: argument strategy, Research article, comparative rhetorical study

This study is aimed at investigating how Indonesian writers in multidiscipline use reporting verbs (henceforth RVs) and reporting signals (henceforth RSs) in their research article introductions in English. Fifty research articles (henceforth RAs) were chosen on purpose from the recent edition of five different English language journals in Multi-disciplines published in Indonesia (i.e., 10 from Applied Linguistics, 10 from Medicine, 10 from Animal Husbandry, 10 from Engineering and Technology, and 10 from Geography). The results reveal that the most frequent groups of RV found in the RA introductions are SHOW and ARGUE groups; while the most frequent RS is Reporting Noun. It is also found that Indonesian writers in the data of this research tend to use RVs in Present and Past Tense. These findings are similar to those of previous studies where there is no important difference between English native and non-native speakers in using RVs in their RAs. This implies that Indonesian writers of the articles used in this study have used RVs in a similar way to English native speakers. This is because the RAs used in this research were taken from reputable international journals indexed by Scopus and/or Web of Science.

The existence of abstract is compulsory within a research article (RA). Abstract is a summary or brief overview that describes entire content of RA. At a glimpse, abstract tells readers what the RA is all about and at the same time, it acknowledges readers and allows them indirectly to give pre-assessment about quality of the RA. This study aims to find rhetorical moves and linguistic features; tenses and voice forms of RA abstracts by Indonesian authors in Applied Linguistics published in international journals. Using content analysis method, sixty RA abstracts were extracted from two international journals; Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) and TEFLIN journal, and examined based on their rhetorical move following five-move model by Hyland (2005) and Arsyad (2014) for fact-finding. The results reveal; 1) Move 2 (Aim/ Purpose), Move 3 (Method) and Move 4 (Finding/ Result) exist in total sixty RA abstracts, unlike Move 1 (Introduction) and Move 5 (Conclusion and Suggestion), 2) The Simple Present Tense is major tense to apply in all rhetorical moves except in Move 3 (Method) in which Past Tense is mostly used. 3) Active voice dominates rhetorical moves except in Move 3 (Method) in which Passive voice is precisely more applied. This study concludes that the use of rhetorical move models and linguistic features in RA abstracts implies the quality of RA abstracts. Indonesian authors are suggested to follow international standards and trends to achieve outstanding RA abstract.

There has been a great deal of interest in issues multilingual scholars (henceforth: MLS) have in trying to gain publication in international main-stream English language journals (IEJs). However, little research has been published on the experience of MLS using their perspective, particularly how they perceive their competence (knowledge and skills) to publish their research internationally. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap by investigating what they perceived as the factors that inhibited them from publishing in IEJs. This study mainly used a quantitative method, but the results were supplemented with interviews and focus group discussion with some of the participants in the survey. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) tool of the SPSS statistical programme was used to conduct two levels of analysis: the PCA and Confirmation Factorial Analysis (CFA). The key finding was that the most critical factor for the participants was not a lack of funds as widely reported in many previous studies, but lack of competence to face the challenges of preparing and publishing research article (RA) in IEJs, which had dampened self-confidence. The low self-confidence and two solutions, suggested by the participants, implicitly confirmed the key finding. The participants were aware of the various benefits of research article publication in IEJs, but they were not strong enough to overcome the critical factor. The implication is that policymakers should consider providing regular training for staff with adequate practice and feedback and introducing the subject to undergraduate or, at least, MA students before they embark on starting their research projects.

The argument quality in a research article discussion (henceforth RAD) determines the quality of the article as a whole, and therefore this section must be written as convincingly as possible. However, authors in different disciplines such as Language Studies (LS) may address this section in a different argument style. This study is aimed at investigating how Indonesian writers in LS support their findings in their RADs. There were 40 RADs taken from four different Indonesian journals in LS; the articles were chosen from the latest volumes of the nationally accredited journals. This study used a genre analysis method in which the major source of data is a collection of texts as a product of language activity. The results show that the majority of Indonesian writers use Style 1 (interpreting the research findings or suggesting what the research findings mean), Style 2 (explaining or elaborating the research findings), Style-3 (stating the possible cause/s of the research findings), and Style 4 (illustrating or exemplifying the research findings) to support their research findings. However, unlike international authors, Indonesian writers do not relate their research findings with those of previous related studies; if they do so, it is to confirm the interpretation or explanation of their research results. The results of this study may help Indonesian authors in LS improve the quality of their RADs especially when writing articles in English to be submitted to an international journal.

This article has been removed at the request of Professor Safnil Arsyad because the criteria for research output required by the research funder have yet to fulfill.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of genre based approach on students’ writing ability of recount text. This study was conducted through quasi experimental design. The population were the total of 52 second year students of SMAN 05 Bengkulu Tengah (IPS1 as experimental class dan IPS2 as control class). Theexperimental class was taught by using genre based approach and the control class was taught by using the conventional approach.The instrument was a written test of a recount text. Before analyzing the data by using t-test, a normality and homogenity test were conducted, then scored by using assessment rubric of Heaton (1988). The result showed that there was significant effect of genre based approach on students’ writing ability of recount text. The effects were on the content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics.

Multimodal inputs (both auditory and visual) in the forms of films and videos have long been used in teaching EFL listening comprehension. Previous studies have shown that listening while watching videos can significantly aid students’ comprehension. However, videos were rarely used as testing materials since they contained more than aural input so they did not ‘really’ test listening. This study explored the extent to which multimodal testing materials can be used in testing listening comprehension for EFL students and how the results would differ from that of mono modality testing materials. The participants were 100 students of the English Department, Bina Nusantara University (henceforth Binus) University Jakarta. The researchers gave them two kinds of tests: the video listening test (VLT) and audio listening test (ALT). The materials were two short videos from YouTube. The first test, ALT was given after the participants listened to the videos twice. On the contrary, VLT was administered after they watched the videos twice. To examine the differences in the effects of VLT or ALT on EFL students’ performance in listening comprehension, the data were analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that students got better scores for VLT compared to ALT. The findings imply that students’ performance in listening comprehension is significantly improved with multimodal testing materials

Multimodal inputs (both auditory and visual) in the forms of films and videos have long been used in teaching EFL listening comprehension. Previous studies have shown that listening while watching videos can significantly aid students’ comprehension. However, videos were rarely used as testing materials since they contained more than aural input so they did not ‘really’ test listening. This study explored the extent to which multimodal testing materials can be used in testing listening comprehension for EFL students and how the results would differ from that of mono modality testing materials. The participants were 100 students of the English Department, Bina Nusantara University (henceforth Binus) University Jakarta. The researchers gave them two kinds of tests: the video listening test (VLT) and audio listening test (ALT). The materials were two short videos from YouTube. The first test, ALT was given after the participants listened to the videos twice. On the contrary, VLT was administered after they watched the videos twice. To examine the differences in the effects of VLT or ALT on EFL students’ performance in listening comprehension, the data were analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that students got better scores for VLT compared to ALT. The findings imply that students’ performance in listening comprehension is significantly improved with multimodal testing materials

Meta-discourse is one of the linguistic features that have gotten considerable attention in writing a research article abstract recently. It is because the meta-discourse serves as a textual and interpersonal marker that can help readers to organize, classify, interpret, evaluate, and react to the contents of a propositions or meanings of sentences in the research article abstracts. However, Indonesian authors still have a problem in the use of meta-discourse based on its function in writing a research article abstract that meets to reputable international journals. The purpose of this study is to help improve the linguistic feature quality of research article abstracts written by Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices. This study used three stages of genre-based method following Hyland (2003): modeling, joint construction, and independent construction to mentor 20 lecturers in improving their research article abstract quality in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices in the sentences. The meta-discourse devices in the lecturers’ research article abstracts was evaluated following the frameworks of meta-discourse based on its function as suggested by Hyland (2005). The result revealed that there is an important improvement on the linguistic feature quality of Indonesian lecturers’ research article abstracts in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices. It implies that genre-based mentoring method has been quite effective in helping Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities in writing their RA abstracts in using meta-discourse devices for a reputable international journal.

This research is aimed to find the most frequent type of discourse markers used in the argumentative essay and the differences in its use written by the first, third, and fifth semester students of English Education study program of Universitas Bengkulu. The documentation technique and checklist are used in this research. Thirty two argumentative essays written by English Education Study Program’s students were analyzed by using mix method quantitative and qualitative, along with descriptive approach. The results showed that the most frequent type of discourse markers used by English Education students is additive markers (58%). And the students have different amount of discourse markers in their writing where the third semester students used more discourse markers than the other two group of students (148). It is highly encouraged for English Education instructors to take teaching discourse markers specifically into account. It is also suggested for future researchers to further analyze the correct use of discourse markers in the argumentative essay written by English Education Study Program students of Universitas Bengkulu.

This research aimed at finding the rhetorical of narrative section based on Labov’s model and the stand-up comedy techniques which dominantly used by Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, and Bill Burr on their performances. The observation checklist was used in this research. Fifteen different topics performance from each stand-up comedian were analyzed by using descriptive method, using quantitative as well as qualitative data. From the result it was found that three stand-up comedians used narrative section suggested by Labov. The narrative section is abstract, orientation, complicating actions, resolution, and coda. Also, the most frequent techniques used by three stand-up comedians are rule of three and one liner technique. Those techniques are the most effective technique that can trigger audience laughter. The last finding of this research, there are two common patterns created by three stand-up comedians based on Labov’s model of narrative sections.

This research is aimed at finding the most dominant move, step and the most common pattern of rhetorical style in Research Article Introduction in Law Studies Written By International Authors. The documentation technique and checklist were used in this research. Fifteen English RA introductions by International authors were analyzed by using disourse analysis technique, using quantitative as well as qualitative method and following Swales’s CARS Model (1990). The results show that the authors dominantly use Move 1 (Establishing a territory) and Step 2 of Move 1 (Making Topic Generalisation). The fifteen articles mostly have the same model in leading to understanding to the article introduction. In addition, International authors of English RAs in Law Study prefer describing the phenomena and found the problem based on it to describing the previous research. The most common pattern is Complete Pattern. The articles which belong to Complete Pattern have three moves. While the one which has two moves belong to Semi complete and the one which has one move only belong to incomplete pattern. In conclusion, the articles in the three journals are categorized into appropriate articles in term of discourse structure.

ABSTRACT This study is aimed at investigating the rhetorical structure of Introduction chapters of English master theses written by Indonesian postgraduate students and identifying the frequency of communicative moves and their constituent steps as well as finding how the students justify their research projects reported in their Introduction chapters. The research design was mixed method research combining quantitative and qualitative method. Twenty Introduction chapters of English master theses were taken from two different fields; English language education and applied linguistics, and they were analyzed using checklists. The results: (1) three moves and fifteen steps are found in the introduction chapters of master theses and three newly identified steps other than those specified in Bunton’s are also found in the corpus of this study and (2) three moves are considered obligatory moves, seven steps are classified as obligatory, four Steps are conventional and seven Steps are optional. Further, the majority of Indonesian postgraduate students tend to rhetorically justify their research project based on the knowledge gap found in the literature. This study concludes that the move and step model suggested by Bunton (2002) and modified from Swales’ CARS is effective enough to capture the possible rhetorical structure of introduction chapter of master thesis written by Indonesian postgraduate students. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola retorika bab pendahuluan dalam thesis bahasa Inggris diantaranya mengidentifikasi bagian pendahuluan yang memiliki moves (tahapan), steps (langkah), dan menjustifikasi pentingnya penelitian dilakukan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode campuran (mixed method) yang menggabungkan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan instrumen utama yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data adalah instrumen ceklist. Data penelitian ini diambil dari dua bidang thesis yang berbeda; pengajaran bahasa Inggris dan fitur linguistik. Hasil dari penelitian ini: (1) tiga Moves (tahapan) dan limabelas Steps (langkah) ditemukan dalam bab Pendahuluan thesis pada penelitian ini. Selain itu, ditemukan juga tiga Steps (langkah) baru yang tidak ditemukan dalam pola Bunton (2002); (2) tiga Moves (tahapan) dikategorikan harus/wajib ada, tujuh Steps (langkah) diiklasifikasikan harus ada, empat Steps (langkah) boleh ada, dan tujuh Steps (langkah) boleh tidak ada. Selanjutnya, mayoritas mahasiswa pascasarjana Indonesia cenderung secara retoris menjustifikasi proyek penelitian mereka berdasarkan pada celah (gap) yang terdapat dalam penelitian-penelitian terkait terdahulu. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pola tahapan (Move) dan langkah (Step) yang dikemukakan oleh Bunton (2002) dan dimodifikasi dari pola retorika Swales yakni Creating a Research Space (CARS) cukup efektif digunakan dalam menggambarkan struktur retorika bab pendahuluan pada thesis yang ditulis oleh mahasiswa pascasarjana Indonesia. How to Cite: Pujiyanti, I. A., Arsyad, S., Arono. (2018). Rhetorical Structure Analysis on Introduction Chapters of English Master Theses by Indonesian Postgraduate Students. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 5(2), 143-162. doi:10.15408/ijee.v5i2.8423

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible factors inhibiting the university lecturers or professors in Indonesia from publishing their research results in reputable international journals in English. The research used a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) method, employing a national survey and in-depth interviews with selected lecturers and researchers in five different universities in Indonesia (i.e., Bengkulu University, Padang State University, Makasar State University, Unika Atma Jaya University and Mataram University). The results show that three main factors have hindered the lecturers from submitting their articles to reputable international journals: lack of self-confidence on the quality of their own research and article, finding it very difficult and very time consuming to prepare an article in English and no adequate reward for those who can successfully publish in reputable international journals. However, the majority of them have a positive attitude toward international journal publication for their own benefits or for the sake of their institution.

This research is aimed to find metadiscourse form and metadiscourse category which are dominantly used in the undergraduate thesis introduction written by English Department students of Bengkulu University. The documentation technique and checklist are used in this research. Fifteen undergraduate thesis introductions by English Department students were analyzed by using mix method quantitative and qualitative, along with descriptive approach. From the result it was found that English Department students dominantly used interactive metadiscourse markers category and transition metadiscourse markers form in their writing. However, English Department students used of metadiscourse markers were still limited to the use of and, or, also but metadiscourse markers.

Teachers often code-switch in the EFL classroom, but the question of whether or not they are aware of their code-switching has not been satisfactorily answered. This article presents the study on teachers’ understandings and beliefs about their code-switching practices in EFL classrooms as well as effective language teaching and learning. The participants of this study came from four junior high schools in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia: five teachers with their respective classes. This research used the conversation analysis and stimulated recall interviews to analyze the data which came from the video recording of classroom observations and the audio recording of stimulated recall interviews with teachers. The results revealed the pedagogical functions and affective functions of teacher’s code-switching. The data also showed that the use of stimulated recall interviews helped teachers to be consciously aware of their code-switching as well as of their other pedagogical practices in the language classroom. Therefore, stimulated recall interviews can be a useful tool for teacher self-reflection that they were not aware of their code switch. This awareness could be incorporated into language teacher professional development and in-service teacher professional learning.

The existence of abstract is compulsory within a research article (RA). Abstract is a summary or brief overview that describes entire content of RA. At a glimpse, abstract tells readers what the RA is all about and at the same time, it acknowledges readers and allows them indirectly to give pre-assessment about quality of the RA. This study aims to find rhetorical moves and linguistic features; tenses and voice forms of RA abstracts by Indonesian authors in Applied Linguistics published in international journals. Using content analysis method, sixty RA abstracts were extracted from two international journals; Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) and TEFLIN journal, and examined based on their rhetorical move following five-move model by Hyland (2005) and Arsyad (2014) for fact-finding. The results reveal; 1) Move 2 (Aim/ Purpose), Move 3 (Method) and Move 4 (Finding/ Result) exist in total sixty RA abstracts, unlike Move 1 (Introduction) and Move 5 (Conclusion and Suggestion), 2) The Simple Present Tense is major tense to apply in all rhetorical moves except in Move 3 (Method) in which Past Tense is mostly used. 3) Active voice dominates rhetorical moves except in Move 3 (Method) in which Passive voice is precisely more applied. This study concludes that the use of rhetorical move models and linguistic features in RA abstracts implies the quality of RA abstracts. Indonesian authors are suggested to follow international standards and trends to achieve outstanding RA abstract.

The existence of abstract is compulsory within a research article (RA). Abstract is a summary or brief overview that describes entire content of RA. At a glimpse, abstract tells readers what the RA is all about and at the same time, it acknowledges readers and allows them indirectly to give pre-assessment about quality of the RA. This study aims to find rhetorical moves and linguistic features; tenses and voice forms of RA abstracts by Indonesian authors in Applied Linguistics published in international journals. Using content analysis method, sixty RA abstracts were extracted from two international journals; Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) and TEFLIN journal, and examined based on their rhetorical move following five-move model by Hyland (2005) and Arsyad (2014) for fact-finding. The results reveal; 1) Move 2 (Aim/ Purpose), Move 3 (Method) and Move 4 (Finding/ Result) exist in total sixty RA abstracts, unlike Move 1 (Introduction) and Move 5 (Conclusion and Suggestion), 2) The Simple Present Tense is major tense to apply in all rhetorical moves except in Move 3 (Method) in which Past Tense is mostly used. 3) Active voice dominates rhetorical moves except in Move 3 (Method) in which Passive voice is precisely more applied. This study concludes that the use of rhetorical move models and linguistic features in RA abstracts implies the quality of RA abstracts. Indonesian authors are suggested to follow international standards and trends to achieve outstanding RA abstract.

This article has been removed at the request of Professor Safnil Arsyad because the criteria for research output required by the research funder have yet to fulfill.

This article has been removed at the request of Professor Safnil Arsyad because the criteria for research output required by the research funder have yet to fulfill.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of genre based approach on students’ writing ability of recount text. This study was conducted through quasi experimental design. The population were the total of 52 second year students of SMAN 05 Bengkulu Tengah (IPS1 as experimental class dan IPS2 as control class). Theexperimental class was taught by using genre based approach and the control class was taught by using the conventional approach.The instrument was a written test of a recount text. Before analyzing the data by using t-test, a normality and homogenity test were conducted, then scored by using assessment rubric of Heaton (1988). The result showed that there was significant effect of genre based approach on students’ writing ability of recount text. The effects were on the content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of genre based approach on students’ writing ability of recount text. This study was conducted through quasi experimental design. The population were the total of 52 second year students of SMAN 05 Bengkulu Tengah (IPS1 as experimental class dan IPS2 as control class). Theexperimental class was taught by using genre based approach and the control class was taught by using the conventional approach.The instrument was a written test of a recount text. Before analyzing the data by using t-test, a normality and homogenity test were conducted, then scored by using assessment rubric of Heaton (1988). The result showed that there was significant effect of genre based approach on students’ writing ability of recount text. The effects were on the content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics.

This study aims at investigating the types of figurative lexicons and the types of meaning of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post’s December editions. The methodology of the research used descriptive qualitative content analysis. The findings related to research questions showed that there were thirteen types of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post and the most dominant type of figurative lexicon found was simile while for the types of meanings of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post, it was found that there were seven types of meanings found in “feature” of the Jakarta Post and the most type of meaning of figurative lexicons found was conceptual meaning. This means that using simile and conceptual meaning in the news presentation of “feature” in The Jakarta Post were effective in order to help the readers easier in understanding the news presented in The Jakarta Post. Therefore, it is then recommended that teachers can bring this type of authentic material to school so the students are motivated and encourged to learn more things in English especially about figurative language and types of meanings

This research objective are analyze the common pattern in Jakarta Post and ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials. The research method used was a mixed method. The research instrument is checklist. The procedure classifies all objects (10 texts Jakarta Post newspaper editorials and 10 texts ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials) on the thematic progression patterns are checklist. The result showsthat the thematic progression in Jakarta Post and ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials are found 3 patterns of thematic progression; 10 texts derived theme; 8 texts Constant progression, and 2 text linear progression. The different on thematic progression in Jakarta post and “Kompas’ newspaper editorials is difference,the difference of sequence in the patterns between Jakarta Post and ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials. The Conclussion Thematic Progression in Jakarta Postand ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials are derived theme and Constant progression.

The abstract has become the first part that will be read by readers in a research article. Some important aspects in the abstract are move structure and linguistic features. This study examines the rhetorical moves and linguistic features of English research article abstract written by three groups of authors in Applied Linguistics. The research design was mixed method design combining quantitative and qualitative method with the corpus of this study consisted of 60 abstracts by postgraduate students, national and international authors found in RA abstracts. The results show that the common moves by three groups of authors have only three moves (i.e purpose, method, and results). The common linguistic features used by three groups of authors are active voice, present tense, and simple sentence. By comparing the three groups of abstracts the differences are found in the postgraduate students authors. They were used move 1 (Background/ introduction/ situation) fewer than national and international authors. Furthur the postgraduate students used past tense more dominant than present tense and using hedges is more frequently than national and international authors. This study concludes that in writing RA abstracts a writer should adjust the commonly used rules the abstract especially in using 5 moves in the abstracts.

English teachers in all levels of education in Indonesia try hard to make their students able to speak and write English. Teachers sometimes use code-mixing in their classroom instructions. This study is conducted to investigate Code – Mixing in English Classes of SMPN 14 Kota Bengkulu: Views From the Teachers. The participants were the English teachers who teach English at SMPN 14 Kota Bengkulu. The data were collected from audio-recording and interviewing to the teachers. The results indicated that teachers used inter-sentential code-mixing more frequently than intra-sentential code-mixing. It also found that all of the teachers used code-mixing in pre-activity, while activity and post-activity of teaching and learning process in their English classes. They also used code-mixing for giving instruction, translation and asking for clarification. The English-Indonesian pattern is the most frequently used by the teachers in teaching English. The teachers used code-mixing in teaching English in the English classes to make the students able to understand the purpose of teaching and learning process easily.

Authorial stance is an important aspect in academic texts in academic texts such as research articles (RAs); that is to show the attitude of authors toward the information cited in a reference in order to establish an argument. The objective of this research was to investigate the authorial stances in English RA introductions written by Indonesia authors in the field of sciences (i.e. Biology, Physic and Chemistry). This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. Thirty English research article introductions were included in the corpus in this study. The results show that two authorial stances: neutral and positive stances are found in the texts but no critical stance is used in the corpus of this research. Also, four types of authorial stance (i.e., hedges, booster, attitudinal markers, and self- mention) are used in the RA introductions and the devices in each type of authorial stance are nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives and modals. Self-mentions found in this research are subjective pronoun, common noun and possessive adjectives. It can be concluded that Indonesian authors in the field of sciences already use similar types of authorial stances in their English RA introductions to those of international authors writing in English.

It is widely accepted that the use of learning materials which accommodates students’ schemata is much more effective than the ones outside student’s present knowledge background. The objectives of this study are to describe the students’ learning style distribution and their perception on local oriented and learning style-based English learning materials in Bengkulu Province. The respondents were senior high school students in Bengkulu Province. The results show that : 1) the English learning materials can present a well-designed English learning materials for senior high schools students; 2) the English learning materials with picture stories and visual and audio learning media help students learn English; 3) the learning materials have been designed very well according to the students; 4) as reported by the students the strengths of the English learning materials is that it provides new information on tourism places in Bengkulu Province for the students, 5) the learning materials (the text books and VCD/CD) could improve their motivation to learn English. It can be concluded that local oriented and learning style-based learning materials can be not only more effective but also preferred by the students.

ABSTRACT The discussion section is considered the most important section of a thesis but also the most difficult to write especially by university students. This study investigated the move-step and rhetorical pattern of discussion section in 20 English Master Theses written by Indonesian EFL postgraduate students. Following the model suggested by Loan and Pramoolsook (2015), this study found that students constructed the discussion section according to their perceived communicative purposes of discussion section. The most noticeable feature of the section is the occurrence of Move 2 (reporting results) and Move 4 (Commenting on results) occurring in all texts making them obligatory moves. In terms of step, interpreting results and referring to other studies in Move 4 are also considered as obligatory steps. The findings of this study are useful particularly for EFL students; that is to facilitate them to better understand the rhetorical structure of thesis discussion section when written in English. ABSTRAK Bagian pembahasan dianggap sebagai bagian yang paling penting dalam tesis tetapi juga yang paling sulit ditulis terutama oleh mahasiswa atau penulis baru. Penelitian ini penting untuk menyelidiki pola retorika bagian pembahasan tesis mahasiswa magister bahasa Inggris yang ditulis oleh mahasiswa Indonesia. Mengikuti model yang disarankan oleh Loan and Pramoolsook (2015), penelitian ini menemukan bahwa mahasiswa mengorganisir bagian pembahasan sesuai dengan tujuan komunikatif yang mereka anggap penting. Tujuan komunikatif yang paling menonjol dari bagian ini adalah ‘Move’ 2 (tahapan melaporkan hasil peneitian) dan ‘Move’ 4 (tahapan mengomentari hasil penelitian) yang ditemukan di semua teks sehingga dianggap wajib. Dalam hal langkah (Steps), langkah menafsirkan hasil penelitian dan langkah mengacu pada penelitian terdahuluan dalam ‘Move’ 4 dianggap sebagai langkah wajib. Temuan penelitian ini berguna terutama untuk mahasiswa magister bahasa Inggris, yaitu untuk memudahkan mereka memahami struktur retorika dari bagian pembahasan tesis yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris. How to Cite: Wasito., Syah, S. A., Harahap, A. (2017). Stating and Defending New Knowledge Claim: a Rhetorical Analysis on the Discussion Section of English Master Thesis by Indonesian EFL Learners. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 4(2), 188-207. doi:10.15408/ijee.v4i2.6746

Meta-discourse is one of the linguistic features that have gotten considerable attention in writing a research article abstract recently. It is because the meta-discourse serves as a textual and interpersonal marker that can help readers to organize, classify, interpret, evaluate, and react to the contents of a propositions or meanings of sentences in the research article abstracts. However, Indonesian authors still have a problem in the use of meta-discourse based on its function in writing a research article abstract that meets to reputable international journals. The purpose of this study is to help improve the linguistic feature quality of research article abstracts written by Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices. This study used three stages of genre-based method following Hyland (2003): modeling, joint construction, and independent construction to mentor 20 lecturers in improving their research article abstract quality in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices in the sentences. The meta-discourse devices in the lecturers’ research article abstracts was evaluated following the frameworks of meta-discourse based on its function as suggested by Hyland (2005). The result revealed that there is an important improvement on the linguistic feature quality of Indonesian lecturers’ research article abstracts in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices. It implies that genre-based mentoring method has been quite effective in helping Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities in writing their RA abstracts in using meta-discourse devices for a reputable international journal.

Meta-discourse is one of the linguistic features that have gotten considerable attention in writing a research article abstract recently. It is because the meta-discourse serves as a textual and interpersonal marker that can help readers to organize, classify, interpret, evaluate, and react to the contents of a propositions or meanings of sentences in the research article abstracts. However, Indonesian authors still have a problem in the use of meta-discourse based on its function in writing a research article abstract that meets to reputable international journals. The purpose of this study is to help improve the linguistic feature quality of research article abstracts written by Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices. This study used three stages of genre-based method following Hyland (2003): modeling, joint construction, and independent construction to mentor 20 lecturers in improving their research article abstract quality in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices in the sentences. The meta-discourse devices in the lecturers’ research article abstracts was evaluated following the frameworks of meta-discourse based on its function as suggested by Hyland (2005). The result revealed that there is an important improvement on the linguistic feature quality of Indonesian lecturers’ research article abstracts in terms of the appropriate use of meta-discourse devices. It implies that genre-based mentoring method has been quite effective in helping Indonesian lecturers in social sciences and humanities in writing their RA abstracts in using meta-discourse devices for a reputable international journal.

This study aims at investigating the types of figurative lexicons and the types of meaning of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post’s December editions. The methodology of the research used descriptive qualitative content analysis. The findings related to research questions showed that there were thirteen types of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post and the most dominant type of figurative lexicon found was simile while for the types of meanings of figurative lexicons found in “feature” of The Jakarta Post, it was found that there were seven types of meanings found in “feature” of the Jakarta Post and the most type of meaning of figurative lexicons found was conceptual meaning. This means that using simile and conceptual meaning in the news presentation of “feature” in The Jakarta Post were effective in order to help the readers easier in understanding the news presented in The Jakarta Post. Therefore, it is then recommended that teachers can bring this type of authentic material to school so the students are motivated and encourged to learn more things in English especially about figurative language and types of meanings

This research objective are analyze the common pattern in Jakarta Post and ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials. The research method used was a mixed method. The research instrument is checklist. The procedure classifies all objects (10 texts Jakarta Post newspaper editorials and 10 texts ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials) on the thematic progression patterns are checklist. The result showsthat the thematic progression in Jakarta Post and ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials are found 3 patterns of thematic progression; 10 texts derived theme; 8 texts Constant progression, and 2 text linear progression. The different on thematic progression in Jakarta post and “Kompas’ newspaper editorials is difference,the difference of sequence in the patterns between Jakarta Post and ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials. The Conclussion Thematic Progression in Jakarta Postand ‘Kompas’ newspaper editorials are derived theme and Constant progression.

The abstract has become the first part that will be read by readers in a research article. Some important aspects in the abstract are move structure and linguistic features. This study examines the rhetorical moves and linguistic features of English research article abstract written by three groups of authors in Applied Linguistics. The research design was mixed method design combining quantitative and qualitative method with the corpus of this study consisted of 60 abstracts by postgraduate students, national and international authors found in RA abstracts. The results show that the common moves by three groups of authors have only three moves (i.e purpose, method, and results). The common linguistic features used by three groups of authors are active voice, present tense, and simple sentence. By comparing the three groups of abstracts the differences are found in the postgraduate students authors. They were used move 1 (Background/ introduction/ situation) fewer than national and international authors. Furthur the postgraduate students used past tense more dominant than present tense and using hedges is more frequently than national and international authors. This study concludes that in writing RA abstracts a writer should adjust the commonly used rules the abstract especially in using 5 moves in the abstracts.