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Resume Objectif Cette etude a pour but d’analyser les effets de la danse-therapie associee a un programme de perte de poids combinant restriction calorique et exercice, d’une duree de 3 semaines, sur les comportements alimentaires et l’estime de soi de femmes obeses et sedentaires. Methodes Les comportements alimentaires (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) et l’estime de soi (echelle de Rosenberg), ainsi que le poids et l’indice de masse corporelle ont ete evalues chez 2 groupes de 11 femmes pairees pour l’âge et le niveau de corpulence : l’un suivait la prise en charge classique et l’autre avait un cours additionnel de danse-therapie a raison d’1 heure, 3 fois par semaine. Resultats Le poids et l’IMC sont significativement reduits chez les deux groupes ( p p p p Conclusion Cette etude-pilote montre l’interet d’inclure un atelier de danse-therapie dans une prise en charge de courte duree, combinant diete et reentrainement a l’effort, afin d’ameliorer l’estime de soi et de diminuer la desinhibition alimentaire de femmes obeses.

Plant functional traits are the features (morphological physiological phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors affect other trophic levels and influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant functional traits and trait syndromes has proven useful for tackling many important ecological questions at a range of scales giving rise to a demand for standardised ways to measure ecologically meaningful plant traits. This line of research has been among the most fruitful avenues for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes. It also has the potential both to build a predictive set of local regional and global relationships between plants and environment and to quantify a wide range of natural and human driven processes including changes in biodiversity the impacts of species invasions alterations in biogeochemical processes and vegetation–atmosphere interactions. The importance of these topics dictates the urgent need for more and better data and increases the value of standardised protocols for quantifying trait variation of different species in particular for traits with power to predict plant and ecosystemlevel processes and for traits that can be measured relatively easily. Updated and expanded from the widely used previous version this handbook retains the focus on clearly presented widely applicable step by step recipes with a minimum of text on theory and not only includes updated methods for the traits previously covered but also introduces many new protocols for further traits. This new handbook has a better balance between whole plant traits leaf traits root and stem traits and regenerative traits and puts particular emphasis on traits important for predicting species’ effects on key ecosystem properties.Wehope this new handbook becomes a standard companion in local and global efforts to learn about the responses and impacts of different plant species with respect to environmental changes in the present past and future.

Tobacco smoking and its consequences are one of the major health problems in all regions of the world, regardless of their level of development. The extent of this problem has considerably grown over the last decade. As demand decreases in developed countries, tobacco industries target low- or middle-income developing countries and promote their products with an expected increase in consumption. In Algeria some 30,000 new cancer cases are diagnosed each year; the number of cases increased by 50% between 1986 and 2000. Tobacco prevalence was 43 in male and 6 in female. 50% of smokers are under 27 years. Awareness campaigns during “World no tobacco day”, followed by information caravans, motivated some smokers to ask for help to quit smoking. But then, these people used all sorts of products in unstructured ways, because medicines and cessation techniques in Algeria are still not well known and there is no national global policy on these issues. Responding to this need, the University hospital and the University of Setif, in collaboration with Epidaure-CRLC (Montpellier, France), the committee for French-speaking countries of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and the French League against cancer implemented a tobacco-smoking prevention and cessation program in the region of Setif. The objective is to promote prevention and cessation of tobacco in Setif area. The main activities are press campaigns, health formation, communication, information education, and cessation. The results after 2 years show new needs in communication. Heath authorities are favorable to develop this project in all areas in the country. There are some problems in medical, cultural, and economic concepts.

Resume Nous rapportons le cas d'un homme de 39 ans, sans antecedent excepte une intoxication alcoolotabagique chronique, ayant presente un accident de velo a l'origine d'une plaie minime du coude gauche qu'il avouera ensuite avoir negligee. Cette plaie a evolue de facon fulgurante vers une fasciite necrosante et s'est compliquee d'un choc septique avec defaillance multiviscerale justifiant une prise en charge en reanimation. Le patient a beneficie d'une triple antibiotherapie (par amoxicilline–acide clavulanique, ornidazole et levofloxacine) ainsi qu'une mise a plat chirurgicale tres delabrante des tissus necroses. L'evolution a ensuite ete lentement favorable. Cette observation illustre la rapidite d'evolution des lesions de fasciite necrosante et rappelle l'importance d'une prise en charge medicochirurgicale precoce.

Small amounts of fluorinated polyethers, and in particular a nonionic fluorinated polyether, can upgrade considerably the cold-water swelling and internal bond strength of wood particleboard bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins. The effect is maximized at an additive concentration of about 0.1 wt % with respect to the adhesive resin solid content. The effect of the fluorinated polyether appears to be greater with older UF resins, which have a more pronounced colloidal state. The mechanism appears to be somewhat related to the reduction of the interfacial tension of the resins, with improved substrate wetting leading to better adhesion. The addition of a fluorinated polyether well in advance of resin use further enhances the improvement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

Resume Objectifs. – Cette etude s'interesse a l'effet d'une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire sur l'adiposite et la condition physique d'adolescent(e)s. Methodes. – Ces deux parametres ont ete mesures tous les mois, pendant dix mois. Resultats. – L'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) diminue similairement chez les deux sexes. La condition physique augmente au cours du temps. Une difference intersexe apparait en fin de sejour. Par ailleurs, l'evolution du poids des adolescent(e)s, durant le sejour, n'est pas liee a l'âge d'apparition de l'obesite. Aussi, le nombre de parents obeses n'induit pas de differences dans la perte de poids des adolescent(e)s, au cours du sejour. Conclusion. – Notre etude montre qu'une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire a des effets benefiques sur la sante.

This article summarizes the different steps needed for a proper design and monitoring of the solid-state in pharmaceutical industry in order to fulfill the requirements of the guideline dealing with polymorphism of the International Conference of Harmonization.

Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease that yearly causes a total of 309,000 deaths. Of particular concern is maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT), which can be prevented through immunization of the mother in pregnancy. In 2000, neonatal tetanus alone was responsible for an estimated 200,000 deaths. While the focus is on 57 priority countries, 90% of the neonatal tetanus deaths occur in 27 countries. UNICEF is spearheading the effort to eliminate MNT by the year 2005, with the support of numerous partners. MNT elimination is defined as less than one case of neonatal tetanus per 1000 live births at district level. The main strategies consist of promotion of clean delivery practices, immunization of women with a tetanus toxoid (TT) containing vaccine, and surveillance. Maternal tetanus immunization is, in most developing countries, implemented as part of the routine immunization program. However, large areas remain underserved, due to logistical, cultural, economical or other reasons. In order to achieve the target of MNT elimination by 2005, and to offer protection to women and children otherwise deprived from regular immunization services, countries are encouraged to adopt the “high risk approach”. This approach implies that, in addition to routine immunization of pregnant women, all women of child bearing age living in high risk areas are targeted for immunization with three doses of a tetanus toxoid containing vaccine (TT or Td), implemented as “supplemental immunization activities” (SIAs). Through SIAs, about 17 million women have been reached with at least two doses of TT vaccine in the past 3 years, and it is estimated that another 200 million need to be targeted in the years to come. SIAs should substantially reduce the burden of disease. Countries will also have to improve their existing immunization and clean delivery programs to ensure that the elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus is maintained.

The gelling and hardening reactions of different, commercial polyflavonoid tannin extracts of the prorobitenedin/profisetinidin, procyanidin, and prodelphinidin types with formaldehyde were studied by parallel-plate rheometry. To do this, methods to determine the rheological characteristics of tannin-formaldehyde polycondensation reactions both before and after the gel point were developed. The validity of some modifications of known methods was checked on the best-known commercial tannin extract, namely, the reaction of the mimosa tannin extract with 5% paraformaldehyde, over a range of different temperatures. The gel point was determined by three different methods, namely, by the crossover point of viscous and elastic moduli, by the extrapolation to ∞ of the zero-frequency viscosity, and by determining the point at which the value of tan δ is constant whatever frequency is used in the measurement. The results obtained were critically compared. The comparisons obtained were good and were reproducible when the first two methods were used, but not when the third one was used. This allowed the determination of the energy of activation at different stages in the tannin-aldehyde polycondensation reaction and the calculation of the degree of conversion of the tannin-aldehyde polycondensation before, at, and after the gel point. Mathematical expressions defining the degree of conversion for tannin-aldehyde reactions before, at, and after the gel point as a function of different moduli were developed and checked with the experimental data obtained. Methods and mathematical expressions for the determination of the rate constants of the different stages of the reaction were also developed and checked. After the gel point, the system was modeled using both a diffusion-controlled model and a second-order kinetic law. The applied results obtained indicated that, although a certain element of diffusion control is present, a second order, diffusion-independent kinetic is more valid under the experimental conditions used. This indicates that the rheometry approach to a polycondensation network is limited mostly by the capability of the equipment to the region after the gel point, where diffusion control does not as yet play a predominant role.

Good correspondence of the gel-time values obtained by two different methods, G′ = G″ and 1/η00, was observed for different types of natural and modified tannin extracts. The pH presents the predominant effect on both the activation energies and the gel times observed, while the proportion of a paraformaldehyde hardener has a much lesser effect on these parameters. The rate constants of the different phases of the reaction of polycondensation with formaldehyde, both before and after the gel point, were obtained for the six commercial tannin extracts tested. The viscoelastic properties of the different tannins/formaldehyde gels were measured. The gel stiffness S, relaxation coefficient n, and relaxation time λ were determined and their dependence on the proportion of the formaldehyde hardener, on the temperature, and on the type of tannin was determined. The gel stiffness S appears to be influenced considerably by the proportion of the formaldehyde hardener. Its value decreased as the percentage of the hardener increased: This was due to early network immobilization and the resulting lower level of crosslinking resulting from it. The influence on S of the temperature is not very pronounced. The relaxation coefficient n appears to depend mainly on the reactivity of the tannin used: The faster the reactivity, the higher was the value of n. This appears to be valid exclusively in tannin extracts where the colloidal state is still present, while it is not valid in extracts where the colloidal state was eliminated by, for example, solvent extraction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 864–871, 2002

Commercial, industrially produced mimosa, quebracho, pine, and pecan polyflavonoid tannin extracts water solutions of different concentrations were examined by rheometry by measuring dynamic moduli both as a function of strain amplitude and at varying frequency. The water solutions of these materials have been found to behave in general mainly as viscous liquids at the concentrations that are generally used for their main industrial applications. Clear indications of viscoelastic response are also noticeable, among these the crossover of the elastic and viscous moduli curves at the lower concentrations of the range investigated, with some differences being noticeable between each tannin and the others—pine and quebracho tannin extracts showing the more marked viscoelastic behavior. Other than pH dependence (and related structural considerations), the parameters found to be of interest as regards the noticeable viscoelastic behavior of the tannin extracts were the existence in the solutions of labile microstructures that can be broken by applied shear. This is supported by the well-known thixotropic behavior of concentrated, commercial polyflavonoid tannin extracts water solutions. Such microstructures appear to be due (1) to the known colloidal interactions of these materials already reported, or (b) to other types of secondary interactions between tannin oligomers and particularly between tannin and carbohydrate oligomers. The latter is supported by the dependence of this effect from both the average molecular masses of the tannin and of the carbohydrate oligomers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1634–1642, 2001

TTT and CHT curing diagrams for tannin-based adhesives were built by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) by following the in situ hardening directly in a wood joint, and the curve trends observed were similar to those previously observed for synthetic polycondensation resins on lignocellulosic substrates. Of the parameters that most influence the relative position of vitrification and gel curves on the diagrams (i.e., where the influence has been quantified), chief among them is the reactivity of the tannin with formaldehyde and any factor influencing it: thus, the inherent higher reactivity of the A-ring of the tannin (such as in procyanidins versus prorobinetinidins) and the pH of the tannin solution. The percentage formaldehyde hardener has some influence in CHT diagrams, especially for the slower-reacting tannins, but practically no influence in TTT diagrams within the 4–10% formaldehyde range used. As in the case of synthetic polycondensation adhesive resins, regression equations relating the internal bond strength of a wood particleboard, prepared under controlled conditions, with the inverse of the minimum deflection, obtained by constant heating rate TMA of a wood joint during resin cure, have been obtained for the two types of tannins of lower reactivity (profisetinidins/prorobinetinidins) but not for the faster-reacting procyanidin and prodelphinidin tannins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3220–3230, 2001

Guanidine carbonate is shown to be an accelerator of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins that while yielding slightly slower gel times than triacetin when added to a PF resin glue mix, is also capable of giving glue-mix pot lives on the order of several days. Hence, this is long enough to be premixed with the resin long before use. Both triacetin and guanidine carbonate used as simple glue-mix additives are shown to increase the ultimate strength of the resin bond, whatever the length of the curing time used for the purpose. This is shown by thermomechanical analysis and the application to wood particleboard. Triacetin is shown to be usable during PF resin preparation rather than just being added to the glue mix, yielding better resins capable of giving higher bond values without a great acceleration of the geling of the resin itself. The mechanisms involved in the acceleration of PF resins introduced by both compounds appears to be based on facilitating reactions of crosslinking involving carbonic acid ions present in the resin solution. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 249–259, 2000

We are reporting the case of a 78-year-old patient, presenting an acute superior vena cava syndrome, caused by a port catheter, implanted 4 years ago. The outcome was unfavourable, despite of a fibrinolytic treatment.

Population differentiation is a crucial step in the speciation process and is therefore a central subject in studies of microevolution. Assessing divergence and inferring its dynamics in space and time generally require a wide array of markers. Until now however, most studies of population structure are based on molecular markers and those concerning morphological traits are more scarce. In the present work, we studied morphological differentiation among populations of the ground beetle Carabus solieri, and tested its congruence with genetic population structure. The shape of pronotum and aedeagus was assessed using Dual Axis Fourier Shape Analysis. manova on Fourier coefficients revealed highly significant morphological variation between populations and a similar geographical pattern of differentiation for both structures. On the whole, morphological and genetic patterns were also found to be congruent. Our analysis confirms the phylogeographical scenario proposing that two entities of C. solieri differentiated during the last glaciation events before recolonizing the actual range of the species. It also indicates a large introgression between the two differentiated entities in the centre of the range.

Analysis of genetic isolation by distance (IBD) is of prime importance for the study of processes responsible for spatial population genetic structure and is thus frequently used in case studies. However, the identification of a significant IBD pattern does not necessarily imply the absence of sharp discontinuities in gene frequencies. Therefore, identifying barriers to gene flow and/or secondary contact between differentiated entities remains a major challenge in population biology. Geographical genetic structure of 41 populations (1080 individuals) of an alpine insect species, Carabus solieri, was studied using 10 microsatellite loci. All populations were significantly differentiated and spatially structured according to IBD over the entire range. However, clustering analyses clearly identified three main clusters of populations, which correspond to geographical entities. Whereas IBD also occurs within each cluster, population structure was different according to which group of populations was considered. The southernmost cluster corresponds to the most fragmented part of the range. Consistently, it was characterized by relatively high levels of differentiation associated with low genetic diversity, and the slope of the regression of genetic differentiation against geographical distances was threefold those of the two other clusters. Comparisons of within-cluster and between-cluster IBD patterns revealed barriers to gene flow. A comparison of the two approaches, IBD and clustering analyses, provided us with valuable information with which to infer the phylogeography of the species, and in particular to propose postglacial colonization routes from two potential refugia located in Italy and in southeastern France. Our study highlights strongly the possible confounding contribution of barriers to gene flow to IBD pattern and emphasizes the utility of the model-based clustering analysis to identify such barriers.