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The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the level of feed intake and a 2d feed restriction period on the postweaning adaptation of pancreatic exocrine secretions. At 33 d of age, 18 piglets fitted with 2 permanents catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to 1 of the following 2 dietary treatments for 5 d: restricted feed allocation (restricted) or gradually increasing feed allocation (control). Pancreatic juice was collected daily during both basal and prandial periods. The basal period was defined as the period from 1400 to 1700 h (i.e., 5 to 8 h after the morning meal), whereas the prandial period was defined as the period from 30 min before to 60 min after the morning meal (given at 0900). Digestive enzyme activities and antibacterial activity were determined. Pancreatic protein secretion was 44% less (P < 0.05) in restricted piglets than in control piglets during the basal period. Trypsin secretion was affected by feed-restriction of piglets. The meal did not affect protein and trypsin secretions in restricted piglets, whereas at d 3 postweaning, protein and trypsin secretions and trypsin specific activity in control piglets were 9-, 105-, and 25-fold greater (P < 0.001) during the first 30 min after the meal than before the meal. Lipase and amylase secretions were not affected by variations in feed intake. The secretion of antibacterial activity in restricted piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of control piglets only at d 5. The extended feed restriction period increased the basal secretion of antibacterial activity (P = 0.09) and postprandial secretion of amylase (P = 0.05). In conclusion, a low level of feed intake during the early postweaning period decreased pancreatic protein and trypsin secretions, whereas a 2-d feed restriction period enhanced secretions of amylase and antibacterial activity. In addition, our results indicate that during periods of dietary adaptation, such as at weaning, measurements of enzyme activities in the tissue do not accurately reflect the enzyme secretion. Key words: antibacterial activity, digestive enzyme, feed intake, pancreatic secretion, piglet, weaning

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Cadmium is an environmental pollutant well known for its nephrotoxic effects. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying nephrotoxicity continue to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged in recent years as modulators of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. In this context, our study aimed at elucidating whether miRNAs are involved in renal proximal tubular toxicity induced by cadmium exposure. We showed that cadmium exposure, in 2 distinct renal proximal tubular cell models (renal proximal tubular epithelial cell [RPTEC]/human telomerase reverse transcriptase [hTERT] and human kidney-2), resulted in cytotoxicity associated with morphological changes, overexpression of renal injury markers, and induction of apoptosis and inflammation processes. Cadmium exposure also resulted in miRNA modulation, including the significant upregulation of 38 miRNAs in RPTEC/hTERT cells. Most of these miRNAs are known to target genes whose coding proteins are involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, leading to tissue remodeling. In conclusion, this study provides a list of dysregulated miRNAs which may play a role in the pathophysiology of cadmium-induced kidney damages and highlights promising cadmium molecular biomarkers that warrants to be further evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The sensory perception of cosmetic emulsions is complex as it is governed by an important number of parameters like the choice of raw materials, their interactions, the structural organisation of the system, etc. The aim of the present work was to go further in the interpretation of the emollient‐surfactant interactions, towards the emulsions applicative properties. For this purpose, two systems containing liquid crystals of the lamellar type were formulated, differing only in the selected emollient. Methods: First, the liquid crystals types were checked using different tools like the optical microscopy under the bright and polarized light, the wide‐angle X rays diffraction and, finally, thermogravimetric analysis. Next, two sensory attributes, namely compression force and difficulty of spreading, were evaluated by a sensory panel. In addition to that, complementary instrumental characterizations (flow tests, textural analysis and contact angle measurements) were performed in order to understand how the panel could discriminate the products. Results: The results showed that isohexadecane emollient induces the α‐gel structures, while caprylic capric triglycerides favour the formation of the lamellar liquid crystals near to α‐gel. For the compression force, the results point out that there is no direct interaction between the oil phase and the skin. For this attribute, depending on its chemical structure, emollient impacts the human perception only by changing the lamellar phase type. Concerning the difficulty of spreading, both the emulsion structure and the emollient properties should be considered. Immediate perception is impacted by the emulsions destruction, making the droplet roll one on each other. Then, once the droplets monolayer is disrupted, the emollient comes into direct contact with the skin. In this case, the perception is governed by the direct affinity of the emollient with the skin, nonpolar emollients being easier to spread if compared to polar ones. Conclusion: The sensory perception is guided not only by the choice of the raw materials but also by their interactions. It was shown that the chemical structure of the emollients affected the molecular organization of liquid crystals present in the emulsion and, consequently, directly or indirectly its sensory perception. The chemical structure of the emollients can change the molecular organisation build by the mixed emulsifier. As consequence, the choice of the emollient affects the microstructure, the macrostructure, as well as the sensory perception of the emulsion containing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The gelation mechanism of carrageenan depends on the amount and nature of the polysaccharide, and is cation sensitive. From a rheological approach, this specificity leads to different textural properties. In composite gels with carrageenans, starch and sucrose, the presence of κ/κ2-carrageenan, even at low levels, has an impact on textural and structural properties. In this study, rheological and diffusion NMR measurements were performed on composite gels to probe gel structure at the macro- and micro-scale. Variations were made in the gel composition by varying the carrageenan content and the nature of the polysaccharide and cations. We showed that all the factors that increased the rigidity of the composite gels – polysaccharide content and specific cations – decreased significantly the diffusion of small molecules such as sucrose and ethyl butyrate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the level of feed intake and a 2-d feed restriction period on the postweaning adaptation of pancreatic exocrine secretions. At 33 d of age, 18 piglets fitted with 2 permanents catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to 1 of the following 2 dietary treatments for 5 d: restricted feed allocation (restricted) or gradually increasing feed allocation (control). Pancreatic juice was collected daily during both basal and prandial periods. The basal period was defined as the period from 1400 to 1700 h (i.e., 5 to 8 h after the morning meal), whereas the prandial period was defined as the period from 30 mm before to 60 mm after the morning meal (given at 0900). Digestive enzyme activities and anti-bacterial activity were determined. Pancreatic protein secretion was 44% less (P < 0.05) in restricted piglets than in control piglets during the basal period. Trypsin secretion was affected by feed-restriction of piglets. The meal did not affect protein and trypsin secretions in restricted piglets, whereas at d 3 postweaning, protein and trypsin secretions and trypsin specific activity in control piglets were 9-, 105-, and 25-fold greater (P < 0.00 1) during the first 30 mm after the meal than before the meal. Lipase and amylase secretions were not affected by variations in feed intake. The secretion of antibacterial activity in restricted piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of control piglets only at d 5. The extended feed restriction period increased the basal secretion of antibacterial activity (P = 0.09) and postprandial secretion of amylase (P = 0.05). In conclusion, a low level of feed intake during the early postweaning period decreased pancreatic protein and trypsin secretions, whereas a 2-d feed restriction period enhanced secretions of amylase and antibacterial activity. In addition, our results indicate that during periods of dietary adaptation, such as at weaning, measurements of enzyme activities in the tissue do not accurately reflect the enzyme secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the level of feed intake and a 2-d feed restriction period on the postweaning adaptation of pancreatic exocrine secretions. At 33 d of age, 18 piglets fitted with 2 permanents catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to 1 of the following 2 dietary treatments for 5 d: restricted feed allocation (restricted) or gradually increasing feed allocation (control). Pancreatic juice was collected daily during both basal and prandial periods. The basal period was defined as the period from 1400 to 1700 h (i.e., 5 to 8 h after the morning meal), whereas the prandial period was defined as the period from 30 mm before to 60 mm after the morning meal (given at 0900). Digestive enzyme activities and anti-bacterial activity were determined. Pancreatic protein secretion was 44% less (P < 0.05) in restricted piglets than in control piglets during the basal period. Trypsin secretion was affected by feed-restriction of piglets. The meal did not affect protein and trypsin secretions in restricted piglets, whereas at d 3 postweaning, protein and trypsin secretions and trypsin specific activity in control piglets were 9-, 105-, and 25-fold greater (P < 0.00 1) during the first 30 mm after the meal than before the meal. Lipase and amylase secretions were not affected by variations in feed intake. The secretion of antibacterial activity in restricted piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of control piglets only at d 5. The extended feed restriction period increased the basal secretion of antibacterial activity (P = 0.09) and postprandial secretion of amylase (P = 0.05). In conclusion, a low level of feed intake during the early postweaning period decreased pancreatic protein and trypsin secretions, whereas a 2-d feed restriction period enhanced secretions of amylase and antibacterial activity. In addition, our results indicate that during periods of dietary adaptation, such as at weaning, measurements of enzyme activities in the tissue do not accurately reflect the enzyme secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Les lésions de fibrose rénales représentent une caractéristique commune des maladies rénales chroniques et participent, à terme, au développement d’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale. Bien que miR-21 soit un microARN communément impliqué dans le processus de fibrose rénale, les données expérimentales de la littérature restent contradictoires et suggèrent que ce miARN joue un rôle complexe et ambivalent, protecteur ou délétère, selon le contexte des pathologies rénales, aiguës ou chroniques. L’objectif de ce travail est de préciser l’implication de miR-21 dans deux modèles murins de néphrotoxicité induite par le tacrolimus et le cisplatine. Patients/matériels et méthodes Dans un premier modèle, des souris ont été exposées pendant 28 jours au tacrolimus (1 mg/kg/j). Le second modèle repose sur l’utilisation de souris invalidées pour miR-21 exposées au cisplatine de manière aiguë (injection d’une dose unique de 10 mg/kg) ou subaiguë (injections répétées de 7 mg/kg de cisplatine). La fonction rénale des animaux a été évaluée. Les reins prélevés ont permis de réaliser des analyses histologiques et de mesurer l’expression de miR-21, de marqueurs de souffrance rénale, d’inflammation et de stress oxydant dans les deux modèles. Résultats Dans le premier modèle, les souris exposées au tacrolimus ont une surexpression de miR-21 associée à des lésions rénales (surexpression de marqueurs de stress, d’inflammation et fibrotiques). De plus l’expression de miR-21, dans les coupes tissulaires, est localisée au niveau des tubules et dans le compartiment interstitiel, suggérant l’implication de ce dernier dans les lésions de fibrose induites par le tacrolimus. Dans le second modèle, les souris ayant reçu une injection unique de cisplatine ne présentent pas de différence significative d’urémie, de marqueurs de souffrance rénale, d’inflammation et de stress oxydant quel que soit leur statut sauvage ou invalidé pour miR-21. En revanche, les injections répétées de cisplatine induisent des lésions rénales plus sévères chez les souris miR-21-/- que chez les souris sauvages. Conclusion Ces résultats confirment ainsi que miR-21 joue un rôle ambivalent au cours des lésions rénales : protecteur à la phase précoce d’une agression rénale aiguë et délétère lorsque le processus se prolonge dans le temps. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires afin d’évaluer l’intérêt potentiel de miR-21 en tant que cible thérapeutique innovante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction L’obésité, (IMC ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), est un enjeu majeur de santé publique qui concerne 15 % des adultes en France en 2012. Si un lien est établi entre l’IMC et la mortalité générale notamment d’origine cardiovasculaire (JAMA 1999;28:1523–9), l’effet de l’obésité sur le pronostic des patients après un arrêt cardiaque (AC) récupéré demeure inconnu. Notre objectif était d’évaluer l’impact de l’IMC sur le pronostic des patients admis en réanimation après un AC récupéré. Matériel et méthodes Étude rétrospective bicentrique 2005–2012 de données pré-hospitalières et hospitalières collectées prospectivement de manière standardisée (critères d’Utstein) des patients admis pour AC récupéré. Analyse statistique uni- et multivariée des facteurs associés à la mortalité hospitalière incluant l’IMC des patients. Accord des comités d’éthique dans les 2 centres. Résultats 1449 patients ont été admis pendant la période d’étude, 503 exclus pour données manquantes (taille/poids) et 946 patients ont été inclus dans l’étude. Les patients se répartissaient dans les classes d’IMC de la façon suivante : < 18 n = 30 (3,2 %), 18–25 n = 446 (47 %), 25–30 n = 300 (31,7 %), 30–40 n = 145 (15,3 %), > 40 n = 25 (2,6 %). La mortalité en réanimation était significativement influencée par l’IMC et apparaît sous une forme de courbe en « J » ( Figure 1 ). Les caractéristiques des patients différaient en analyse univariée sur l’âge médian : 59,2 ; 62,1 ; 65,1 et également sur le sexe masculin : 66,6 % ; 76,7 % ; 62,4 % et la survenue d’un choc post-AC : 57,1 % ; 59,1 % ; 68,3 % pour les classes d’IMC respectivement < 25, 25–30, > 30. L’analyse multivariée montrait qu’un IMC > 30 était un facteur indépendamment associé à la mortalité : OR 2,17 (1,31–3,6), p < 0,001. Les autres variables associées à la mortalité en réanimation étaient l’âge < 62 ans (OR 0,69 [0,5–0,96]), un AC dans un lieu public (OR 0,52, [0,37–0,74]), le début de la RCP par un témoin (OR 0,53 [0,38–0,75]), un rythme initial choquable (OR 0,33 [0,24–0,47]) et la survenue d’un choc post-AC (OR 2,34 [1,68–3,25]). Discussion Notre étude suggère que l’obésité est un facteur indépendant de la mortalité en réanimation des patients après AC récupéré. Le recueil de la survie à un an est en cours et apportera des éléments importants sur l’effet à long terme de l’obésité dans cette pathologie. Nos résultats sont en accord avec l’impact de l’IMC sur le pronostic des AC intra-hospitaliers aux USA (Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3:490–7) et sur le pronostic des AC amenés aux urgences par des paramédicaux en Autriche (Resuscitation 2011;82:869–73). Cet effet sur le pronostic pourrait être lié à la moindre efficacité des chocs électriques et/ou à la difficulté d’abord des voies aériennes chez les patients obèses comme en témoigne la tendance à une durée de RCP spécialisée plus longue mais également à la difficulté de la prise en charge post-ressuscitation avec une fréquence accrue d’un état de choc post-AC. L’impact de l’IMC sur la réalisation de la revascularisation coronaire et de l’hypothermie thé [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Lors de l’évolution de la maladie de Berger, les lésions de fibrose interstitielle (FI) sont déterminantes pour le pronostic rénal. Les microARN (miR) sont de petits ARN non codants impliqués dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle. In vitro , et dans des modèles murins de FI, miR-21 et miR-199a-5p ont été décrits comme pro-fibrosants. Notre objectif est d’analyser le niveau d’expression rénale de ces miR chez des patients porteurs d’une maladie de Berger en fonction de leur niveau de FI. Patients et méthodes Ce travail a été mené sur une cohorte de 56 patients porteurs d’une maladie de Berger. Les lésions histologiques ont été analysées selon la classification d’Oxford (score MEST). Différents grades de FI sont décrits (FI < 25 % de grade T0 : n = 32 ; FI de 26 à 50 % de grade T1 : n = 12, FI > 50 % grade T2 : n = 12). La mesure de l’expression de miR-21 et miR-199a-5p est réalisée par une technique de PCR en temps réel à partir du tissu rénal. Résultats Le niveau d’expression tissulaire rénale de miR-21 augmente de manière dichotomique dès le développement d’une FI de grade 1 (T0 vs T1 : 1,67 ± 1,6 vs 5,58 ± 3,8, p = 0,001). L’augmentation de miR-199a-5p n’est significative que pour les patients ayant développé une FI > 50 %. L’analyse de survie actuarielle rénale montre l’influence de l’expression rénale de miR-21 sur le risque d’évolution vers l’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale (risque relatif d’IRCT pour un niveau d’expression rénale de miR-21 > 1,93 = 7,3, p = 0,007, IC 95 % : 1,72–31,18). Il n’existe par ailleurs aucune corrélation entre le niveau d’expression tissulaire rénale de miR-21 et l’existence de lésions glomérulaires actives. Discussion et conclusion Le niveau d’expression tissulaire rénale de miR-21 est spécifiquement associé au développement de la FI et au pronostic fonctionnel de la maladie de Berger. MiR-21 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique innovante afin de prévenir le développement de la FI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of diverse floral resources is crucial for the maintenance of pollinating insects and the pollination service they provide in agricultural landscapes. Ensuring plant diversity is thus essential for the maintenance and even restoration of pollinator communities. Many studies have highlighted the beneficial effects for pollinating insects of the floral resources provided either by uncultivated plants in agroecological infrastructures such as hedgerows and in crop fields, or by the addition of cultivated flowers through intercropping. However, the role of these different co-occurring vegetation types in providing floral resources to wild flower-visiting insects remains unexplored simultaneously, especially regarding their potential interacting effects. Using a paired design sampling approach, we investigated the contribution of floral resources provided by hedgerows, weeds in crop fields, and legumes intercropped with winter cereals, and their interacting effects, to the abundance of different groups of wild flower-visiting insects, plant-insect interactions and insect preferences. Our results show that the abundance of most groups of floral visitors were enhanced by the cover or species richness of floral resources provided by hedgerows or by weeds in crop fields. Interactions between uncultivated plants and insects were driven by the presence of some particular 'preferred' plant species offering either abundant, accessible or high-quality floral resources. By contrast, abundance of floral visitors was not enhanced by the addition of legume flowers through intercropping. The positive effects of flowering wild plants in hedgerows and crop fields remained mostly unchanged in the presence of intercrops, because of the limited contribution of legumes in providing attractive floral resources to floral visitors. Our results highlight the critical role of floral resources provided by weeds in crop fields for diverse flower-visiting insects, in addition to the floral resources provided by hedgerows. We recommend that agri-environment schemes should promote a wide diversity of floral resources at field margins through the retention of existing semi-natural elements or the sowing of wildflower mixtures. More importantly, our study encourages the seeking of alternative forms of weed management, which support a trade-off between the maintenance of pollinating insects and pollination service provision on the one hand, and crop yields and incomes for farmers on the other. • Uncultivated floral resources in hedgerows and crop fields enhance wild flower-visiting insects. • Cover of legume floral resources is less beneficial for floral visitors. • Beneficial effects of uncultivated resources do not vary according the presence of intercrops. • Diversification strategies should rely on uncultivated plants in field and field margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Measurement of the transport phenomena of volatile compounds is a central preoccupation in food flavour and is the subject of the present paper. After a theoretical reminder concerning transport phenomena, the methods used for the measurement of diffusion and mass transfer of volatile compounds are described with their principles, main advantages and drawbacks. These methods are illustrated by some results obtained for flavoured model food products. Several methods characterized by the type of diffusion coefficient measured, the method basis, the scale at which diffusion is measured and the means used to detect the diffusing molecule, are available to determine diffusion coefficients. To study the impact of the different factors influencing aroma release, kinetic parameters extracted from release curves obtained by sampling and analysis of the gas phase can be measured and compared. The coherence between experimental conditions and mathematical models used to estimate the parameters is of major importance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]