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Background: The mastoid canals and mastoid grooves are formed within the mastoid part of temporal bones of skull, these are present on the external surface of mastoid region, anterior to the occipitomastoid suture, behind and parallel to the petrosquamous suture and anteroinferior to the asterion. The study was conducted to observe the incidence of mastoid canals and grooves in dry adult human skulls. Methods: Total of 120 dry adult human skulls consisting of 80 male & 40 female were examined to determine the incidence of mastoid canals and grooves. The mastoid parts of both sides were examined for the presence of mastoid canals and grooves. Then length of mastoid canals was measured. Conclusion: Out of the total of 120 skulls, mastoid canals were observed in 8.75% of skulls. The incidence of mastoid canals was 10% in females and 8.12% in males. The incidence of mastoid grooves was 10.42% of total skulls. It was 11.88 % in male skulls and in female skulls, it was 7.55%. The knowledge of mastoid canals and grooves of the temporal bones is very useful to the neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons while doing surgery to avoid severe bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread mainly through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Long-term use of spectacles may prevent repeated touching and rubbing of the eyes. Aim: To know the association between infection with SARSCoV-2 and wearing of spectacles. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 304 patients of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) were selected. Their spectacles wearing behaviour were assessed through a questionnaire. Spectacles wearing behaviour of general population were obtained from older studies (for comparison). Risk of COVID-19 was calculated in long-term spectacles wearers as well as in persons not using spectacles. Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: In this study, total 58 patients showed the behaviour of using spectacles continuously during day time and always on outdoor activities. The risk of COVID-19 was found 0.48 in spectacles wearing population as compared to 1.35 in population not using spectacles. The calculated Risk Ratio (RR) was 0.36. It indicates that the risk of COVID-19 was 2-3 times less in spectacles wearing population than the population not using spectacles. The protective effectiveness of the spectacles was found statistically significant (p-value=0.00113). Conclusion: The present study showed that the risk of COVID-19 was about 2-3 times less in spectacles wearing population than the population not wearing those. The nasolacrimal duct may be a route of virus transmission from conjunctival sac to the nasopharynx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective- To detect the frequency distribution of various breast lesions on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and incidence of duct carcinoma in different age groups. Material and Method- 200 cases who presented with breast lesions for fine aspiration cytology with Papanicolaou stain, age group 15-60 years and both sexes were included in the study conducted over a period of June 2014 - May 2016. Results- FNAC was done on 200 cases of breast lesions, of which 150 (75.0%) were benign, 27 (13.5%) malignant, 11 (5.5%) benign breast disease with atypia, 4 (2%) suspicious, and 8(4.0%) unsatisfactory. Fibroadenoma was the most common benign lesion and ductal carcinoma was the common malignant lesion. There was significant association between benign breast lesions and age. Majorities were pre-menopausal females and commonest age group was 31-40 years. Conclusion- With experienced hands, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a safe, cost effective and reliable technique for preoperative evaluation of palpable breast lumps. FNA features are more informative when combined with clinical and radiological findings. Fibro adenoma forms the majority of benign breast lesions, followed by duct carcinoma with increased incidence in the third decade. So, clinical breast examination and mammography screening in female subjects should be encouraged in developing countries from the third decade onward for early detection of breast carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]