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The purpose of this research exploration was to investigate the impact of video prompting procedures on the acquisition of electronic journaling skill, and how to create and present scientific knowledge previously learned by students with intellectual disabilities. Using single-subject, multiple probe, and multiple baseline-design across four participants with moderate intellectual disabilities, results revealed that participants could increase their number of correct, completed steps for creating their electronic journals for the science classes. Results also showcased that participants had an opportunity to encounter the tablet-based, evidence-based instructional strategy to learn how to introduce their scientific pieces, talk about and communicate their ideas and thoughts. Implications for future research and practice were provided.

In learning journals, prompts were shown to increase self-regulated learning processes effectively. As studies on effects of long-term prompting are sparse, this study investigates the effects of prompting cognitive and metacognitive self-regulation strategies short-term and long-term in learning journals on learners' strategy use, self-efficacy, and learning outcome. Therefore, 74 university students kept a weekly learning journal as follow-up course work over a period of eight weeks. All students' learning journals included prompts for a short-term period, half of the students were prompted long-term. While self-efficacy was assessed via self-reports, strategy use was measured with self-reports and qualitative data from the learning journals. Learning outcomes were assessed via course exams. Short-term prompting increased self-reported cognitive and metacognitive strategy use, and the quantity of cognitive strategy use. Yet, it did not affect self-efficacy, which predicted the learning outcome. Irrespective whether prompting continued or not, self-reported cognitive and metacognitive strategy use, and self-efficacy decreased. Qualitative data indicate that the quantity of learners' cognitive strategy use kept stable irrespective of the condition. The results indicate that short-term prompting activates cognitive and metacognitive strategy use. Long-term prompting in learning journals had no effect on strategy use, self-efficacy, and performance. Future research should investigate possible enhancers of long-term prompting like feedback, adaptive prompts or additional support.

This study aims to examine the engineering and design-supported STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) experiences of students who participated in the "Design and Innovation Workshop" organized at the Science and Art Center (SAC) during the semester break. The experiences and perceptions of 17 students (10 males and 7 females) were analyzed in depth in this study, which was conducted using a phenomenology design from qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interview form, student diaries, field notes and STEM product drawing form were used as data collection tools. The research findings showed that students' participation in design and engineering-based STEM activities enhanced their problem-solving skills, creativity and teamwork. The theory accompanying the research suggests that these activities increase students' interest and motivation in STEM disciplines. The research results suggest that design and innovation workshops can positively influence students' attitudes and skills towards STEM fields.

Reflective Learning Journals are used to engage students in the learning process. To motivate students to complete the Reflective Learning Journal it is common practice to allocate marks and it is in this area that problems arise. To address the problems rubrics have been used however, most rubrics are based on assigning marks to very straightforward learning objectives embedded in almost every major assignment, and this is not so easy when evaluating/assessing the writing of a reflective journal. Deriving a rubric to suit a reflective learning journal requires attention to writing analytics rather than traditional learning outcomes. This paper presents a rubric developed from the literature on written self-reflection textual analytics. The approach provides a formula driven method as an objective means to alleviate any perception of subjectivity.

This research paper attempts to investigate the organization and effectiveness of vocabulary notebooks by distinguishing several benefits the implementation of this technique brings in the acquisition of technical terminology through an "English for Specific Purposes course". When tackling with language learning, it is needless to emphasize the noteworthiness and the importance of vocabulary in this process. Appertaining to technical terminology, this plays entirely pertinent. Various studies have concluded that vocabulary notebooks (henceforth VN) efficiently expose different learners' strategies within this single strategy, which led us to research VN. These research data were obtained mainly by applying the observational research technique, a vocabulary oral and written exam, and a comprehensive questionnaire on the effectiveness of the Vocabulary Notebook. Mechanical Engineering, Textile Engineering, and Hydrotechnical Engineering students at the Polytechnic University of Tirana were selected to obtain the data. The observation is partly overt and partly covert. Students of Mechanical Engineering and Textile Engineering (75 students) are the treatment group wherein the Mechanical Engineering students are an overt group and the Textile Engineering students serve as the covert observational group while on the other hand, the Hydrotechnical Engineering (45 students) students are the control group. The data were obtained during and at the end of the semester. Throughout the observation all along the 1st semester, it was perceived that most of the students organized their VN by utilizing mainly Microsoft Word downloaded on their Smart Phones, while the rest used the traditional paper notebook to organize their technical VN. The organization of the VN reflected the strategies each of the students implemented to learn technical terminology. At the end, students were tested on their acquired terminology through an oral and a short-written exam and then a questionnaire was handed to them. The students of the overt group making use of a digitalized form of a Notebook resulted to have acquired most of the technical vocabulary. In the main, the overt group outperformed the covert group on the acquisition of technical vocabulary, while the control group's score on the oral exam was significantly below, compared to the all-inclusive treatment group. Students' questionnaire revealed that overall students had a positive approach to this strategy and they embraced the autonomy acquired throughout the semester by implementing this strategy. With the exception of the effectiveness on vocabulary acquisition, which was on higher levels, this strategy proved itself once again to be an enhancer and promoter of learner autonomy. [Note: The page range (315-334) shown is incorrect. The correct page range is 315-333.]

Research indicates that reading strategy instruction improves comprehension. Conceptualizing strategy training as mediating reading strategy use through collaborative and reflective practices, the present study examined the combined effect of peer-collaborative strategic reading and reflective journaling on strategy use and comprehension. Data were collected from 72 ninth-grade participants, employing a pretest-posttest comparison group design, through Reflective Journals, Reading Comprehension Test, and the Survey of Reading Strategies. The experimental group (n=36) participated in strategy training, while the comparison group (n=36) had regular study hours. Reflective journals show that the experimental group improved in rationalizing the conditional knowledge of strategies, using strategy clusters, employing responsive actions, specifying the details of strategy use and verbalizing the reading process. Findings also indicate that the experimental group outperformed the comparison group in post-test in comprehension and frequency of strategy use. The findings imply that reading strategy instruction models and teachers can increase the collaborative and reflective nature of strategy training to develop students' strategic reading and comprehension.

Current literature outlines the importance of--and strategies for--collecting student life material in institutional archives but does not address the inclusion of this material within collecting statements. This study examines publicly available collecting statements from Association of Research Libraries (ARL) institutions' university archives, seeking mentions of student life archival material, diversity, and proactive approaches for collecting said material. Findings suggest that while many ARL institutions mention student life in these policies, most do not make the connection to how this material relates to diversity within the university archives, nor do they provide a proactive approach for collecting this material.

This study explored the use of digital notebooks in an elementary science methods course to encourage teacher candidates (TCs) to think critically about and reflect on important aspects of elementary science teaching. Framed within John Dewey's experiential education and the application of this work to science education, we examined how TCs experienced digital science notebooks and the ways in which TCs plan to use them in their future classrooms. Data sources from two course sections included pre- and post-surveys and focus group interviews and were analyzed qualitatively. Findings suggest TCs' engagement in digital notebooks as an inquiry experience and the investigative tasks therein supported organization of thoughts and reflection, taking multiple perspectives, and resulted in different levels of confidence in using digital notebooks, particularly regarding technology. Teacher candidates valued digital notebooks for use with students, noting the recording of observations and scientific explanations, differentiation and multimodal strategies, accessibility/shareability, and creativity. Concerns about digital notebooks included technology difficulties, technology access, and appropriate usage for elementary students. This study provides critical insights into how TCs perceive digital notebooks, an online tool that can be used to support active inquiry experiences in science, as students and as teachers.

The purpose of this research was to develop learning activities to improve global competence for a classroom-based course in the field of clothing and textiles and explore how those activities affected the global competence of college students. To achieve this goal, the researchers proposed the following objectives: (a) develop learning activities on global competence and (b) explore the influences of newly proposed learning activities on the global competence of college students. The authors analyzed students' reflective essays to identify themes through constant comparative analysis. The authors found participants learned about the Japanese culture through diverse aspects of global competence--affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions--throughout the semester via these learning activities. The authors also found informal writing could work as a starting point, where students were slowly exposed to a different culture, and reflective essays worked as a final summarizing phase where students could think further about their learning process related to global competence. This research is significant in terms of providing an empirical example of how to increase global competence in classroom-based courses. Additionally, scholars and teaching practitioners can gain insights from this study on how to improve global competence for the future workforce in a global economy.

While transformative learning often leads to positive experiences, it can also be a complex, emotionally turbulent process. The process for some can represent a messy and emotionally chaotic journey, where learners may find themselves in conflict with their emotional comfort zones as they question belief systems, who they are, how they see the world, interpret what happens to them, and consider multiple points of view to verify one's truth and reality. This autoethnographic study focuses on a doctoral student's interactions with varied cognitive, sociocultural, and emotional challenges throughout their educational and personal experiences. This study integrates Transformative Learning Theory with Ivtzan et al.'s (2016) second wave "dark side" positive psychology, introducing a "dark side" perspective to transformative learning. This approach aims to deepen the understanding of the entire emotional experience and offers guidance for navigating the transformative learning process.

Spelling instruction is often overlooked by many teachers during reading and language arts. The purpose of this study was to implement a manageable differentiated word study instruction curriculum, drawn from the "Words Their Way (WTW)" curriculum, to determine how it affected students' spelling accuracy and how the participants perceived its effect on students' daily journal writing time in a fourth-grade self-contained classroom. Students were placed into small groups based on their spelling pre-test scores. Data was collected through field notes, student and teacher interviews, a pre- and post-test, and a survey. Qualitative data was analyzed using the constant comparative method, and quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Four major themes emerged including benefits and challenges of the "WTW" curriculum, "WTW" curriculum's perceived impact on students' journal writing, and "WTW" curriculum helping improve students' spelling accuracy. The researcher also found that most of the participants showed growth on the post-assessment.

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) have emerged as a viable platform to engage large numbers of students in real-world scientific practices. Historically, CUREs have been offered throughout science, technology, engineering, and mathematics curricula at both the introductory and advanced levels and have been facilitated by a variety of individuals, including faculty members, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate teaching assistants (GTAs). This latter population, in particular, has increasingly been tasked with facilitating CUREs, yet they often receive little meaningful professional development to improve pedagogical skills vital to this type of instruction. To address this disparity, we designed and evaluated a semester-long intervention to support GTAs (N = 7) responsible for leading CUREs at our institution during the Fall 2020 semester. Intervention activities included synchronous interactive discussions, reflective journaling, and asynchronous practical exercises. Analysis of retrospective postintervention survey responses and focus group interview data revealed that participants exhibited gains in their understanding of the dimensions of CUREs, strategies for mentoring undergraduates, and use of various pedagogical techniques as well as confidence in addressing and adopting those dimensions and strategies in their courses. Furthermore, participants reported finding value in the sense of community created through the intervention, which served as a means to share ideas and struggles throughout the term.

This qualitative study utilizes a phenomenological approach to assess impact of education-based service-learning experience on undergraduates' self-authorship process at a 4- year university. Research questions focused on implementing Boud et al. (1985) model of reflection as a framework for journaling; identifying participant variables indicative of self-authorship; and deciphering if a combination of service-learning activities and participant variables elicit self-authorship growth. Themes determined from participants' journal entries indicate service learning experiences combined with critical reflection elicit development in inner voice, or at minimum, engage students in recognizing internal dialogues. Several noted the benefit of classroom activities in helping them make meaning of experiences. Others drew on past experiences to shape how they acted and thought as a teacher for the students they were helping. Many noted they found it impactful or disheartening to learn about their students' backgrounds; this internal conflict often served as an opportunity for participants to re-consider their worldview, at least from an educational sphere. Even though many enrolled to meet the university's experiential learning course requirement, participants overall appeared to develop a stronger inner voice.

Background: Globally, teaching practice has been at the heart of teacher education programmes. For quality teaching and learning, literacy student teachers are expected to develop metacognitive attributes and critical thinking to integrate theory and practice. Because of the dominance of autonomous models in literacy teaching and learning nationally and internationally, literature continues to report poor literacy attainment, especially for indigenous language learners. Contrasting this deficit view, this article employed languaging as a lens to describe student teachers' reflections on their interactions with Grade 3 learners using multimodal and linguistic repertoires, which they both bring from socio-cultural contexts as well as utilisation of embodied representational modes. Aim: To explore how Foundation Phase (FP) student teachers used languaging and semiotic modes to enhance literacy teaching and learning in Grade 3 classrooms. Setting: An Eastern Cape Institution of Higher Education. Methods: In this qualitative study, four purposely selected FP isiXhosa Home Language student teachers used reflective journals to articulate their individual and peer classroom literacy practices. Data were thematically analysed. Results: Findings revealed the importance of acknowledging authentic and diverse linguistic resources that learners bring from their socio-cultural backgrounds as well as the use of multimodal literacies in the classroom context. Conclusion: This study concludes that languaging allowed learners and student teachers to exploit multimodalities and linguistic repertoires that they bring from their socio-cultural backgrounds. Contribution: This study demonstrates the pedagogical literacy strategies that created live dialogical engagements between student teachers and learners. These can be useful to teacher educators as well as teachers in the Foundation Phase contexts and thus improve literacy teaching and learning, especially in indigenous languages.

ePortfolios are a collection of digital evidence demonstrating learning over time, and are a high-impact practice for students that can be curated for specific audiences. In multidisciplinary programs, such as agriculture/agribusiness, students often have nuanced learning journeys and graduate with a range of skills and work-integrated learning (WIL) experiences. It can be difficult for both students and potential employers to recognize the depth and breadth of the students' individual learning journey, and the skills that they possess. Integrating ePortfolios into an agriculture/agribusiness program has the potential to improve outcomes for student, institution and employer by providing an innovative solution to this tension. It can encourage students to develop technological and reflective skills, as well as highlight their specific WIL experiences, knowledge and understanding. However, while ePortfolios can be a powerful tool, there are challenges to successful implementation. These are addressed via a series of research-driven recommendations.

Paper Laboratory Notebooks (PLNs) have been used for centuries to document and archive the thoughts and work of inventors, scientists, students, and engineers. PLNs are the first formal means of scientific communication we teach our students and, in turn, a student's first training on cultivating and expressing scientific thinking. In the science teaching laboratory, PLNs are at the forefront and serve various purposes for students in the science laboratory curriculum, like good documentation practices and accurate record keeping. This paper discusses the reasons for switching to OneNote ELN, the criteria for selecting OneNote ELN software, how OneNote ELN was introduced and used in the course, and students' opinions on using this ELN. We successfully implemented the OneNote ELN in our General Biology Laboratory II sequence course for biology majors and nonmajor students entering the health professions. Students had a generally favorable response to using the OneNote ELN; 98% of students agreed that ELNs enabled them to keep a well-maintained laboratory notebook. Overall, student experience with ELNs was positive, with 85% of students indicating that they would recommend other future science laboratory courses they will be taking to adopt the OneNote ELN. In general, the OneNote ELN was viewed more positively in many respects than the PLNs in ease of its usage, access and organizing the notebook.

This systematic review aims to document, analyze and synthesize the latest research related to reflective teaching and professional development in pre-service English teachers. The reasoning behind this review is to substantiate that acquiring a reflective teaching practice can be the best alternative for novice teachers to open their minds, renovate their teaching methodologies and knowledge, and adapt their teaching practice to be able to become outstanding language educators. Thirteen articles have been systematically reviewed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline and five exploration issues emerged: (a) the relation between reflective teaching and professional development, (b) reflective teaching benefits, (c) the efficacy of reflective teaching, (d) the continuity of reflective teaching and (e) reflective teaching strategies. The obtained results show different advantageous benefits such as learning from peers by sharing similar experiences, structure and restructure of new teaching knowledge, and the development of continuous resilience to deal with and overcome difficulties in the professional practice. This review suggests that future research should concentrate on programs addressing the importance of being reflective by introducing the topic before teaching practicum which is key for faster integrated professional development.

This study examined a cohort of 12 study abroad participants taking a course on video game topography and narrative in Salamanca, Spain, to determine how inhabiting and co-creating narrative worlds as part of the coursework might impact the experiences of the students inside and outside of the classroom as they engaged in mandated and optional cultural engagement activities, such as museum tours and excursions to historical sites. Students completed two gameful learning activities: 1) they co-created their own narrative game world in a group game proposal assignment drawing upon research from storytelling through game environments, and 2) they created independent digital journals of their experiences through the perspective of a gaming avatar chosen at the beginning of the course. Results from pre- and post-self-report surveys indicate that the game proposal assignment allowed students to develop stronger connections with one another while conducting research that gave them additional context for their cultural surroundings. However, those same students criticized participation in pre-defined environments or activities within the photo journal assignment that they perceived to lack authenticity. Future iterations of similar course designs should establish the course content and context as a foundation before enabling students to co-author the course's game narrative. Assessment of learning outcomes beyond self-reports is also recommended.

This qualitative study was conducted in a private school in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates, to explore the role of reflective diaries as a form of formative assessment in promoting self-regulated learning (SRL) among English as a Second Language learners. Specifically, the study aimed to discover the impact of reflective diaries on students' cognition and metacognition as well as the role they play in increasing students' motivation. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with six students from grade six and reflective diaries from twenty students. Zimmerman's cyclic model of self-regulated learning and Vygotsky's Social Constructive theory were used as frameworks for understanding the role of reflective diaries in promoting self-regulated learning. Using a thematic analysis, two categories of themes emerged as research questions one: what is the effect of a reflective diary on students' cognition/epistemological beliefs? (comprehension of knowledge and utilization of knowledge); and two categories of themes emerged as research question two: what is the effect of a reflective diary on students' metacognition? (awareness of knowledge and regulation of cognition); one theme emerged as research question three: what is the role of reflective diaries in increasing students' motivation? (attending to feelings). The study identifies its limitations and recommendations for future research.

In the study reported on here the reflective journals of student teachers enrolled for the Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) were explored to determine what new learning they had acquired during their teaching practice. Reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice to analyse it for improvement. In this way, reflective journals could be viewed as a tool that moulds and harnesses the professional development of student teachers. Critical emancipatory research was adopted to reflect on student teachers' journaling as an important assessment tool to be used to empower students with pedagogical content to convey knowledge to learners. In the study we purposively sampled a selected group of 10 PGCE students' reflective journals. We found that students' reflective journals are important tools that shape student teachers' professional identities during teaching practice. Furthermore, we found that student teachers' journaling is an emancipatory platform that allows students teachers to think independently and innovatively to free their thoughts on real teaching and learning situations. We recommend that teacher training institutions should emphasise the importance of journaling in teacher training programmes with a focus on critical thinking and problem-solving innovation.

This case study investigated the enactment of a religious moderation literacy project for pre-service teachers of Islamic education at a university in Indonesia. Ten student teachers who participated voluntarily in an online tutorial session and a field trip program to the village where the community embraced interfaith tolerance were interviewed. They wrote reflective journals and collected photographs after joining the field trip. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study found that the pre-service teachers improved their awareness of religious tolerance, felt empowered to act as tolerant teachers, and found leadership to be important for leading a peaceful life.

This article explains how teachers can use educational vlogging as a tool to facilitate students' reflective practice in primary schools. Vlogging is a short duration video recording that engages the learner in critical self-reflection. The widespread accessibility of digital devices in Irish schools offer primary teachers opportunities to use vlogging as a tool to enable students to reflect on their learning, and gather learning analytics that provide insight into the learning process. The Educational Entrepreneurial Approach (EEA) (Crotty, 2014) to action research was employed to show how examining a COVID-19 school news broadcasting project provided the rationale for developing and creating an e-learning course. This course consisted of fifteen educational videos that aimed to enable teachers to facilitate student vlogging in a disadvantaged primary school. Research data was gathered through reflective journaling and validated through meetings between me as researcher (Author 1), my Supervisor (Author 2), and fellow students on the MSc. in Education and Training Management (eLearning) colleagues -- hereafter referred to as MEME. Findings offer insights into the benefits and limitations of educational vlogging and detail how creating the e-learning course, "Vlogging in the Primary School," was transformative for me and for the school. The outcomes indicate that educational vlogging can potentially benefit teachers and students in Irish primary schools and beyond.

This article describes how and why the Dunning-Kruger effect, in which novice students fail to recognize their own lack of research skills, often occurs with the one-shot library instruction mode. In contrast, we offer a holistic model of instruction that emphasizes closer information literacy connections to higher education curricula. Through collaboration, embedded librarianship, and using class time to address ACRL Framework concepts, such instruction promotes deeper, student-centered, authentic inquiry. A case study using research logs and a learning community approach indicated that students acquired a deeper understanding of the research process. The collaborative use of research logs highlights one approach to avoiding the Dunning-Kruger effect, even with limited class time.

Critically-oriented teacher education has been under assault in the United States (U.S.), England, and Australia through policies that have had a chilling effect on teaching critical race theory, gender, and sexuality. We are concerned that these reactionary movements will further distort the histories, lives, and humanity of minoritized groups while reinforcing the single storylines of dominant groups. Our post-qualitative inquiry demonstrates how four literacy teacher education instructors and four preservice literacy teachers from various regions of the U.S. used visual-verbal journals (VVJs) and quality literature in critically-oriented, artful pedagogy to disrupt normative forces in teacher education. Data analyses were informed by the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, particularly the concepts of "becoming" and "health," which have explanatory power over affective encounters across the four different sites. We focus on encounters that produced "literacies of well-becoming," which are reading, composing, and thinking processes that multiply the ways learners: 1) encounter self and other; 2) relate to histories and sociopolitical forces; and 3) circulate life-affirming practices. This article provides affirmative examples of how affects can produce health, which for Deleuze involves distributed capacities to break out of well-worn grooves of habit by connecting to the world in new ways.

This article examines the processes of educational ethnography and questions the traditional use of the field notebook and research relationships. It forms part of an ongoing collaborative study analyzing university students' learning trajectories. Guided by inclusive ethics, the study proposes that researcher-participant collaboration is fundamental in defying traditional research methodologies. Post-qualitative inquiry enables an inclusive ethics perspective by providing a critical view of the usual ways of conducting research. The paper presents three cases of collaborators taking a field notebook and self-observing their learning. Participant agency facilitates our immersion in different worlds and produces new, non-standardized perceptions that enable the transformation of educational ethnography.

This article presents the design and results of a workshop for first-year college students based on a conceptual framework that teaching self-regulated learning practices would lead to greater academic self-efficacy and success for students. Twenty-eight undergraduate students attended this voluntary workshop. Pre- and post-workshop surveys were used to explore correlations between students' self-regulated learning and academic self-efficacy. Student journals and focus groups explored influences of self-regulated learning strategies on students' perceived academic self-efficacy. Longitudinal data provided evidence that 27 of 28 student participants earned degrees, and some entered graduate programs. Results suggest that developing and implementing self-regulated learning strategies may improve a student's academic self-efficacy, which in turn may facilitate academic momentum through a continuous feedback loop that, once established, can lead to academic persistence. These findings may have important implications for those interested in creating opportunities to increase student retention, improve academic success for students, and facilitate lifelong learning.

The study examined the effect of the use of 'personal reflective diaries' and 'group-friendly criticism' to assess professional development and self-empowerment among 47 Israeli final-year pre-service teachers in a seminar course, and later on, perceptions and insights during their practicum and their internship year. Content analysis of holistic summations, a questionnaire, and interviews yielded two participant types: 'purposeful' and 'late bloomer.' For both, four main themes emerged: (1) ability to face difficulties; (2) teaching and class management strategies; (3) beliefs and insights about the teacher's role; and (4) sense of efficacy. Participants stated that fear and uncertainty had turned into satisfaction and empowerment, with growing empathy towards their students. Overall results showed that in-depth focus on one difficulty while using reflective diaries together with group-friendly criticism helped both types of participants deal with their difficulties successfully, while developing strategies and insights for their future as teachers.

Literate programming and cloud-operated open literate educational resources (COOLERs) have been catching the attention of the education community in recent years. This set of learning materials mainly comprises digital notebook-like documents, which are stored, backed, and delivered from cloud services and eventually displayed in students' web browsers. As we demonstrate in this article, the advent of cloud architectures and the COVID-19 pandemic (which forced worldwide long-term distant academic environments) fortuitously teamed up with this learning and methodological trend by easing its use and fostering its adoption. With more detail, we have quantitatively measured the impact that the COOLER paradigm has had on the teaching realm by analyzing five years of logged data gathered by its current major player in the ecosystem: MyBinder. Among other results, we show how this growth in the production and delivery of notebooks made an important leap during the second SARS-CoV-2 wave (July-September 2020). However, the general usage trend seems to have strongly decreased after the end of the most recent seventh wave (September 2022), coinciding with the official end of the global health crisis and all the lockdown episodes. From these examined data, we conclude that COOLER and recent massive online learning scenarios have been very intimately linked. This fact may represent a flaw in the adoption of these exciting and useful learning materials.

This paper provides an alternative lens of viewing digital technologies and networked spaces in outdoor intercultural learning, by introducing the Taoist philosophy of Ziran (nature) and Wuwei (inaction). The application of digital technology to outdoor learning has become prevailing and triggered critical debates and discussions among scholars and practitioners. The majority of the perspectives are, however, oriented in Western ideologies, and very rarely has any research considered this issue in the context of outdoor intercultural learning. A mini-ethnographic study was conducted to reconcile the nature-technology dichotomy during an EU-exchange sail-training voyage. Methodological implications are provided for conducting fieldwork in outdoor learning research, in line with the Ziran-Wuwei principles. The findings suggest that educators and facilitators follow the dialectical, relational, and contextual orientations to manage the (non)use of digital devices to maximise learners' outdoor experiential engagement and reflections.

Journaling assignments are generative practices for the sport management classroom because they can help students process course content through self-reflection and relate their acquired knowledge to their experiences and worldviews. This essay presents journaling as an example of contemplative pedagogy, an educational technique that supports the development of skills in mindful self-awareness, as well as the translation of course content to practical knowledge through calm and creative expression. The essay outlines the practical implementation of contemplative journaling in undergraduate courses and contends that it is a useful pedagogical tool for the sport management classroom, particularly in helping students engage with topics concerning social justice and inequalities in the industry.

One of the most vital forms of dialogue for a novice teacher is the inner dialogue of reflective practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how blogging supports the ability of preservice teachers (PSTs) to reflect on their student teaching experience. Findings suggest that blogging may serve as both response and stimuli, providing a structure for interns to consider past and future practice. Perspective taking also seemed prompted by self-questioning. Photos within blog posts may serve as semiotic mediators, offering reflective cues. Furthermore, blogging may offer opportunities for PSTs to process and regulate emotion, important in a profession strained by burnout.

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many instructors to find new ways to achieve learning outcomes and connect to students within a hybrid or online teaching landscape. However, some of the creative ways instructors connected with students can now be used both in online classes and as we adapt back into full-time in-person instruction. Virtual notebooks were a tool used by this writing team to help structure online and in-person courses at both the undergraduate and graduate level, as well as facilitate collaboration and reflection. Grounded in a connectivist pedagogy, virtual notebooks are interactive, "live" resources that allow instructors and students to collaborate in real time, link to outside resources easily, and store information in a central location. Three vignettes (two undergraduate courses, one graduate course) provide specific applications and recommendations for virtual notebook use in recreation and leisure courses. A companion website is also provided to assist with logistical concerns, linked here: https://bit.ly/VirtualNotebooks.

In teacher training, it is important to support prospective teachers as they become reflective practitioners. The aim of the study was to discover what, in the opinion of student teachers, are the advantages and disadvantages of using a video diary for learning purposes compared to a written diary. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 34 student teachers, which was then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. In the opinion of student teachers, the advantages of the video diary format were authenticity, team-building facilitation, efficiency, novelty, professionalism, and historical value. The disadvantages were related to anxiety, technical issues and digital competence, usage demands for location, text composition, and hesitation regarding possible video circulation.

In recent years, biographical interviews with former pupils have become important sources for boarding school history. This raises the question as to whether these retrospective sources can be combined with contemporary written material and how to go about that. This paper argues for a triangulation of written with oral sources and the related methods of historical biography research and reconstructive social research. The combination of data and methods turns boarding school history into an interdisciplinary project that poses new challenges for research. At the same time, it also offers a way to a deeper understanding of boarding school history and its long-term effects.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a shift in thinking regarding the safe delivery of wet laboratory courses. While we were fortunate to have the capacity to continue delivering wet laboratory experiments with physical distancing and other measures in place, modifications to the mechanisms of delivery within courses were necessary to minimize risk to students and teaching staff. One such modification was introduced in BCH370H, an introductory biochemistry laboratory course, where a OneNote Class Notebook (ONCN) was used as an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) in place of the traditional hardbound paper laboratory notebook (PLN) used prior to the pandemic. The initial reasoning for switching to an ELN was around safety - allowing course staff and students to maintain physical distancing whenever possible and eliminating the need for teaching assistants to handle student notebooks; however, the benefits of the ONCN proved to be significantly more. OneNote acted not only as a place for students to record notes but the Class Notebook's unique features allowed easy integration of other important aspects of the course, including delivery of laboratory manuals, posting of student results, notetaking feedback, sharing of instructional materials with teaching assistants, and more. Student and teacher experiences with the ONCN as used within a fully in person biochemistry laboratory course, as well as learned best practices, are reviewed.

As ongoing digitalization accelerates the execution of experiments and the documentation and storage of the corresponding data substantially, appropriate research data management (RDM) is a necessity to enable sustainable research at all. Consequently, a rethinking is currently taking place in academia. This process becomes visible by the utilization of electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) for documentation, the publication of research data in repositories, or the publishers' requirement for authors to provide a data availability statement. Despite the growing awareness of RDM in academia, the integration of the topic into curricula of chemistry studies is, if at all, in its infancy. As an initial example of incorporating RDM into curricula, an ELN was implemented in an advanced inorganic lab course for upper-division undergraduate students three years ago, supported by learning materials on RDM in general. A survey among the students helped, first, tracking the implementation of the ELN and the integration of RDM and, second, improving teaching materials and concepts. The three-year follow-up shows a growing awareness of RDM and higher acceptance toward ELNs among the students. The survey results highlight the need for and progress in teaching RDM in an early stage of chemistry studies already. Moreover, the possibility to integrate the topic here as a hands-on experience is a facile method for fast integration into teaching without changing the complete curricula.

In this study involving blended learning in higher education, a Basics of Law (5 ECTS) course was implemented using a flipped classroom approach and a learning diary. Forty-six (N=46) students participated in a study that evaluated the students' experience of the course implementation. The specific objective of the study was to analyze students' opinions on how the flipped classroom, learning materials, and learning diary were experienced and how these could be developed. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed, and students felt the flipped classroom was a practical model for promoting learning in blended learning and legal courses. The flipped classroom and learning diary were expressed to promote students to reflect on learning and deepen their understanding of the subject. The flipped classroom encouraged students to take a more active role in their learning process and enhanced their self-directing skills. The learning diary allowed the whole learning process to be considered in the assessment, and it was suitable to be used instead of an exam. The importance of well-designed course materials and face-to-face classes emerged from the responses. For development purposes, the classroom activities should be carefully pre-planned to activate students for joint discussions and exchanging of ideas. As the main contribution, this study supports that the learning diary is effective in enhancing learning along with the flipped classroom and verifies that the use of these together can be recommended. This research also highlights that the instructor's inspiring and coaching attitude has a positive impact on students' learning motivation.

A number of university educators decided to implement an experience "pilot": the co-creation of a blog with students in which they disseminated some topics of the subject "Spanish political system", taken as part of a joint honors degree in law and political science from the Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology of the Complutense University of Madrid. Four professors and 42 students participated in this experience. In the first phase, the students, under the supervision of the professors, collaboratively developed each of the assigned topics. To do so, the professors explained the dynamics, provided them with a series of resources, trained them in collaborative work techniques, supervised the whole process, and resolved all their doubts. In a second phase, they jointly evaluated one subject to see the possible deviations that had occurred with respect to the initial model, in order to be able to correct them in the rest. In addition, the professors conducted a student survey to measure teamwork and the impact of the blog, the results of which were shared with the participants and at specialized conferences. Thanks, this pilot program has shown that blogging is an important technological tool for the transformation and improvement of teaching and learning processes, and that it encourages the active role of students and promotes their collaborative learning, generating knowledge with and for students.

The purpose of this quasi-experimental quantitative research study was to examine the extent to which a relationship exists between the use of mindfulness interventions, specifically the use of a gratitude journal, and self-perceived stress in students enrolled within a doctoral program at a Christian university located within the southwestern region of the United States. The sample consisted of 292 doctoral students (n = 292) from a single Christian university. This study involved six courses within three different doctoral programs. Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in the second week of the course and again in the sixth week of the course. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test. We found that the use of mindfulness interventions, specifically the use of a gratitude journal, had no statistical significance on doctoral student's self-perceived stress and the null hypothesis could not be rejected.

This case study aimed to explore Saudi EFL students' attitudes towards learning writing by using blogging in practicing their writing activities and tasks. It also sought to measure the effectiveness of blogging as an effective approach to enhance student's writing abilities. The participants in this study were five students second-year undergraduate EFL students studying in the Department of English in Saudi university. The participants had completed a writing skills course as a compulsory course in their study program. A semi-structured interview was used to acquire data for this case study in order to learn about learners' blogging experiences. The semi-structured interview data were analyzed thematically. The findings showed that the learners' attitudes were positive toward using the class blog as a beneficial approach in EFL writing classes. Furthermore, they confirmed that their English writing skills improved as a result of blogging. Additionally, they mentioned that blogging enabled them to build an interactive learning environment in which they could share their experiences and perspectives with their peers and learn from one another. Finally, the study, emphasizes the importance of using blogging in EFL writing classes and recommends that blogging to be part of writing teaching curricula at the university level.

Biology is a core and required science subject offered at the upper secondary school level in the Nigerian educational system. However, students' attitude towards the subject is poor, a trend probably due to the use of teacher-centred educational strategies. Scholars have thus advocated for the need to adopt innovative educational strategies to enhance students' attitude towards biology. This study investigated the use of consensus and cooperative reflective journal writing educational strategies in enhancing students' attitudes towards biology in two Local Government Areas (LGAs) within Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted a quantitative pre-test-post-test, control group quasi-experimental design involving a 3x2 factorial matrix, with a positivist paradigm. Purposive sampling was used to select six schools across the LGAs while an intact class of upper secondary school II students was selected from each of the schools for a total of 305 participants. Two instruments, the Biology Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ) and the Students' Verbal Ability Test (SVAT) were used during the study. The data generated were analysed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results showed that, treatments enhance students' attitudes toward biology. Results also revealed that students' verbal ability had effect on students' attitudes toward biology. The interaction between treatment and verbal ability was not significant to enhance students' attitudes toward biology. The two strategies, therefore, enhanced students' attitude towards Biology in the two LGAs within Ibadan metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. The two strategies should therefore be adopted in teaching Biology to upper secondary school students in Nigeria and elsewhere.

This article presents the results of a study carried out to explore the elements of Young Adult Literature (YAL) present in the prescribed texts for Malaysian secondary school English as a second Language (ESL) students (3rd cycle). The three novels studied were; "Captain Nobody" by Dean Pitchford, "Sing to the Dawn" by MinFong Ho and "Dear Mr. Kilmer" by Ann Schraff. The lens of reader-response literary theory was used for the study. Sampling was purposeful with six young adult Malaysian university undergraduates participating in the study. Data came from participants' in-depth written journal reflections during the reading of all three novels as well as from follow-up semi-structured qualitative interviews. The study found that all three novels discussed themes and events that were reflective of YAL such as family relationships and friendship. Two of the novels, "Sing to the Dawn" and "Dear Mr. Kilmer" had young adults as protagonists with significant instances of conflict between dependence and independence. The portrayal of the young adult protagonists also reflected the growth into mental and emotional maturity throughout the course of the novels although descriptions of their appearances and mannerisms were not clearly evident. There was however a positive resolution at the end of all the novels and the actions and decisions of the main young adult characters were major factors in the outcome of the conflict. The findings from this study primarily the presence of YAL elements would guide future decisions by curriculum planners on choices of suitable material in upper secondary ESL classrooms.

Purpose: Empowering students has become one of the primary goals of education in the 21st century. The current trend of education is moving towards student-centred and independent learning. The core success of student empowerment lies in the teaching and learning approaches used to engage students. Thus, the present study aims to examine how "Hikmah" pedagogy, a philosophical inquiry approach, empowers students through the development of a community of inquiry and students' inquiry skills in learning Islamic Education. Method: This study employed a case study design on a Form 4 class comprising 24 students. The method of data collection involved classroom observation and students' reflective journaling. Analysis of classroom discourse was conducted according to Bloom's Taxonomy to identify higher-order levels of thinking engaged by the students. Meanwhile, students' journals were analysed thematically to examine how "Hikmah" pedagogy empowered their thinking. Findings: The study found that after four "Hikmah" pedagogy sessions, students' thinking improved from lower-order to higher-order thinking (HOT) based on the students' level of questions posed in the "Hikmah" sessions. Questions posed by the students also indicated an improvement in terms of the quantity and quality of the questions. Finally, analysis of the students' journals showed that students found "Hikmah" pedagogy a provoking approach that continuously engaged them to be independent in their thinking. This is most useful when learning Islamic Education since it deals with many abstract concepts that require deep understanding. Significance: Results of the study have shown that "Hikmah" pedagogy can empower students by improving their HOT, developing their inquiry skills and independent thinking, which directly assist in realising the objectives of Islamic Education, which are to understand, internalise and practise Islamic principles and values.

This study investigated the effect of dialogue journal writing on descriptive writing performance of English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Turkey. Participants were 53 EFL upper-intermediate learners who were selected based on their performance on Oxford Quick Placement Test and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. Whereas the members in the control group participated in descriptive writing pre and post-tests only, the participants in the experimental group were required to write two journals a week for one month (four weeks) in the period between the pre- and post-tests. The teacher-researcher only tried to model the correct usage of the error in her responses, but did not explicitly correct the errors or did not provide any type of explicit feedback. Results of independent sample t-test showed a significant difference between the experimental and control group regarding the overall descriptive writing performance.

This article explores the mobile and material dimensions of a writing practice we call pocket writing. Emergent in our 6-year ethnographic fieldwork at a public high school, this practice involved adolescents composing and carrying their self-sponsored writing close to their bodies. We consider the pocket both a physical artifact--the place from which writing emerged at the right moment--and a metaphor describing how youth created small, portable boundaries around their writing to facilitate its invisibility and mobility. Using a transliteracies lens, we worked alongside youth to trace the circulatory pathways such writing took relative to the official institution of school. These high school students made agentive rhetorical choices, sometimes deliberately disconnecting their writing from school as an everyday resistance practice--an effort to keep school in its place. In theorizing pocket writing as a mobile and embodied extension of writing (for) the self, we argue its "pocketed" nature is key to its transformative power.

This study aims to examine teacher candidates' learning responsibility through goal-setting activities carried out on a weekly basis. The research employed case study method, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group consisted of 36 fourth-year teacher candidates studying at a state university in the spring semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. The data were collected through diaries prepared by the researcher and kept by the participants for 12 weeks. The data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis technique and quantified with frequency distributions and percentage values. The study concludes that setting goals increases teacher candidates' learning responsibility and that Public Personnel Selection Exam (PPSE) and academic achievement concern cause teacher candidates to focus more on cognitive goals rather than other types of goals.

This paper forwards discourse analysis as a productive way to consider the ways in which the possibilities available for middle grades preservice teachers in justice-oriented teacher education programs are complicated by larger discourses relating to teacher neutrality and teacher education as a transformational narrative. To illustrate this, written journals from 12 preservice teachers in a justice-oriented teacher education program are analyzed and discussed.

This research study is about the way pre-service English language teachers' levels of reflectivity, proposed by Van Manen, give an account of the construction of their identity as language teachers during their pedagogical practicum in a BA program of English Language Teaching at a private university in Bogota, Colombia. This study follows the principles of narrative research to explore the way the participants live their pedagogical practicum experience. Data were collected from the participants' reflective journals and audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal that pre-service English language teachers possess a level of reflectivity, although they are unaware of it at the beginning of their pedagogical practicum. Thus, their identities as language teachers are constructed depending on the context, the people that are around them, and the specific time; hence, the levels of reflectivity as proposed by Van Manen are set in an incognito manner.