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Introduction: The cuprizone model is a well-established instance to study demyelination and remyelination in rodents. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate the loss of function in motor activity. Second, it was evaluated together with the changes in the amount of myelin in the ongoing process. Materials and Methods: This study is based on the administration of the cuprizone model in male C57BL/6 mice by oral gavage. The advantage of the oral gavage model is that mice were subjected to the equal dose of cuprizone. For this reason, the nonequal in demyelination was minimized. We have designed four groups, including demyelination/control and remyelination/ control. Results: The results of the walking test and open field test showed that locomotor activity in the demyelination group deteriorated. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein and decreased myelin basic protein expressions were shown in the corpus callosum of the demyelination group compared to the control and remyelination groups. The g-ratio of the demyelination group was calculated 0.86 ± 0.07, the g-ratio of the demyelination control group was calculated 0.66 ± 0.1, the g-ratio of the remyelination group was calculated 0.83 ± 0.06, and the g-ratio of the remyelination control group was calculated 0.76 ± 0.09. Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, in this demyelination model, which was applied differently from the literature, in our study, the behavioral effect on motor activity and to what extent it appeared histologically was evaluated. Thus, investigating the loss of function in motor activity as well as histological examination increased the reliability of the model we created in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The relationship between the mastoid triangle and the localization of the Asterion can be used in craniotomy and posterolateral surgical approaches. Therefore, we aimed to identify the relationship between the localization of the Asterion and mastoid triangle in dry skulls and its effect on surgery. Methods: Our study was performed on 93 adult skulls obtained from bone collections of the Anatomy Departments of Necmettin Erbakan University and Akdeniz University. The mastoid triangle, Asterion and linear distances between them were measured for to determine the localization of the Asterion. Results: The Asterion was located just above the Frankfurt horizontal plane on the left sides of the skulls in 54 (58.1%) specimens and on the right sides of the skulls in 71 (76.3%). It was located below the Frankfurt horizontal plane on the left sides of the skulls in 39 (41.9%) specimens; and on the right sides of the skulls in 19 (20.4%). There was a positive correlation between the distance of Asterion to apex of the mastoid process (r=0.832). Conclusion: The relationship between the mastoid process and the Asterion can be used for determination of the dural venous sinuses and neighboring neurovascular structures, in retrosigmoid posterolateral surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome is a painful disorder of the hip formed by movements in the hip joint between the femoral head-neck junction and the acetabular edge. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiological femoroacetabular impingement syndrome findings in a young, asymptomatic Turkish population. Methods: A total of 1000 abdominal pelvic CT images were collected from patients aged between 18-40 years. Measurements were taken on the CT images of the alpha angle and femoral head offset as signs of cam-type deformity, and of the acetabular version angle and center-edge angle as signs of pincer-type deformity. Results: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome was determined in 2.3% of the individuals. Pincer type deformity was determined in 56.5%, being 83.3% in females and 47.1% in males. The cam-type deformity was present in 43.5% of all cases, being in 16.7% of the females and in 52.9% of the males. No difference was determined between the genders in respect of alpha angle which is >55°. A head-neck offset which is <8 mm was at a higher rate in females (13.3%) than males. An acetabular anteversion angle which is <15° and centre-edge angle which is >40° was more in males than females at a rate of 11% and 25.2% respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the incidence of cam-type deformity in the adult males and the incidence of pincer-type deformity in the adult females were lower in the asymptomatic Turkish population than previously reported in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: The insula has attracted the attention of many neuroimaging studies because of its key role between brain structures. However, the number of studies investigating the effect of sex and laterality on insular volume is insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in insular volume between sexes and hemispheres. Materials and methods: A total of 47 healthy participants [24 males (20.08 ± 1.44 years) and 23 females (19.57 ± 0.90 years)] underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging was performed using the 3T MRI scanner. The insular volume was measured using the Individual Brain Atlases using Statistical Parametric Mapping (IBASPM); total intracranial, cerebral, grey and white matter volumes were measured using volBrain. Results: The right insular volume was significantly higher than the left insular volume in the participants, and the left cerebral volume was significantly higher than the right cerebral volume (p < 0.05). The total brain, total cerebral, left and right insular, and cerebral volumes were significantly larger in males than in females (p < 0.001). Also, the ratios of the insular volume to total brain and cerebral volume were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that insular volume differs with laterality and sex. This outcome may be explained by the anatomical relationship between the insula and behavioural functions and emotional reactions and the fact that the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The use of plastination can minimize health risks and cost in anatomy laboratories. Plastinates are easy to handle and can facilitate the learning of complex anatomical structures. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of plastinates to teaching complex anatomy of the heart. Methods: Standard S10 technique was used for heart plastination by fixation, dehydration, impregnation and curing stages. Ninety volunteer first-year medicine students at Akdeniz University, who did not take cardiovascular system anatomy lectures yet, were included. Formalin-fixed heart specimens were used in the lecture of group 1; both formalin-fixed heart specimens and heart plastinates were used in the lecture of group 2. After the lecture, a 10-question exam was administered. Statistical significance between the scores of the two groups was tested with one sample t-test, and post hoc Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: The pre-test scores of the groups were compared with the scores obtained after the 2 hours of lecture (p=0.002, p<0.05). The test scores of both groups increased significantly after the lecture (p<0.05). The post-test scores of group 2 were significantly higher than group 1 (p= 0.047, p<0.05). The average test scores of those trained with formalin-fixed specimens increased from 23.78±1.94 to 48.22±3.19 (p<0.05). Students gave positive feedback about heart plastinates, and they stated that their rising interest in the anatomy lecture due to the odourless, disinfected and reusable materials. Conclusion: In conclusion, besides being cost-effective, healthy, long lasting and easy to maintain materials, plastinates are useful tools to teach complex anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the morphology and location of mandibular lingula in relation to the surrounding structures in adult mandibles to provide data that can be used during oral and maxillofacial procedures. Methods: This study was performed on 50 dry adult mandibles of Turkish population. The shape of the lingula was examined bilaterally and classified into four types. Osteometric measurements were performed on both sides using a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the differences between right and left side measurements. Results: The most frequently encountered shape of lingula was triangular type (42%). The assimilated type was not observed among the mandibles studied. The mean distance between the lingula and the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible and between the lingula and the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible was measured as 16.86±2.73 mm and 14.7±1.6 mm, respectively. The mean height of the lingula was measured as 11.92±2.03 mm. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left side measurements for any parameters. Conclusion: The findings of present study may be used for various oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures and help sur- geons in avoiding inferior alveolar nerve injury during mandibular osteotomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Several canals and foramens in the human orbit are well known in the literature. However little is known about some minor canals or structures including metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen. The aim of the present study was to make morphometric measurements and to determine the incidence of the metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen in the Turkish population. Materials and Methods: Ninety-two dried human skulls were examined. All skulls were obtained from the Turkish population and collection of the Anatomy Department of the Akdeniz University. The metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen were identified in the skulls. Incidence of these structures and diameters were determined. Morphometric measurements were made using various reference points in the orbit. Results: Of the 92 dry human skulls, the metoptic canal was detected in 20 of them. This canal was detected unilaterally. The metoptic canal was observed in 11 (11.9%) dry skulls in the right side, whereas it was observed in 9 (9.7%) dry skulls in the left side. There were no statistically significant differences according to the side for any of the measurements recorded (p>0.05). The Warwick's foramen was observed in 12 (13.0%) skulls of all dry skulls. This foramen was also present unilaterally and was right sided in 7 (7.6%) skulls and left sided in 5 (5.4%) skulls. Conclusion: Determination of additional foramen in the orbit is contributed to the literature. The presence of the metoptic canal and Warwick's foramen and their relationship with other structures in the orbit may have clinical significance in surgical operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the effects of melatonin on vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression and follicle reserve in rat ovary. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 female Wistar rats were used in the present study. Rats were divided into three groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (vehicle), and group 3 (melatonin). Rats in the melatonin group were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of melatonin at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 56 days. We investigated VEGF-A expression in rat ovary in all the groups using Western blot and reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction. Histopathological parameters were evaluated using light microscopy. Results: The number of atretic follicles was significantly lower in the melatonin treatment rats than in the control rats (p<0.05); however, the number of antral follicles was significantly higher in the former (p<0.05). Additionally, we observed a weak immunoblot stain in the melatonin group for VEGF-A protein. Interestingly, melatonin treatment induced a significant decrease in VEGF-A expression in the ovary of group 3 rats (p<0.05), whereas no such difference was observed between group 1 and group 2 rats (p>0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that the protective effect of melatonin on the degeneration of follicles in rat ovary is reduced by decreasing the VEGF-A expression. These results suggest that melatonin is effective against follicular atresia and preserves antral follicles, thus, offering a therapeutic advantage in clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistence of fetal communications between the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems is uncommon. Persistent proatlantal artery is an anastomosis between the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems, typically classified as Type I and II. In this case report, 600 angiographies are examined retrospectively and two persistent proatlantal arteries were observed - one with Type I (0.16%) and the other with Type II (0.16%) proatlantal artery. Existence of these arteries are associated with intracranial vascular anomalies, especially aneurysms. In both of our cases, an aneurysm was detected in the middle cerebral artery. Precise knowledge of these anastomoses is essential for intracranial operations and catheterizations performed in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To compare the efficacy of the double- and single-needle arthrocentesis techniques in removing methylene blue from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) space. Methods:This study was performed in 20 TMJs from 10 fresh cadavers. A total of 1 ml of 10 μM methylene blue solution was injected into the upper joint spaces, just prior to irrigation. Ten arthrocentesis procedures were carried out using the double-needle technique, and the remaining 10 were completed using the single-needle technique. The photo-absorbance values of methylene blue solution injected into and removed from the joint space were measured at a 665 nm wavelength. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro–Wilks test andt-test. Results:Thet-test analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two methods in the removal of methylene blue. Conclusion:According to the results of the present study, the single-needle technique may be a good alternative with the advantages of easier application in cases where it is not possible to perform the double-needle technique. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is used frequently for assessment of bone strength and prediction of fracture risk in clinical settings. Among the bones in feet, fractures are seen often in second and third metatarsal of active sportsmen. This study was carried out to evaluate the reasons of increased risk of stress fractures in feet of active sportsmen by determining the BMD in overused regions. Methods: Two groups were examined in the present study. First group included males who were not sportsmen while the second and third groups were formed by professional male soccer and basketball players respectively. Areal bone density was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and the BMD values were calculated by using the rectangular region of interest in metatarsals. Results: The first metatarsal had the highest BMD in all groups (P<0.05). The fifth metatarsal had the second highest BMD value. Similarly subchondral measurement of the BMD revealed that the first tarsometatarsal joint were significantly denser than the first metatarsophalangeal joint (P<0.05). BMDs of all metatarsals in non-sportsmen group were significantly lower than BMDs of sportsmen groups and there were no noticable differences of BMD between soccer and basketball players. Conclusion: Because the degree of activity-induced enhancement of bone mineralization were similar in all metatarsals of active sportsmen, increased incidence of fractures in second and third metatarsals must be partly due to anatomical positioning of these bones. Hence appropriate shoe designs which have support for second and third metatarsals may decrease fracture incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our routine dissection studies we observed arterial, neural and muscular variations in the upper limbs of an adult male cadaver. In this case we observed the superficial brachial artery origination from the third part of the axillary artery, communications between the musculocutaneous and median nerves, variant formation of the brachial plexus, origination of the profunda brachii artery from the posterior circumflex humeral artery and supernumerary tendons of the abductor pollicis longus muscle. We think that such variations should be kept in mind during surgical and diagnostic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the posterior and posterolateral approaches based on quantitative analysis of the foramen magnum and inferior clivus. Methods: The bony structures, distances and angles related to the foramen magnum area were measured in 25 cadaveric skulls. These measurements included the relationship of the foramen magnum to the occipital codyle, the hypoghossal canal, the jugular process of the occipital bone, the mastoid process and the sigmoid sinus. Results: The condylar length, width and thickness on the right side were 23.58±1.49 mm and 7.77±1.41 mm respectively. The lateral width of foramen magnum was 29.98±3.01 mm and anteroposterior width was 35.71±2.64 mm. The distance between the lateral edge of foramen magnum and the lateral edge of sigmoid sinus was found greater than the distance between the lateral edge of foramen magnum and the mastoid process. Conclusions: The findings showed that the anatomy of foramen magnum and its related structures is important for surgical approaches. These findings also demonstrate that the anatomical obstructions could be drilled to gain wide access to this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease. Although the etiopathogenetic factors of multiple sclerosis remain unclear, autoimmune mechanisms that associated with genetic predisposition and environmental triggers are suspected. Tolllike receptors (TLRs) mediate immune response to autologous components. It has been shown that microglia are the highest TLR4 expressing cell in the CNS. Several studies have shown that certain TLRs are over-expressed in MS. However, to our knowledge, the expression of TLR4 in cuprizone-induced demyelination has not been demonstrated previously. In the light of the information mentioned above, we aimed to evaluate the expression of TLR4 in glial cells in a mouse model of cuprizone-induced demyelination. Methods: In this study, we used the cuprizone model in mice to investigate the expression of TLR4. Forty male C57BL/6 type mice were used. Four groups were designed as demyelination/control and remyelination/control. 0,2% cuprizone was used to induce demyelination. TLR4 expressions in glial cells were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Results: We show a significantly increased expression of TLR4 in the glial cells of the demyelination group. The expression of TLR4 was significantly higher in the demyelination group than the remyelination group. Besides, TLR4 expression in demyelinated mice glial cells was higher than the control groups. Conclusion: We showed that TLR4 expressions were significantly higher in demyelinated mice. High expressions of TLR4 may indicate that it could be one of the underlying mechanisms of immune activation in MS. We believe that histopathological and molecular studies are necessary to obtain further information on the background of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the site of pudendal nerve compression and the relation between traction force and abduction angle regarding pressure levels at setup for hip arthroscopy.Methods: A total of 17 hips from 9 fresh-frozen cadavers (6 male and 3 female cadavers) were used. The pudendal nerves were dissected, and 3 FlexiForce force sensors (Tekscan, Boston, MA) were implanted on the pudendal nerve where the inferior rectal nerve, perineal nerve, and dorsal nerve of the clitoris/penis emerge. A custom-made traction table in a supine position was used with a padded perineal post of 9 cm. Recordings were made at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg of traction at varying hip abduction angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°.Results: The tuber ischiadicum (perineal nerve) and genital region (dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris) had statistically higher pressure values when compared with the pudendal canal (inferior rectal nerve) (P < .05). There was a significant increase in forces acting on the pudendal nerve with increasing application of 0 to 40 kg of traction in steps of 10 kg, with the exception of the pudendal canal sensor and reading of the perineal nerve sensor at 45° of hip abduction (P < .004 with Bonferroni correction for significant values). On the contrary, hip abduction angle had no statistically significant effect on pudendal nerve compression. (All specific P values with Bonferroni correction were greater than .003.)Conclusions: To avoid nerve palsy completely, the etiopathogenesis of compressive neuropathy should be identified. The location for compression and relation between different traction positions and forces are clarified in this study. This information can be used for further research and prevention.Clinical Relevance: This study adds objective data on the etiopathogenesis of pudendal nerve compression, which potentially contributes to prevention of pudendal nerve palsy as a common complication of hip arthroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Endoscopy is now being used for diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Direct observations of mucociliary clearance patterns have shown that there are clear cut pathways in the sinuses, with secretions always trying to leave through the natural ostia.' Maxillar ostia is exists behind the upper part of the medial wall and often at intersection region of the rear lower infindubulum and lower front surface of the ethmoid bulla. Accessory ostium exists at the 25-30% of the general population instead of the natural ostium. There are some features that differentiate the accessory ostium and natural ostium. Methods: To determine the incidence and location of the accessory ostium 29 fromaldehyde fixed adult cadaver was examined with endoscope. Results: The accessory ostium is encountered at 8 cases (13.8%). These are located at rare-middle, front-middle and rear in 2 (0.03%), 3 (0.05%), 3 (0.05%) cases respectively. Recognition of the maxillary ostia is tedious while performing endoscopic procedures which accounts for a high rate of orbital complications for a novice performing surgery in this region. Conclusion: It is therefore imperative to know the landmarks in this regions which may be obliterated by disease. Radiologist should be aware of this entity as it can appear as communication between the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity on sinus imaging examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific Background: One of the matters in clinical neurophysiology is evaluation of the proximal conduction time along the lumbar plexus. Objectives: Instead of investigating only distal segment of the nerve from the groin as is generally done we aimed to investigate both proximal and distal parts of the nerves originating from the lumbar plexus. Material and Methods: In this paper different proximal conduction methods were studied in 109 healthy adult human subjects by measuring proximal motor conduction time of femoral, obturator and genitofemoral nerve along the lumbar plexus using both by using lumbar magnetic and peripheral electrical stimulation and by using the H-reflex methods in adductor and quadriceps muscle group. The anatomical parts of the study were applied on 20 human adult cadavers, dissecting femoral, obturator genitofemoral nerve and roots proximally. Results: The total distance from ligamentum inguinale to spinal level was 392.4±13.3mm in femoral nerve. The total distance was approximately 382.8±11.1mm in obturator nerve and the total distance was approximately 353.1±12.5 mm in genitofemoral nerve. With the H reflex method, using the distance obtained from the cadaver, femoral and obturator nerve proximal conduction velocity were determined to be 62.5±6.1 m/sec and 53.6±7.4 m/sec, respectively. Using lumbar magnetic stimulation and the peripheral electrical stimulation, proximal conduction velocities in femoral, obturator and genitofemoral nerves were determined to be 59.1±13.3m/sec, 52.7±14.9 and 58.7±0.8 m/sec, respectively. Conclusions: No statistical differences were found between the proximal conduction velocities elicited by both methods. Either approach is preferable to evaluate proximal conduction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]