Search

Background The formation of charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) of iodine with five chemotherapeutic drugs used for the treatment of different types of cancer has not been investigated. These drugs are olaparib, seliciclib, vandetanib, dasatinib, and tozasertib. Additionally, these drugs need an appropriate general spectrophotometric assay for their analysis in the dosage forms regardless of the differences in their chemical structures. Objective The aim of this study was the development of a novel microwell spectrophotometric assay (MW-SPA) for one-step determination of these drugs via their interactions with iodine, which resulted in instantaneous production of bright lemon-yellow CTCs. Methods A spectrophotometric study of the CTCs was conducted, and all CTCs were characterized. Site(s) of interaction on each drug were assigned, and the MW-SPA was developed and applied to the analysis of dosage forms. Results The findings confirmed that the reactions proceeded via CTC formation. Beer's law was obeyed over a general concentration range of 1–6 µg/mL. The LODs and LOQs were in the ranges of 0.5–2.1 and 1.5–6.4 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed MW-SPA demonstrated excellent precisions as the relative standard deviations were < 2.24 and 2.23% for the intra- and inter-assay precision, respectively. Recovery studies demonstrated the accuracy of MW-SPA. Successful determination of all drugs in bulk and tablet forms was achieved using the MW-SPA. The environmental sustainability of the proposed methodology was determined, providing evidence of the assay's alignment with the basis of green analytical chemistry. The high throughput of the assay was documented. Conclusion In contrast to other existing methods, the MW-SPA described herein was valid for analyzing all drugs at the same wavelength. Highlights The assay is useful for routine analysis of drugs in their formulations in QC laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact on recidivism of offenders' misconduct in prison, net of offenders' socio-economic and criminal backgrounds, longer imprisonments, and of other, unobserved factors explaining selection into prison. The data come from representative samples of offenders (N = 4524) and prisoners (N = 1848) convicted of at least one crime in Catalonia, Spain, during a 5-year period (2010–2015). We applied a system of four simultaneous equations to estimate which factors increase the most the risks of reoffending, focusing on the role of prison misconduct, and using better methods than previously to correct for selectivity into prison. We also identify the characteristics of the offenders most likely to misbehave and reoffend – chronic offenders with complex criminal histories. Our results confirm that misconduct significantly predicts reoffending. It is not just a reflection of offender's problematic dispositions imported into prison, but also a sign of maladjustment to imprisonment that undermines its possibly deterrent or capacitating effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear proliferation literature typically differentiates supply-side and demand-side factors influencing the spread of nuclear weapons. These distinct approaches to the proliferation puzzle raise the following empirical questions: Does nuclear supply stimulate states' demand for nuclear weapons? Conversely, does the demand for nuclear weapons really facilitate the acquisition of nuclear supply? If such endogeneity exists between the demand-side and supply-side determinants, how would it cause empirical bias in the estimation of their effects on nuclear proliferation? This article aims to unpack endogenous mechanisms of nuclear demand and nuclear supply over the course of nuclear proliferation. In particular, it examines two potential sources of endogeneity: (1) simultaneous interactions between states' nuclear development decisions and nuclear technological capability and (2) selection bias in nuclear development. To address each source of endogeneity, simultaneous equation models and the duration models with selection are estimated, respectively. Contrary to what recent supply-side literature suggests, the empirical analyses reveal that states' nuclear demand is primarily driven by external security threats instead of their existing nuclear technology, and that their successful acquisition of nuclear technology mainly follows as the result of nuclear development efforts but does not necessarily depend on individual supply-side factors. This article addresses the typical inference issues in nuclear proliferation research and contributes to our synthetic understanding of proliferation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical evidence in the existing literature primarily supports the positive association of transit-oriented development (TOD) with transit use. However, indirect relationships between TOD and transit use may be observed due to TOD-induced gentrification and spatial autocorrelation. This research examined the relationships between TOD, gentrification, and transit use with the consideration of spatial autocorrelation. The study observations were from the gentrifiable neighborhoods in Taipei City, Taiwan, and were analyzed using simultaneous equation models and spatial regression methods. Empirical results reveal three major findings: 1) A positive and direct association of TOD-ness with the modal share of transit substantially occurs and confirms the findings in the existing literature. 2) A negative and indirect association of TOD with transit use mediated by gentrification may occur under the moderation of rising car ownership. 3) A positive spatial autocorrelation of transit use substantially occurs between adjacent neighborhoods. These findings prompt local administrations to implement TOD policies containing or being accompanied by instruments inhibiting car ownership throughout urban areas rather than just along major transit corridors. • A positive and direct association of TOD-ness with the modal share of transit substantially occurs. • A negative and indirect association of TOD with transit use mediated by gentrification may occur under the moderation of rising car ownership. • A positive spatial autocorrelation of transit use substantially occurs between adjacent neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a set T ⊂ (0 , + ∞) , intervals I ⊂ (0 , + ∞) and J ⊂ R , as well as functions g t : I × J → J with t’s running through the set T ∗ : = T ∪ { t - 1 : t ∈ T } ∪ { 1 } we study the simultaneous q-difference equations φ (t x) = g t x , φ (x) , t ∈ T ∗ , postulated for x ∈ I ∩ t - 1 I ; here the unknown function φ is assumed to map I into J. We prove an Extension theorem stating that if a solution φ is continuous [analytic] on a nontrivial subinterval of I, then it is continuous [analytic] provided g t , t ∈ T ∗ , are continuous [analytic]. The crucial assumption of the Extension theorem is formulated with the help of the so-called limit ratio R T which is a uniquely determined number from [ 1 , + ∞ ] , characterising some density property of the set T ∗ . As an application of the Extension theorem we find the form of all continuous on a subinterval of I solutions φ : I → R of the simultaneous equations φ (t x) = φ (x) + c (t) x p , t ∈ T , where c : T → R is an arbitrary function, p is a given real number and sup I > R T inf I . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Indian pharmaceutical industry currently faces multiple challenges, including rising costs and slowing export growth, which in turn have limited its ability to expand presence in global canvas. Given the nature of sectoral dynamics, a pharmaceutical firm must undertake huge investments in R&D to introduce product innovation, in turn enhancing market share and sustaining profit streams. The development of novel medicines, confirmed by the granting of patent rights, provides a pharma company edge over its competitors. In addition, presence of innovator firms within the industry invigorates the sectoral value chain and raises efficiency. Hence, it is important to analyze whether granting patent rights enhances the exports of pharmaceutical products in the Indian context. Design/methodology/approach: The current study explored this question using a simultaneous-equation framework. Specifically, the authors use the methods developed by Davidson and MacKinnon (1993) and Greene (2003) to obtain heteroscedasticity-consistent estimates. The time-series properties of the data were further probed, and robust estimates were used to test the theory. Methods developed by Baltagi (1981) have been used further to refine the authors' estimations. Findings: After controlling for relevant variables, it is observed that granting of patents caused a significantly positive impact on pharmaceutical exports. Furthermore, the change in the patent administration regime had a significant impact on patent fillings, which further impacted their exportability. Compared to patents granted patents filed had a higher impact on pharmaceutical exports. Originality/value: This study attempts to apply the framework developed by Goldstein and Khan (1978) with necessary modifications to suit the context of a developing country. The application of the 3SLS method to estimate the export supply equation for pharmaceutical products is a novel approach to the research question in general and to the Indian context in particular. System autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity tests were performed to refine the results further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the cubic spline method to solve the one-dimensional (1D) (one spatial and one temporal dimension) heat problem (a parametric linear partial differential equation) numerically using both explicit and implicit strategies. The set of simultaneous equations acquired in both the explicit and implicit method may be solved using the Thomas algorithm from the tridiagonal dominating matrix, and the spline offers a continuous solution. The results are implemented with very fine meshes and with relatively small-time steps. Using mesh refinement, it was possible to find better temperature distribution in the thin bar. Five numerical examples are used to support the efficiency and accuracy of the current scheme. The findings are also compared with analytical results and other results in terms of error and error norms L 2 and L ∞ . The Von-Neuman technique is used to analyse stability. The truncation error of both systems is calculated and determined to have a convergence of order O h + Δ t 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to derive the exact stretching and bending solutions of the radially FGM annular sandwich plate subjected to either radial pressure or transverse load. The radially FGM annular sandwich plate consists of two homogeneous rings and an FGM-undercoated layer with uniform Poisson's ratio and radially graded Young's modulus based on the power function. Although the radially FGM annular sandwich plate is nonhomogeneous, the stretching and bending problems can be analyzed separately based on the elastic plate theory. Then the exact solution corresponding to the power-law graded FGM can be evaluated by solving the simultaneous equations of the boundary and continuous conditions. The theoretical results are validated through the comparison with the finite element solutions. When degenerated, our results coincide with those of the homogeneous annular plate in the literature, making the obtained solutions reliable. Using the radial-FGM as the undercoated layer makes the strains and stresses smoothly continuous at the interfaces of the layers. The effects of the material index on mechanical behavior are under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the panel data of 34 industrial sectors are selected from 2004 to 2019 in China and empirically tested the carbon emission reduction effect and its transmission path during the coordinated development of two-way FDI. The results show that the coordinated development of two-way FDI in China's industrial sector had a significant but heterogeneous carbon emission reduction effect. The coordinated development of two-way FDI in high-yield scale groups, low-energy-consumption industries and high-tech industries had a stronger inhibitory effect on carbon emissions. When the coordinated development level of two-way FDI in China's industrial sector was high, its carbon emission reduction effect was more significant. After the Belt and Road Initiative was put forward in 2013, the carbon emission reduction effect of the coordinated development of two-way FDI in China's industrial industry was stronger. The mechanism test results showed that the coordinated development of two-way FDI in China's industrial sector mainly affected domestic carbon emissions through three transmission paths: scale, structure, and technology effects. Of these, the scale effect was positive, and the structure and technology effects were negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of climate change on cereal yields via malaria prevalence in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. To achieve this objective, this paper uses a model composed of a system of two equations estimated with the 3SLS method, the semi-parametric approach and the two-stage system GMM method. Panel data from 31 SSA countries over the period 2000–2019 are used. Results reveal, on the one hand, that a change in temperature and rainfall leads to a significant increase in malaria prevalence. On the other hand, malaria prevalence reduces cereal yields by 2.6% on average in most SSA countries, via its effects on household's agricultural productivity. To reduce malaria prevalence to increase agricultural yields, policy-makers may need to disseminate malaria-reduction-related practices such as the use of insecticide-treated bed-nets and improving access to malaria treatments in rural dwellings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simultaneous equation model (SEM) is an econometric technique traditionally used in economics but with many applications in other sciences. This model allows the bidirectional relationship between variables and a simultaneous relationship between the equation set. There are many estimators used for solving an SEM. Two-steps least squares (2SLS), three-steps least squares (3SLS), indirect least squares (ILS), etc. are some of the most used of them. These estimators let us obtain a value of the coefficient of an SEM showing the relationship between the variables. There are different works to study and compare the estimators of an SEM comparing the error in the prediction of the data, the computational cost, etc. Some of these works study the estimators from different paradigms such as classical statistics, Bayesian statistics, non-linear regression models, etc. This work proposes to assume an SEM as a particular case of an artificial neural networks (ANN), considering the neurons of the ANN as the variables of the SEM and the weight of the connections of the neurons the coefficients of the SEM. Thus, backpropagation method using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is proposed and studied as a new method to obtain the coefficient of an SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban knowledge network in China has undergone in-depth development in recent decades, intimately connecting the position characteristics of cities in the knowledge network to their knowledge production performance. While existing research focuses predominantly on the unidirectional relationship between network position and the knowledge production of cities, there is a notable dearth of studies exploring the bidirectional relationship between the two constructs. By proposing a conceptual framework, this paper empirically examines the interplay between network position and knowledge production of cities through simultaneous equation models. The results revealed a mutually reinforcing relationship between network position and knowledge production, and this relationship exhibits heterogeneous characteristics and spillover effects. Specifically, cities in the periphery block and the central-western region benefit more from the effect of network position on knowledge production, while cities in the core block and the eastern region benefit more from the effect of knowledge production on network position. Moreover, the interactive effect between network position and knowledge production of cities is significantly affected by the network position characteristics and knowledge production performance of their neighboring cities in geographically adjacent regions and relationally adjacent regions. These findings enhance the understanding of urban network externalities and the connotations of the knowledge production function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple, accurate, economical and reproducible Reverse Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) methods for simultaneous analysis of Azilsartan medoxomil (AZM) and Chlorthalidone (CLD) in bulk and tablet formulation have been developed and validated. The method was reversed-phase chromatography on RP-18 Silica gel F254S TLC plates, with methanol: water: glacial acetic acid (3: 1.5: 0.5, v/v/v) as mobile phase. TLC-densitometry did HPTLC quantitation of AZM and CLD at 241 nm. The quantitation by the HPTLC method was performed over the concentration range of 400-2400 ng/band for AZM and 500-3000 ng/band for CLD, respectively. The HPTLC method resulted in a tight and well-resolved band for AZM and CLD at retention factor (Rf) 0.43 ± 0.02 and 0.81 ± 0.02, respectively; Linear regression analysis data for calibration of the HPTLC method represented an excellent linear relationship with regression coefficient: r² > 0.999 for both drugs. The developed methods were validated for precision, robustness, ruggedness, accuracy and sensitivity per ICH guidelines. Further, the developed method was used for the simultaneous estimation of AZM and CLD in tablets, and results were found to agree with the label claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we seek to investigate the dynamics of bright soliton in a chain of coupled pendulum pairs. After deriving the linear dispersion relation from the equation of the model, we find that among the obtained modes, the fast mode is the one on which we are going to be focused. Since the discrete simultaneous equation describing the dynamics of the model has not been extensively studied in the literature, we assume that the two lines of the model are proportional to each other. We use the rotating wave approximation method to derive a NLS equation governing the propagation of waves in the network. Depending on the choice of wave number, we deduce that the system supports bright and hole-soliton solutions. We use the obtained bright soliton as the initial condition for numerical computation, which demonstrates the significant role of the transverse coupling parameter in the system. That is, it affects the behavior of the forward-bright soliton generated in the system. The lattice allows gain and loss phenomena during the propagation of the waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate a numerical strategy via finite difference formulations for time fractional reaction–diffusion models which are ubiquitous in chemical and biological phenomena. The time-fractional derivative is considered in the Caputo sense for both linear and nonlinear problems. First, the Caputo derivative is replaced with a quadrature formula, then an implicit method is used for the remaining part. In the linear case, the proposed strategy reduces the time fractional models into linear simultaneous equations. In nonlinear cases, Quasilinearization is utilized to tackle the nonlinear parts. With this strategy, solutions of the fractional system transform into linear algebraic systems which are easy to solve. Next, the Von Neumann method is implemented to examine the stability of the scheme which discloses that the scheme is unconditionally stable. Further, the applicability of the presented scheme is tested with different linear and nonlinear models which include the one dimensional Schnakenberg and Gray–Scott models, and one and two dimensional Brusselator models. To analyze the accuracy of the present technique two norms namely, L ∞ and L 2 , and relative error are addressed. Moreover, the obtained outcomes are shown tabulated and graphically which identifies that the scheme properly works for the time fractional reaction–diffusion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the existing literature that suggests the inhibitory or facilitating effect of housing prices on entrepreneurial dynamism, this paper explores the nonlinear effect of housing prices on entrepreneurship and countervailing effect of entrepreneurial dynamism on housing prices, in addition to investigating the spatial interaction between the two. This paper constructs a simultaneous equation model (SEM) to empirically test the interaction and spillover effects between housing prices and entrepreneurial dynamism. The results show that: (1) there is a two‐way interaction between housing prices and entrepreneurial dynamism; (2) the estimated coefficients of housing prices and the quadratic square term of housing prices (14.285 and −0.744, respectively) are consistent and significant as expected, indicating an inverted U‐shaped effect of housing prices on entrepreneurial dynamism; and (3) in geospatial terms, there are positive spatial spillovers and negative spatial interaction effects for both house prices and entrepreneurial dynamism in Yangtze River Delta cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a Competitive Leverage model, and apply it to analyze the impact of tariffs on the attitudes of domestic import-competing firms, especially regarding their disincentives to maintain a Competitive Stance against foreign competitors in the domestic market. We propose that tariffs are a disincentive to the pursuit and maintenance of production efficiency in firms and industries. When countries implement tariff protection for their domestic firms, the most common excuse sounds reasonable, except that it is also economically flawed. While the short-run impacts of such a measure might seem plausible, its long-term effects appear to be less than favorable, and may, in fact, turn out to be damaging to the economy. The paper applies the competitive leverage concept in a unique way to highlight how tariffs distort the output levels of domestic firms, and gives an empirical analysis of the model, using USA data to verify the predictions of the model. Particularly, we develop a Cournot-competition type Competitive Leverage model, and use it to examine the role played by tariffs as a disincentive to a typical firm's pursuit and maintenance of production efficiency. The competitive leverage model is formulated and applied to verify the effects of tariff protection from the typical domestic firm's strategic interaction standpoint. We further apply crosssectional data to carry out an empirical analysis of the model, to verify how tariffs impact the domestic firm's output and pricing decisions. Our findings would enable us to contribute to the debate about the need to remove protective tariffs, on the grounds that tariffs do not only enable domestic firms to operate inefficiently, but also tends to distort the output and pricing outcomes that would otherwise have been realized in the free market. The results from the study are used to propose some major policy implications of imposing tariff protection, among which are that there is need for implementation of more deliberately sustained Research and development program on the part of domestic firms in the economy, to enable them withstand vigorous competition in a free-trade world. Also, since protective tariffs significantly increase firms' profit rates, which in turn enables them to unduly earn and accumulate economic rents that amount to inefficiencies and distortions in free-market prices and quantities outcomes, governments should always resist any pressures from big businesses to impose protective tariffs against competition from international rivals. Yet a clear public policy implication from this paper is that, at the macro level, as the results suggest that a government policy that aims at protecting domestic firms through imposition of tariffs may have an adverse effect on the firms' competitive stance in the industry, a practical message is for the government to impose only a moderate tariff at the most, if it must, especially as it relates to agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping industry is a capital-intensive industry in which ship investment and demolition are directly related to the company's profitability, transportation capacity, and fleet structure. Thus, companies need to consider investment and demolition activities carefully before making decisions about fleet deployment. This study focuses on decisions related to investment in new and second-hand vessels as well as vessel demolition in different sub-markets of the container shipping market at the same time. By considering market factors, operating conditions, and shipping alliances, we developed a systematic model for the container market. This model innovatively employs a simultaneous equations model (SEM) to analyze fleet deployment decisions and uses the three-stage least squares method to avoid endogenous effects. The results indicate that shipping alliances, fleet deployment, and bunker price all have significant effects on the investment and demolition decisions of shipping companies. We further discuss the strategic decisions of shipping companies related to joining shipping alliances and highlight the considerations of larger companies when expanding (primarily squeezing out competition and responding to the market). The results provide valuable information for shipping companies to determine the best ship deployment strategies and avoid overcapacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Asian region has faced multiple challenges in the last few decades. This region is susceptible to climate change due to the presence of both drought-prone and coastal areas. It also faces the problem of increasing food-insecurity due to the recent events of crop failure consequent to natural calamities. This study examines the nexus between agricultural production and food security amidst climate change for the South Asian nations from 2000 to 2019. From the empirical investigation, using Driscoll-Kraay and Panel-Corrected Standard Error estimators, we get robust results in the presence of cross-sectional dependence and heteroskedasticity. The simultaneous equation model using 3SLS is also used for the robustness check, considering the probable endogeneity issue in the model. The findings of the study reveal that agricultural production, fertilizer consumption, and land under cereal production play a substantial and positive role in determining food security in the South Asian nations. Furthermore, the varying rainfall patterns coupled with rising temperature, as well as the increasing level of CO2 emissions are found to impede food security in these nations. Additionally, non-climatic factors related to agriculture and land-use are also found to induce CO2 emissions, which is a major cause of climate change. Therefore, from a policy perspective, this study suggests that to ensure long-term food security in the South Asian nations, the government should implement effective policy measures, which include the decarbonization of the agricultural sector by encouraging the use of renewable energy sources and promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector is one of the crucial sectors in human life. This sector significantly contributes to achieving the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), which aims for zero hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This study aims to identify the factors influencing rice imports in Indonesia. The data analysis method used in this study is quantitative. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of time series data spanning 15 years. Based on the study, it was found that the factors significantly influencing rice imports in Indonesia are rice demand, import tariffs, exchange rates, rice production, and domestic rice prices.

The primary determinants of business cycle synchronization among OECD countries and their interactions are examined using panel Granger causality tests, single-equation panel regressions, simultaneous equations model error component three-stage least squares (EC3SLS), and cross-sectional 3SLS econometric techniques. The sample spans the years 1990 through 2021. The results demonstrate the direct and indirect effects of the key macroeconomic variables on the synchronization of the business cycles of the sample economies, as well as the complementary and competing nature of these variables. The magnitude and significance of these macroeconomic factors in relation to the business cycle synchronization before and after the global financial crisis of 2009 are also examined in this study. Furthermore, the analysis supports the ex-post argument for entering the euro currency union. The study article contributes by providing direction for future empirical research on the sources and propagation mechanisms of international business cycle transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given China's new-type urbanization and green transformation, effective control of haze pollution has assumed paramount importance. However, the two-way effects of new-type urbanization, economic development, and haze pollution from a spatial and temporal perspective have not been well explored. Using panel data from 2009 to 2020 for 278 Chinese cities, we applied spatial simultaneous equation models and the generalized spatial three-stage least squares approach to investigate the interactions among new-type urbanization, economic development, and haze pollution. Then, temporal heterogeneity analysis was conducted to discuss changes in the interactions. The findings revealed the following: (1) There was a bidirectional connection between new-type urbanization and economic development. Moreover, the favorable influence of new-type urbanization on economic development enhanced from 2009 to 2020, with the coefficient rising from 0.95 to 1.38. Interestingly, it was only during the Period 2015–2020 that new-type urbanization had a radiative impact on economic growth in the surrounding areas. (2) A 1% increase in new-type urbanization and economic development resulted in 0.71% and 0.91% increase in haze pollution, respectively. Nonetheless, with the new-type urbanization construction, the haze-reducing effects gradually appeared. (3) Considering the reverse effects, severe haze pollution was detrimental to new-type urbanization and economic development. Notably, this inhibitory effect was underestimated when neglecting spatial effects. This study's findings could provide empirical evidence for promoting sustainable urban development and haze pollution reduction in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the bidirectional relationship between collaboration network stability (CS) and technological innovation performance (TIP), and the moderating effect of knowledge network characteristics. Using patent data gathered from China's biotechnology industry between 1985 and 2022, we develop a simultaneous equation model and employ a three‐stage least squares estimation to explore the bidirectional relationship between CS and TIP, as well as to reveal the underlying moderating mechanisms. The results indicate that CS and TIP affect each other. The impact of CS on TIP has an inverted U‐shape, and TIP exerts a negative impact on CS. Knowledge network stability (KS) and diversity (KD) weaken the inverted U‐shaped influence of CS on TIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gaussian elimination method of solving four variables of simultaneous equations involves eliminating some elements of the simultaneous equations in triangular form to zero to determine the values of the variables of the simultaneous equations. This approach does not involve a matrix in generating the values of variables of the simultaneous equations. There is a need to develop a matrix model for solving four variables of simultaneous equations. The pattern of the developed model can be extended by solving three variables and two variables of simultaneous equations. This study develops Kifilideen’s Elimination Matrix Model to solve simultaneous equations of four variables w, x, y, and z, three variables x, y, and z and two variables x and y. The elimination method was gradually used to reduce the number of variables of a given simultaneous equation in matrix form. In contrast, in the process, Kifilideen’s Elimination Matrix Model was generated to solve the values of the variables of the simultaneous equations. The Kifilideen’s Elimination Matrix Model was implemented in solving four variables w, x, y, and z, three variables x, y, and z and two variables x and y simultaneous equations. Kifilideen’s Elimination Matrix Model has been fully utilised, attractive, accurate, and easy to understand

We propose a new method to compute nonlinear transport coefficients in holography, such as nonlinear DC conductivity and the nonlinear friction coefficient. The conventional method can be applied only to the models whose action in the gravity dual has the "square-root structure," i.e. the Dirac–Born–Infeld action of the probe D-branes or the Nambu–Goto action of the probe strings. Our method is applicable to a wider range of holographic models whose action does not have such a square-root structure. We propose a condition to obtain regular physical configurations in the gravity dual in the form of two simultaneous equations, which we call the patchwork condition. Our method also enables us to estimate the effective temperature of the nonequilibrium steady states in a wider range of holographic models. We show that a general model exhibits different effective temperatures for different fluctuation modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the application of the two-tier capital agreement and the introduction of the three-tier capital agreement, the discussion of the role of banks’ capital in the monetary transfer mechanism and banks’ lending decisions has become more important. In this regard, in this research, the effect of the legal requirements of the Basel III Agreement on the lending power and financial stability of the banking sector in Iran has been investigated using the system of simultaneous equations. For this purpose, the data from 19 selected banks and financial institutions were used during the period of 2011-2019. The findings of the research showed that the legal requirements of Basel III had negative and significant effects on bank lending. It was also observed that the legal requirements of Basel III had positive and significant effects on the financial stability of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest biomass and carbon storage models are crucial for inventorying, monitoring, and assessing forest resources. This study develops models specific to China's diverse forests, offering a methodological foundation for national carbon storage estimation and a quantitative basis for national, regional, and global carbon sequestration projections. Utilizing data from 52,700 permanent plots obtained during China's 9th national forest inventory, we calculated biomass and carbon storage per hectare for 35 tree species groups using respective individual tree biomass models and carbon factors. We then constructed a three-level volume-based model system for forest biomass and carbon storage, applying weighted regression, dummy variable modeling, and simultaneous equations with error-in-variables. This system encompasses one population of forests, three forest categories (level I), 20 forest types (level II), and 74 forest sub-types (level III). Finally, the assessment of these models was carried out with six evaluation indices, and comparative analyses with previously established biomass models of three major forest types were conducted. Determination coefficients (R2) for the population average model, and three dummy models on levels I, II, and III, exceed 0.78, 0.85, 0.92, and 0.95, respectively, with corresponding mean prediction errors (MPEs) of 0.42%, 0.34%, 0.24%, and 0.19%, and mean percent standard errors (MPSEs) of approximately 22%, 21%, 15%, and 12%. Models for 20 forest types and 74 sub-types yield R2 values above 0.87 and 0.85, with MPE values below 3% and 5%, respectively. Notably, the estimates of previous biomass models of three major forest types demonstrated considerable uncertainty, with TRE ranging from −20% to 74%. However, accuracy has improved with larger sample sizes. In total biomass and carbon storage estimations, the R2 values of dummy models for levels I, II, and III progressively increase and MPSE and MPE values decrease, whereas TRE approximates zero. The tiered model system of simultaneous equations developed herein offers a quantitative framework for precise evaluations of biomass and carbon storage on different scales. For enhanced accuracy in such estimations, applying level III models is recommended whenever feasible, especially for national estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evogliptin is an anti-diabetic drug, which comes under the class of gliptin derivatives for the inhibition of selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. The developed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was simple, sensitive, accurate, precise and economic for the development and validation of evogliptin in bulk and tablet dosage form. In this present study, the analytical method validation and development of evogliptin was done using the different parameters of method validation as per International Council for Harmonisation Q2(R1) guidelines. Water using as a solvent and it shows the maximum wavelength at 266 nm and then performed all the parameters of analytical method validation like accuracy, precision, linearity, range, robustness, ruggedness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Evogliptin showed linearity over the range of 2-48 µg/ml. The correlation coefficient value obtained was 0.996 with the regression equation y=0.0032x+0.0005. The accuracy studies was done in spiking method and the recoveries ranging from 97.07 %-106.13 %. The percentage relative standard deviation for intra-day precision was 0.44 and inter-day precision was 0.59. The limit of detection was 1.1 µg/ml and limit of quantitation was 3.33 µg/ml respectively. The method has shown good and consistent recoveries and is validated as per International Council for Harmonisation guidelines and can be used for routine quality control analysis of evogliptin in dosage form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-iterative approximation of the inverse heat conduction problem has been developed through energy balance between the control volumes. The heat flow domain along the surface normal was divided into three control volumes and studied in three cases, specifically on a heated hollow metallic cylinder cooled in crossflow of air, a heating flat plate in still air, and a heated flat plate when cooled in still air with random air blows. The time derivatives of temperature and heat flux estimates at the surface appearing in derived equations were evaluated by approximate expressions. Both estimates were obtained from the derived equations by simultaneous measurement of temperature-time histories at two locations: one at the inner surface and the other anywhere within the control volume along the surface normal. The deviation was checked by real-time simultaneous measurement of temperature-time history at the outer surface along the normal surface. Comparison between the estimated surface temperature-time history using the derived equations and the real-time measurement showed deviations within 0.5 % for the cylinder, within 0.03 % for the plate in still air and within 0.5 % when air blows were given. Heat fluxes estimated using these time histories were correspondingly arrived at consistent and close approximations for all cases. Estimates from the derived equations were compared with reported equations from the literature, and a wind tunnel experiment for the validation of circumferential distribution of heat transfer was conducted, for which they also showed reasonably good agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was aimed at creating a new, fast, and accurate UV spectrophotometric method for quantifying prazosin hydrochloride in pure and tablet dosage forms. A phosphate buffer solution of pH 6 was used as a diluent. The highest absorbance of prazosin hydrochloride was measured at 247 nm, and the linearity ranged from 2 to 8 μg/mL. The regression equation for prazosin hydrochloride was y= 0.087x + 0.236, with a correlation value 0.987. The percentage of recovery ranged from 99.6 to 101%. The relative standard deviation for intraday precision and interday precision was determined to be less than 2. The LOD and LOQ of prazosin hydrochloride were determined to be 0.0375 and 0.113 μg/mL, respectively. International Council for Harmonisation criteria validated the spectrometric technique and was suitable for routine quantitative measurement of prazosin hydrochloride in pure and tablet dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The container shipping industry has undergone significant changes in the post‐COVID‐19 era. This study examines the impact of the pandemic on container freight rates (CFR) through a demand analysis approach, using 11 major international container trade lanes from Shanghai, China as a case study. We analyze the CFR data on both weekly and monthly bases, with a focus on retaining more individual and time information using long panel data. To better reveal the pandemic's impact on CFR, we introduce interactive terms and simultaneous equations in our model. Our empirical analysis shows that the pandemic has not only directly and positively affected CFR, but, more importantly, has also indirectly promoted the growth of container shipping cost by stimulating the demand for containerized goods exported from China. Additionally, the connectivity or capacity of a given trade lane has inhibited the pandemic's effects on CFR to a certain extent. These findings provide insights into the remarkable growth of CFR from the demand side in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, simultaneous quantification of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol in their binary mixtures was investigated spectrophotometrically. Since the signals of analytes were highly overlapped, a multivariate partial least squares (PLS) technique was proposed to analyze the data. The PLS method makes the analysis possible without the need for the separation of analytes by tedious separation procedures or using expensive instrumentation techniques such as chromatographic methods. Both 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol possess acid-base properties and it was required to investigate the effect of pH on the FOM of the calibration. Therefore, at three pH conditions, the calibration processes were evaluated and the results showed the best FOM and the least root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) for both analytes were achieved for the augmented data at 3.45 and 8.95 of pHs where only neutral or anionic forms of analytes were present in the solution. The analytical sensitivity, limit of detection, R², and RMSEP were 108.3 ppm-1, 0.08ppm, 1.00, 0.04 ppm and; 163.2 ppm-1, 0.06 ppm, 0.9999, 0.04 ppm for 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new family of iterative methods for the simultane-ous approximation of simple complex polynomial zeros is presented. The proposed family of simultaneous methods is constructed on the basis of the well-known third order Ehrlich iteration, combined with an iterative correction from the sixth order Neta's method for nonlinear equations. It is proved that the use of this iterative correction allows to increase the convergence order of the basic method from three to eight. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed combined method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the effects of incentive pay schemes (IPSs) on the within-establishment gender wage gap and explores whether the intensity of intangible capital at the industry level moderates such effects. To this aim, we use establishment-level data from various waves (from 2006 to 2018) of the SES – Structure of Earning Surveys for the five largest European economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Data on intangible capital stocks (on 25 industries) are from the EU-KLEMS database. The analysis, which addresses potential endogeneity issues, indicates that more pervasive use of IPSs alleviates the adjusted gender pay gap. However, this inequality-attenuating effect of IPSs materialises only in contexts where intangible capital intensity is low. The result is confirmed if we replicate the analysis in subsamples of establishments belonging to industries with high/low intensity of various intangible capital components, but training emerges as a notable exception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in the relationship between digitalization and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance, but existing research focuses on the one-way relationship and ignores the two-way mechanism. Based on a sample of 3335 listed companies in China in 2020, this study adopts a spatial simultaneous equation model to investigate the bidirectional mechanism between companies' digitalization and ESG performance. The results show that digitalization and ESG performance have a significant positive two-way mechanism; digitalization enhances ESG performance, while ESG performance promotes digitalization. The results also indicate a significant positive intra-industry spillover effect for both digitization and ESG performance. Further research shows that the relationship between digitization and ESG performance does not differ depending on the definition of spatial weights, however, the spillover effects do differ depending on the definition of spatial weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef production in Indonesia has experienced a decline after the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to an expanding gap between the supply and demand of beef. This widening gap has resulted in an increased reliance on beef imports, which in turn impacts domestic food stability. This study examines the impact of import policies on the supply and demand of beef both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing secondary data related to beef production, consumption, and prices, officially released by relevant ministries or institutions, the analysis was conducted using an econometric model with a simultaneous system equation. The results show that implementing a policy to decrease beef imports while concurrently increasing imports of feeder after the pandemic can enhance beef production by 25%, surpassing levels observed before the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a policy will lead to a decrease in the national beef supply, although demand will remain unchanged during both periods. By using a simultaneous equation system approach that links the dimensions of beef production and consumption, this study offers comprehensive insights for policymakers in designing policies and programs to increase Indonesia's beef production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate sustainability elasticities to investigate how the sustainable development pillars in Iran should interact with those of the greatest economies in the west and east of the world, i.e., the US and China, respectively. For this estimation, this research uses SEY model including simultaneous equations system and Granger causality within 1972–2019 via two approaches of limited and full information. The results show high elasticities of sustainability among these countries, implying their considerable spillover effects and confirming the integrated sustainability perspective. In addition, the results show that the sustainability spillover effects of China are more massive than those the US on Iran sustainable development pillars. This result has two implications. The first one accepts the considerable flow of spillover effects between Iran and China. The second one shows that Iran has been unsuccessful in employing and activating the potential flows of sustainability spillover effects from the US as the greatest global economy. Therefore, policy-makers in Iran should consider a peaceful and collaborative relationship with the global community to improve and accelerate its sustainable development progress. Also, they should keep their relationship with China as the second biggest economy in the world while improving the relationship with the US to activate the potential spillover effects between the sustainability pillars of Iran and those of the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to illuminate temporality in value determination and stratification of value and price in the transformation of value into price. This leads to an understanding of value-relocating through the two concepts presented in this study: current-value-relocating (CVR) and integrated-value-relocating (IVR). Based on Marx's exploration of the labor process and social reproduction and focusing on two components of a commodity's value and the relation between the individual and aggregate level, the article seeks to propose a non-linear conception of temporality in value determination, which justifies the application of simultaneous equations in value determination. Furthermore, through the depiction of the stratification of value and price, the study insists on retaining the relations among their components in different layers. Lastly, the research attempts to explain all price-value deviations at the aggregate and individual levels in two forms: CVR and IVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and political stability on food security (SDGs2) in Sub-Saharan African countries using simultaneous equation model and GMM method over the period 1996–2020. The empirical results show that FDI positively affects food security in Sub-Saharan African countries, East Africa (EAC), West Africa (WAMZ) and WAEMU. The results show that political stability negatively affects food security in Sub-Saharan African countries, CEMAC, ECA and WAEMU, while having a positive impact on food security in SACU and WAMZ. Other important results show that the interaction of FDI and political stability has a positive and significant impact on food security in Sub-Saharan African countries and SACU, while negative impact in EAC and WAEMU. This implies that political stability plays a crucial role on how FDI affects food security. This result indicates that improving food security in Sub-Saharan African countries depends on increasing the inflows of foreign direct investment and improving political stability. The policy implications of this study is that governments in Sub-Saharan African countries must give great importance to improving political stability, thus, increasing FDI inflows and enhancing the level of food security (SDGs2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Agribusiness / Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With more and more loss caused by forest biological disasters (FBDs) in China, forest farmers, as one of the most important stakeholders, are participating in the control. In this study, the ordinary least squares model, simultaneous equation model, and propensity score matching method were used with the data from 818 surveys conducted in the typical FBD outbreak provinces, to reveal the FBD control behaviors of forest farmers and their differences between western and eastern regions of China. The results indicated the following. (1) Household factors: forest farmers could timely take control measures. An increase of 1 ha in the area of occurrence would increase the control measures by 3.26 ha. However, the control measures can only reduce 50% of the economic loss caused by FBDs and cannot effectively control the spread trend of FBDs. There are issues, including an insufficient and old labor force, insufficient technology support, and low consciousness of ecology protection. (2) External factors: forest farmers would increase control when the temperature rises, and reduce control when rainfall increases. After village committees unify organizing the control, their participation enthusiasm would increase, which would have a substitution relationship with the household investment. (3) Regional difference: the eastern region of China has higher figures than the western in terms of outbreak area, economic losses, control measures, and pesticide cost. If the western forest farmers have the control funds as the eastern forest farmers have, and the eastern forest farmers have the control intensity as the western forest farmers have, the overall FBD control effect would be better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten novel spectrophotometric approaches were developed for the initial examination of the Hydroxychloroquine and Paracetamol medications. These procedures are straightforward, specific, easy to use, and provide exact and accurate results. The determination was conducted through the utilization of several approaches, including zero order (dual wavelength, zero crossing, advanced absorption subtraction and spectrum subtraction), derivative (first derivative of zero crossing), ratio (ratio difference, ratio derivative) and mathematical (bivariate, simultaneous equation, and Q-absorbance) techniques. After undergoing validation in accordance with ICH criteria, it was established that each of these methods achieved acceptable levels of precision, repeatability, robustness, and accuracy. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated, and the proposed and reported methodologies were statistically compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empagliflozin, an inhibitor of SGLT-2, a sodium glucose co-transporter is found mainly in the proximal tubules of the nephronic components of the kidney. The assay of empagliflozin in its tablet form has been created using a unique, secure, and sensitive UV-spectrophotometric approach. During the development and validation of the method for the assay of empagliflozin, methanol was employed as the solvent. The maximum absorbance wavelength of the solution was determined by scanning in a UV spectrophotometer. At the specified wavelength; absorbance was measured using a variety of calibration standards. The linearity and range of the calibration curve of concentration vs. absorbance were computed. The accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and ruggedness of the analytical approach were among the metrics that were determined. A correlation coefficient of 0.999 indicated linearity within the concentration range 2–10 μg/mL. The maximum absorbance of empagliflozin in methanol was determined to be 238.5 nm. Recovery was estimated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and was found to be as per the acceptance limits: 93.25%. The developed UV method was found to be precise with relative standard deviation less than 2%. The assessment of empagliflozin in its tablet formulation using a UV-spectrophotometric technique was determined to be both safe and helpful. The uniqueness of this research is based on a cost-efficient, time-saving, safe, easy, and successful approach for validating empagliflozin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income inequality had been one of the important manifestations of social inequality, which can affect the health level by affecting savings, health care and living standards. Existing researches about the relationship between income inequality and health ignored the comprehensive characteristic of health concept, and did not consider the intrinsic relationship between health and income inequality. This paper attempts to re-shed light on the relationship. Firstly, this paper constructs a new health level evaluation system from three aspects: health basis, health environment and behavior, and health security. By means of the combination evaluation method, the health levels can be obtained. Then, considering the interaction between health and income inequality, a simultaneous equation group model is constructed to empirically test the relationship between income inequality and health levels in China. The results reveal that health level is negatively correlated with income inequality. Reducing income inequality plays an important role in improving health levels in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel wideband dual‐band bandstop filter with multi‐transmission zeros and multi‐reflection zeros is presented. It consists of two pairs of symmetric open‐ended coupled lines at two sides and (2N − 1) pairs of coupled‐line sections with an open‐circuited stub in the middle. Through even‐ and odd‐mode analyses, general simultaneous equations for characteristic impedances are derived with the proposed algorithm. By suitably selecting all the design parameters, the proposed topology could not only provide a controllable equal‐ripple response in the passband but also control the stopband rejection, bandwidth (BW), and centre frequency ratio in the stopband flexibly. For verification, one prototype circuit is finally fabricated and measured in the experiment. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results is attained so as to successfully validate the correctness of the proposed design method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]