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Copyright of Materia Arquitectura is the property of Universidad San Sebastian and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article I present a series of reflections on the concept of graffiti. What begins as a critique of the ideological relation between “street art” and “graffiti” on the one hand and “center” and “periphery” on the other, unfolds as a schematic exploration of the relation between graffiti and social crisis. These theses argue that graffiti can and should be interpreted, and that this interpretation depends upon analyzing graffiti’s character as both text and image. In doing so they explore graffiti in crisis across the American hemisphere, moving from “center” to “periphery” and back again. In the ruin of New York, the commune of Oaxaca, the explosion of Santiago, we catch a vivid glimpse of the social form and latent content of graffiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La historiografía ha tenido una excesiva tendencia a definir el fenómeno “jacobeo” en Cataluña como un modelo territorial y localista, sin tener en cuenta la posible importancia de Barcelona como puerta de entrada de las vías de ultramar y lugar de paso de peregrinos que iban a Compostela. En este sentido, los indicios documentales son lo suficientemente elocuentes como para reexaminar la importancia de Barcelona, ya en el siglo XII, como puerto de entrada y salida de peregrinos llegados a la península ibérica. Bajo esta premisa de partida, el presente artículo persigue tres objetivos. En primer lugar, conocer el origen y la configuración arquitectónica del desaparecido hospital de San Nicolás de Barcelona, así como su posible función como centro asistencial de peregrinos. En segundo lugar, aportar nuevos datos sobre el rol desempeñado por Barcelona como espacio de transferencia, intercambio y recepción de flujos de peregrinaje. Por último, analizar los orígenes del culto al apóstol Santiago en la Ciudad Condal.

Múltiples fueron las relaciones entre la antigua Marca Hispánica y el santuario compostelano a lo largo de la Edad Media. Dejando de lado el episodio del abad Cesáreo de Montserrat, es a partir del siglo XI, cuando la documentación pone de manifiesto tanto la peregrinación a Santiago desde el noreste de la Península como la devoción local hacia el Apóstol mediante donaciones, legados, edificación de iglesias o capillas, y el interés, en Ripoll, por la historia del descubrimiento de la tumba apostólica. La fundación de hospitales para “pobres y peregrinos” muestra, por otra parte, que Cataluña, Valencia y Aragón fueron lugares de paso de peregrinos foráneos.

The Camino of Santiago has demonstrated its role as a strategic factor in the socio-economic development of territories. This paper presents a ‘tool kit’ based on Best Practice, aiming at designing, developing and operating pilgrimage routes in Latin America, inspired by the lessons learned from the Camino de Santiago strategies and policies. The methodology of the research for this paper is open-ended questionnaires to experts and institutions and online surveys to pilgrims. It also builds on a review of academic literature. The findings show that Latin America is a traditionally religious territory, with a high percentage of the population belonging to religious groups. Pilgrimages have a great potential to bring economic benefits to communities around existing routes and to enhance the development of new ones, which already take place organically but are not fully developed. There is a lack of involvement of the public sector in the design, planning and operation of these routes. Governance in creating policies and in their management is critical to success. Last but not least, strategic and focused marketing is needed where not all tools are valuable and efficient. The Way of Saint James is an inspiring example, but not all practices can be replicated or adapted. Further investigations could analyse other realities (such as Rome, Lourdes, Fátima, etc.) to provide a complete range of benchmarking and enrich the conclusions of this work. The proposed recommendations could be implemented in territories where primary conditions exist and significantly impact the improvement of existing pilgrimage tourism routes or contribute to the development of existing ones. In this work, the Camino has been subjectively considered (as suggested in certain scientific and academic work) as the master model for the development of pilgrimage tourism in territories where the potential for this product exists or can be improved. In this paper, these learnings are suggested in the context of Latin America.

El presente estudio aborda el fenómeno de la investificación en el mercado de arriendo del Gran Santiago. Para ello se utiliza un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo por regresiones geográficamente ponderadas. A través de la recopilación y análisis de datos de transacciones y de indicadores urbanos, se exploran los patrones de localización de inversiones residenciales con relación a funciones urbanas específicas a nivel de zonas censales. El análisis revela que la proximidad a instituciones de educación superior, la estabilidad en los precios de arriendo y la presencia de personas mayores son factores determinantes en la selección de propiedades para inversión. Estos hallazgos evidencian la transformación del paisaje urbano como espacios de renta para el capital y destaca la creciente segmentación socioespacial, subrayando así la necesidad de regulaciones que atiendan las implicancias del investification en la dinámica urbana del Gran Santiago.

The meteorological factors of the severe wintertime particulate matter (PM) air pollution problem of the city of Santiago, Chile, are investigated with newly available observations, including a 30 m tower measuring near-surface stability, winds and turbulence, as well as lower-tropospheric vertical profiles of temperature and winds measured by commercial airplanes operating from the Santiago airport (AMDAR database). Focusing on the cold season of the years 2017–2019, high-PM days are defined using an index of evening concentrations measured in the western part of the city. The diurnal cycles of the different meteorological variables computed over 25 PM episodes are compared against the overall diurnal cycles. PM episodes are associated with enhanced surface stability and weaker surface winds and turbulence during the evening and night. AMDAR vertical profiles of temperature and winds during episodes reveal a substantial lower-tropospheric warming attributed to enhanced regional subsidence, which is consistent with the shallower daytime boundary layer depth and the increased surface thermal amplitude observed during these days. An explanation for the weak surface winds during PM episodes was not evident, considering that these are clear days that would strengthen the local valley wind system. Two possible mechanisms are put forward to resolve this issue, which can be tested in the future using high-resolution numerical modeling validated with the new data described here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyzes Alberto Blest Gana's portrayal of masculine beauty in Rafael San Luis and Abelardo Manríquez through the lens of patriotism and social order. The divine, angelic looks of these two young characters come with a high cost. San Luis, from Martín Rivas (1862), and Manríquez, from El ideal de un calavera (1863), are exceedingly handsome but devoid of means, a fact that makes their circumstances especially harsh. They are also deeply in love with privileged, wealthy Santiago women, which causes the heroes to suffer. They challenge Chile's capitalist social order, resist their outsider status, and follow the Weltanschauung of a pipiolo (liberal). They confront danger and fight the good fight. Yet these two brave men cannot escape past behaviors and decisions. It is their unhappy fate to lose their beautiful ladies to less attractive men, and ultimately to die in battle (San Luis) and by execution (Manríquez). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Camino of Santiago has demonstrated its role as a strategic factor in the socio-economic development of territories. This paper presents a ‘tool kit’ based on Best Practice, aiming at designing, developing and operating pilgrimage routes in Latin America, inspired by the lessons learned from the Camino de Santiago strategies and policies. The methodology of the research for this paper is open-ended questionnaires to experts and institutions and online surveys to pilgrims. It also builds on a review of academic literature. The findings show that Latin America is a traditionally religious territory, with a high percentage of the population belonging to religious groups. Pilgrimages have a great potential to bring economic benefits to communities around existing routes and to enhance the development of new ones, which already take place organically but are not fully developed. There is a lack of involvement of the public sector in the design, planning and operation of these routes. Governance in creating policies and in their management is critical to success. Last but not least, strategic and focused marketing is needed where not all tools are valuable and efficient. The Way of Saint James is an inspiring example, but not all practices can be replicated or adapted. Further investigations could analyse other realities (such as Rome, Lourdes, Fátima, etc.) to provide a complete range of benchmarking and enrich the conclusions of this work. The proposed recommendations could be implemented in territories where primary conditions exist and significantly impact the improvement of existing pilgrimage tourism routes or contribute to the development of existing ones. In this work, the Camino has been subjectively considered (as suggested in certain scientific and academic work) as the master model for the development of pilgrimage tourism in territories where the potential for this product exists or can be improved. In this paper, these learnings are suggested in the context of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The granite block of O Pedrón, a recarved Roman altar to Neptune, is an object of veneration at the church of St. James in the town of Padrón along the Camino de Santiago in Galicia, northwest Iberia. I use this enchanting object as a vehicle for thinking about materials, assemblages, and time, engaging with ideas drawn from Bergson, Benjamin, Deleuze, and Husserl. I describe how O Pedrón has participated in events across two millennia: the Roman colonization of Iron Age Iberia; the medieval creation of the cult of Santiago; and a contemporary push for tourism. The concept of assemblage helps us visualize the sensory, emotional, political, and other dimensions connected with the stone. The emergent properties of assemblages move not only forward but backward in time, in a process characterized by Husserl and Gell as protension and retension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En los últimos años ha quedado en evidencia el profuso interés que ha despertado en las Ciencias Sociales el mundo interior del ser humano, es decir, sus emociones, afectos, pasiones o sentires a través del tiempo. El presente artículo analiza la vida cotidiana de los monasterios de Santiago durante la época colonial desde la perspectiva teórica de la historia de las emociones, específicamente a partir de las aproximaciones conceptuales de Barbara H. Rosenwein. Utilizando un corpus documental muy poco trabajado por la historiografía nacional, como son los manuscritos contenidos en las bibliotecas y los archivos conventuales de esta ciudad (reglas, constituciones, visitas pas- torales, libros de cuentas, correspondencia, escritos confesionales y autobiografías); la investigación da cuenta de las principales características del sistema de sentimientos de estas comunidades emocionales femeninas, estipulando, por una parte, las normativas eclesiásticas que determinaban los modos de expresión permitidos y vedados a las mon- jas y, por otra, las prácticas sociales y culturales que contribuían a transgredirlas. Asimismo, se propone la existencia de sub-comunidades emocionales dentro de la clausura, establecidas según las diferentes mujeres que la habitaban.

La reina es una pieza clave en la política religiosa del reino, tanto por su promoción espiritual como por su valor representativo para la monarquía. Este hecho propicia su participación en la recepción de las comitivas que llegan rumbo a Santiago, y también su relevancia a la hora de peregrinar a Compostela, ya sea por un sentido devocional o por un propósito dinástico o político. Casos como el de la reina de Aragón, María de Castilla, reflejan su capacidad como benefactoras de los peregrinos y cómo se estimula el diálogo entre las cortes ibéricas para recibirlos y agasajarlos.

El artículo analiza el contexto en que apareció la cátedra universitaria dedicada a tratar las enfermedades de la niñez. A partir de este quiebre reflexiona sobre los factores que explicaban una elevada tasa de mortalidad infantil, la coexistencia entre la medicina científica y las tradiciones de la época, las colisiones entre los actores que se dedicaban a curar las afecciones y los médicos formados en la academia. Se indaga en las dificultades que tuvo la instalación de la pediatría como disciplina médica validada socialmente para tratar las enfermedades en la infancia. En la investigación se estudia el arco temporal que abarca entre 1870 y 1901, décadas en que la mortalidad infantil adquirió una profunda notoriedad y se transformó en uno de los principales problemas de salud pública. Las conclusiones distinguen el desarrollo de una institucionalidad que respaldó la labor de los facultativos y la inauguración de los hospitales de niños como espacio de práctica para los nuevos tratamientos de las enfermedades.

Copyright of Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte is the property of Recorde: Revista de Historia do Esporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ad Limina. Revista de investigacion del Camino de Santiag y las peregrinaciones is the property of AD LIMINA Turismo de Galicia SA de Xestion do Plan Xacobeo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ad Limina. Revista de investigacion del Camino de Santiag y las peregrinaciones is the property of AD LIMINA Turismo de Galicia SA de Xestion do Plan Xacobeo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a wide‐ranging and pithy article, Guest‐Editor of this issue and Professor at the Graduate School of the University of California, Berkeley, Jill Stoner evokes humanity, rivers, dogs and language to present a case for an architecture of refusal that allows us the possibility of 'breathing together'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meteorological factors of the severe wintertime particulate matter (PM) air pollution problem of the city of Santiago, Chile, are investigated with newly available observations, including a 30 m tower measuring near-surface stability, winds and turbulence, as well as lower-tropospheric vertical profiles of temperature and winds measured by commercial airplanes operating from the Santiago airport (AMDAR database). Focusing on the cold season of the years 2017–2019, high-PM days are defined using an index of evening concentrations measured in the western part of the city. The diurnal cycles of the different meteorological variables computed over 25 PM episodes are compared against the overall diurnal cycles. PM episodes are associated with enhanced surface stability and weaker surface winds and turbulence during the evening and night. AMDAR vertical profiles of temperature and winds during episodes reveal a substantial lower-tropospheric warming attributed to enhanced regional subsidence, which is consistent with the shallower daytime boundary layer depth and the increased surface thermal amplitude observed during these days. An explanation for the weak surface winds during PM episodes was not evident, considering that these are clear days that would strengthen the local valley wind system. Two possible mechanisms are put forward to resolve this issue, which can be tested in the future using high-resolution numerical modeling validated with the new data described here.

In La oscura memoria de las armas (2008) Ramón Díaz Eterovic explores the topics of memory, Chile’s dictatorship, transition, violence and truth from the perspective of Detective Heredia, who goes through the streets of Santiago elucidating a murder that, based on rumours and on a conscious of effort of not forgetting history, it deals with relevant topics that were not talked about on the time of the transition to democracy, where memories become an "endriaga" at the sight of the establishment of the collective memory, birthed on the streets of the city. A memory made of testimonies dripping with the horror, torment and silence that the dictatorship imposed over the inhabitants of Santiago and allows us to configure the urban imaginary of Santiago de Chile at the time of the transition to democracy, introducing a new character into the national literary imaginary: the victim of the dictatorship who seeks justice and revenge.

This is a film review of a unique, semester-long study abroad program on the Camino.

La ética del lenguaje es una de las preocupaciones centrales de la carta de Santiago (St 1,19-20.26; 2,12; 3,1-12; 4,1-2.11-12; 5,9.12). Se sirve de ella para advertir de no asimilarse a los valores establecidos y delinear los límites de identidad judeocristiana (uso de un vocabulario variado del campo semántico de la pureza-impureza). Los comportamientos éticos aprobados por Santiago con respecto al habla, no se desmarcan de su preocupación por el trato a los pobres, ni tampoco de los pensamientos, emociones, deseos, etc. que nacen del corazón. Este artículo se vale del modelo de las tres zonas de la personalidad propuesto por Bernard de Gerardon para mostrar la interrelación que se da entre la zona del lenguaje autoexpresivo (boca, lengua, oídos), el pensamiento emotivo (ojos-corazón) y la acción premeditada (manos-pies) en la carta de Santiago. Esta perspectiva permite comprender la regulación del uso de la lengua según la concepción unitaria del ser humano en el pensamiento bíblico y entender este escrito cristiano de un modo más integral.

Copyright of F@ro: Revista Teórica del Departamento de Ciencias de la Comunicación y de la Información is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Housing and transport affordability (H + TA) analysis has been receiving increasing attention among academics and practitioners worldwide, particularly in Global North settings. These studies usually overlook spatial and socioeconomic distributional considerations that potentially underestimate the simultaneous impact of transport and housing costs on lower-income family budgets. Our work seeks to address these knowledge gaps by understanding and measuring H + TA, considering different types of households in Santiago, Chile. Combining income, housing, transport, and census data, we estimate H + TA costs using spatial clusters and probability distribution functions, analyzing the "degree of choice" that socially disadvantaged groups have given their financial constraints. The results show that families with children, the elderly, and immigrants are among the most limited in their choices. Most central and eastern sectors of the city which provide the highest density of work opportunities are out of reach for the three lowest-income deciles given the high combined costs of H + TA, being dependents on government benefits and/or social housing. Middle class, from the 4th to 6th income deciles, can choose from between 30% and 65% of all housing and transport combinations, but from less than 6% of those offered on the two clusters with the best transport and urban conditions. These findings bring into question current inter-sectoral policies to alleviate the "cost pressure" of Santiago's lower- and middle-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article focuses on the figure of commissioner Tomás Pérez, nephew of Bishop Juan Pérez de Espinosa, with the aim of detailing the political and social network they configured, as well as the disputes and oppositions they had with other networks of political, social, and family influences in the first half of the 17th century in the diocese of Santiago. This period was, perhaps, the one with the greatest inquisitorial activity in the Viceroyalty of Peru, and which corresponds, in turn, to the moment in which the Government of Chile "is in the world", which implied the translation of knowledge and ideals in vogue to the particular Chilean reality, which entailed, on the one hand, global linkage and synchrony, and on the other, the local translation and diachrony of the Spanish Monarchian vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Meteorological Organization Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) programme refers to meteorological data gathered by commercial aircraft and made available to weather services. It has become a major source of upper-air observations whose assimilation into global models has greatly improved their performance. Near busy airports, AMDAR data generate semi-continuous vertical profiles of temperature and winds, which have been utilized to produce climatologies of atmospheric-boundary-layer (ABL) heights and general characterizations of specific cases. We analyze 2017–2019 AMDAR data for Santiago airport, located in the centre of a 40 × 100 km 2 subtropical semi-arid valley in central Chile, at the foothills of the Andes. Profiles derived from AMDAR data are characterized and validated against occasional radiosondes launched in the valley and compared with routine operational radiosondes and with reanalysis data. The cold-season climatology of AMDAR temperatures reveals a deep nocturnal inversion reaching up to 700 m above ground level (a.g.l.) and daytime warming extending up to 1000 m a.g.l. Convective-boundary-layer (CBL) heights are estimated based on AMDAR profiles and the daytime heat budget of the CBL is assessed. The CBL warming variability is well explained by the surface sensible heat flux estimated with sonic anemometer measurements at one site, provided advection of the cool coastal ABL existing to the west is included. However, the CBL warming accounts for just half of the mean daytime warming of the lower troposphere, suggesting that rather intense climatological diurnal subsidence affects the dynamics of the daytime valley ABL. Possible sources of this subsidence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barangays Hinaplanon, San Roque, and Santiago of Iligan City, Philippines, experienced the harsh tropical storm Washi, which claimed more than a thousand lives and rendered the people homeless. The three barangays were chosen to implement the Barangay Disaster Risk-Sensitive Shelter Plan (BDR-SSP) based on their exposure to hazards and a discernable significant number of high-risk households that needed priority interventions. Community volunteers did a participatory situational analysis on the area’s physical, cultural, environmental and socio-economic conditions. Findings showed that the households from the three high-risk barangays live in danger zones, which are vulnerable to disasters. They are living on unsecured land and in unsafe house structures. In addressing their shelter needs, livelihood needs, and basic needs, the three barangays prepared their disaster risk-sensitive shelter plans with support from their respective barangay councils. These councils endorsed their shelter plans for inclusion in the Annual Investment Program of Iligan City. At present, about 70% of households are relocated to safe settlements with access to livelihood opportunities and essential services. Some projects are still on-going. Local governments must adopt the BDR-SSP approach of empowering the poor by giving them a voice in planning for recovery from disasters for poverty reduction and sustainable development.

This essay explores sensory stimuli in La aritmética en el amor [Arithmetic in Love/Economics of Love] (1860) as they relate to the consumer preferences (for clothing, furniture, jewellery) and purchasing practices of nineteenth-century Santiago, Chile. The novel presents detailed descriptions, for example, of fine fabrics, emphasising the sounds that the wearers of such fabric reproduce as they move about. Wealthy or not, people feel the pressure to present themselves in their best garments, but the “best noise” is made by the rich, who transmit the affect of opulence to the less fortunate. Overall, to radiate a sensory appeal, characters frequent the city of Santiago and patronise the finest clothing stores. From our very first encounter with the protagonist Fortunato Esperanzano, he is dressed accordingly, engaging with Santiago and showing in his persona that he shops only for nice clothes and the best cigars. From a Lefebvrian perspective, Fortunato represents how Chile’s modernisation transforms the capital’s “marketplace” as a social space where a new luxury economy flourishes and a traditional, rigid social order is maintained.

The figure of St. James the Apostle must be studied in terms of the different spaces and time he has occupied, as well as from many angles. To reveal St. James through his biography requires diverse and complimentary methodological approaches. This article seeks to investigate St. James’ different identities throughout the world and over a period of more than 2,000 years. An effective iconography and adaptive practices explain the figure’s survival over time. The former occurs as the figure embodies the spirit of different eras; the latter incudes variations, hybridizations, translations, and local appropriations of the figure, which constitute a manifestation of each culture’s strategies and tactics.

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a relação que a população em situação de rua estabelece com o território em duas localidades: São Paulo (Brasil) e Santiago (Chile), além de discutir os conflitos e tensões existentes entre essa população e o poder público. Considera-se que existe uma relação de assistência, por um lado, e de disputa, por outro, pois os governos devem, ao mesmo tempo, atender as necessidades dos que se encontram nessa situação, ao passo que devem cumprir com a demanda de residentes e comerciantes pela expulsão e deslocamento dos considerados “indesejáveis”. O método consiste em pesquisa documental, mapeamento dos locais de assistência a essa população e análise das motivações existentes por trás da realização de atos violentos e de expulsão contra essa população. Busca-se responder à pergunta de como as pessoas em situação de rua se organizam no meio urbano para manter sua sobrevivência e quais paralelos podem ser traçados entre as realidades brasileira e chilena.

Este artículo analiza la relación entre la mortalidad en la infancia y el consumo de leche en la Provincia de Santiago durante 1930-1962. El proceso estudiado comienza con la Ley de Pasteurización que al higienizar la leche redujo las cifras de niños con enfermedades gastrointestinales y en efecto la mortalidad, y finaliza con la inauguración de los programas de distribución de leche. Se argumenta que la escasez y la higiene insuficiente de ese producto sumadas a las condiciones culturales y habitacionales que rodeaban a los niños son factores explicativos de la mortalidad alta de infantes, a la vez que reconoce en el Estado un promotor fundamental de políticas públicas para subsanar la catástrofe demográfica. La investigación, sustentada en periódicos, revistas médicas, tesis de titulación, anuarios estadísticos, y documentos gubernamentales, concluye que el conjunto de leyes, reglamentos y programas estatales produjo un conjunto de cambios entre los actores del Estado, reflejados en prácticas y discursos de aprobación y rechazo hacia la importancia de higienizar la leche que, en última instancia, no impidieron una disminución considerable de niños muertos por razones alimentarias.

Copyright of Ciencia en su PC is the property of Instituto de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid and surprised emergence of COVID-19, having infected three million and killed two hundred thousand people worldwide in less than five months, has led many experts to focus on simulating its propagation dynamics in order to have an estimated outlook for the not too distante future and so supporting the local and national governments in making decisions. In this paper, we apply the SIR model to simulating the propagation dynamics of COVID-19 on the Cape Verde Islands. It will be done firstly for Santiago and Boavista Islands, and then for Cape Verde in general. The choice of Santiago rests on the fact that it is the largest island, with more than 50% of the Population of the country, whereas Boavista was chosen because it is the island where the first case of COVID-19 in Cape Verde was diagnosed. Observations made after the date of the simulations were carried out corroborate our projections.

La literatura reglar generada por las órdenes militares de Calatrava y Santiago contiene información relevante para estudiar muchos aspectos de su organización, entre ellos algunos que nos explican su vínculo fundamental con la guerra. Este trabajo busca realizar un estudio comparativo de ese corpus textual formado por reglas, estatutos, definiciones, actas capitulares y establecimientos de las dos principales órdenes hispanas, para conocer mejor el carisma bélico que estas instituciones tuvieron. Por otro lado, se podrán trazar paralelos o divergencias entre una y otra, además de ayudarnos a medir la importancia que la actividad bélica tuvo para ellas.

This paper focuses on portraying experiences and interactions of pedestrians and users of bicycle-sharing schemes (BSS) in the city of Santiago (Chile), where cycling is becoming an increasingly relevant transport mode. The methodology employed an adaptation of content analysis (CA) to assess the testimonies of two focus groups, one composed by regular users of BSS and the other by pedestrians.The findings show that BSS seem to operate in a domain distinct from Santiagós current transport regime, including cycling. Individuals perceive that BSS were mostly used by affluent people and these schemes were of little help in poor areas. However, rather than attributing these problems to long-standing inequalities affecting the city, interviewees attributed them to their personal preferences, characteristics and capabilities (not being lucky enough to live in rich zones or being able to cycle more often). Finally, conflicts between bike-sharing users and pedestrians were rarely mentioned explicitly..

A principios de siglo se reveló la existencia de un osario, cuya polémica inscripción fue vinculada estrechamente por algunos investigadores con Jesús de Nazaret y su hermano Santiago. Tras una serie de análisis, la comunidad científica quedó dividida entre los partidarios y los detractores de la autenticidad de la inscripción. Este artículo intenta ofrecer las posturas y las objeciones de ambos grupos.

En el presente artículo se estudia cómo se representa el fracaso en Santiago (Uma reflexão sobre o material bruto) (2007), un documental dirigido por el brasileño João Moreira Salles. En este contexto, mi análisis relaciona la falla del mayordomo con lo que Jack Halberstam llama "el arte queer del fracaso" [queer art of failure]; es decir, en este caso, el fracaso como de acto de resistencia ante la conservación de la memoria patriarcal. De allí, propongo que Santiago ayuda a repensar, por ejemplo, el impedimento de diálogo entre clases como un fenómeno mediado por la sexualidad disidente. En concreto, estudio las técnicas del director que ante el testimonio de su mayordomo usa para reapropiarlo y así limpiarlo de todo rastro queer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cauriensia: Revista Anual de Ciencias Eclesiásticas is the property of Instituto Teologico San Pedro de Alcantara de Caceres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Codex Aquilarensis is the property of Fundacion Santa Maria la Real del Patrimonio Historico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ad Limina. Revista de investigacion del Camino de Santiag y las peregrinaciones is the property of AD LIMINA Turismo de Galicia SA de Xestion do Plan Xacobeo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the 1840s the Chilean intellectual elite began to think about the renovation of sacred spaces and images. The building of the new nation required a modern Church that encouraged an 'enlightened piety' among worshipers, for which it was necessary to suppress the Baroque space and images whose forms promoted a religiosity considered to be inappropriate. The same elite placed Rome in a position of prestige, its churches, altarpieces, and images, as the guide that architects, sculptors, and painters, who played a key role in the renovation of sacred spaces and images, had to follow. The presence in Chile of architects and sculptors trained in Rome, as well as the commission of artworks from the Eternal City ateliers, were critical to materialize the renovation project. Nevertheless, contemporary documents show people's passive resistance against the changes conceived by the elite. The cases of the churches of the Recoleta Dominica, the Chiloé archipielago, Andacollo, San Ignacio, and the Seminar chapel of Santiago analyzed in this study allow us to understand how the transference and appropriation of these new models were articulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconstructs, from surviving posters, prints, and Italian, English, and American press articles, part of the history of the Keller Troupe, and the aspects of its tableaux vivants' shows, of the Cain y Abel piece they presented in November 1865 in Santiago's Municipal Theater. The choice of the pictorial and sculptural references of the living pictures, the enthusiasm and silence of the press, and the moral and artistic suspicions that aroused their sculptural poses, allow us to glimpse from a place at the same time peripheric and global, several of the knots that formed the epicenter of the discussion about the arts during the nineteenth century. They also shed light on the ways in which popular culture appropriated art history and the unconventional ways of disseminating European art in South American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com este artigo pretendemos revelar um conjunto de imagens escultóricas portuguesas dedicadas a Santiago e concebidas durante a Época Moderna. Com a certeza de que as práticas artísticas de determinado momento histórico estão visceralmente relacionadas com os contextos, presentes e anteriores, começamos esta viagem anos antes, desenvolvendo o que se conhece sobre a evolução da veneração e das peregrinações portuguesas desde a Idade Média ao ocaso da Idade Moderna. A produção escultórica dedicada a Santiago, ou a outras invocações, descobre-se na paisagem humana e devocional, mas também social, cultural, política e económica. Esboçado este cenário ambital, examinam-se, sempre comparativamente, algumas imagens de Santiago (Peregrino e Apóstolo, e Cavaleiro e Mata Mouros), realizadas entre os séculos XV e XVIII, com o intuito de observar as influências materiais, as evoluções formais, as preferências e as matrizes iconográficas de um Santo da maior expressividade europeia e, particularmente, ibérica. Este trabalho permitiu concluir que, durante o período em questão, a clientela preferia as representações de Santiago peregrino, apesar de verificar-se uma elevada ambiguidade iconográfica que, por sua vez, traduz o valor simbólico e piedoso destas figurações.

A karraria antiqua é uma estrada mencionada em vários documentos medievais portugueses que se tornou estruturante na rede viária medieval e pós-medieval do Norte do país. Tratava-se de uma via romana secundária na lógica das grandes estradas do império romano, que não colocava em comunicação qualquer grande cidade da época. Em crescendo de importância ao longo da Idade Média, foi um dos itinerários mais percorridos pelos peregrinos que se dirigiam para Compostela e o seu traçado foi genericamente respeitado em inícios dos anos 90 do século XX, quando se estruturou o atual Caminho Central Português, a segunda rota jacobeia a nível mundial em número de peregrinos na atualidade. Neste artigo, pretendo recuperar o essencial da paisagem construída medieval que ainda é possível reconstituir ao longo desta via e reconhecer a grande sintonia entre o traçado peregrinatório atual e o que se julga conhecer acerca do itinerário durante a época romana. É um contributo para aprofundar a dimensão histórica de uma rota jacobeia que está profundamente marcada pelo culto ao apóstolo Santiago (ontem como hoje), em pleno coração do Norte de Portugal.

Este ensayo explora cómo la experiencia de vivir en la periferia económica y social de Santiago, marcada por un crecimiento rápido, desregulado y desigual, habilita formas de recordar que producen o dificultan sentidos de pertenencia territorial. Se reflexiona sobre el rol de los territorios periféricos en la construcción y transmisión de memorias en jóvenes que no vivieron el pasado reciente de Chile. Para ello, se analizan dos dimensiones relacionales propias del espacio periférico que concurren, afectando o posibilitando, la formación de memorias urbanas: la experiencia de segregación y la experiencia de movilidad. Finalmente, se propone la potencialidad del concepto de memoria urbana, en especial después del levantamiento social iniciado el 18 de octubre, periodo que ha movilizado la significación del territorio, sus demandas y sus sentidos de pertenencia. Las reflexiones expuestas se basan en el análisis de cincuenta entrevistas con jóvenes de diferentes barrios periféricos de Santiago realizadas con el fin de comprender cómo conocen, habitan e imaginan su lugar en la ciudad neoliberal.

Despite the decline in partially (PM10) and fully (PM2.5) inhalable particles observed in recent decades, Santiago in Chile shows high levels of particle and ozone pollution. Attainment plans have emphasized measures aimed at curbing primary and, to some extent, secondary particles, but little attention has been paid to photochemical pollution. Nevertheless, ozone hourly mixing ratios in Eastern Santiago regularly exceed 110 ppbv in summer, and in winter maximum mixing ratios often reach 90 ppbv. Moreover, the sum of ozone and nitrogen dioxide shows an increasing trend of more than 3.5 ppbv per decade at 5 out of 8 stations. This trend is driven by increasing NO2, possibly associated with increasing motorization but also with changes in photochemistry. To estimate the fraction of secondary particles in PM2.5 and due to the lack of long-term speciation data for particles, we use carbon monoxide as a proxy of primary particles and ozone daily maxima as a proxy for secondary particle formation. We find a growing fraction of secondary particles due to an increase in the oxidizing capacity of Santiago’s atmosphere. This stresses the need for new curbing measures to tackle photochemical pollution. This is particularly needed in the context of a changing climate.