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Background: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli are responsible for more than 50% of healthcare-associated infections. Colonization dynamics, characteristics, and risk factor data for CR-GNB are scarce in children.Aim: To examine the molecular characteristics of, and risk factors for nosocomial colonization with, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CR-GNB) in hospitalized paediatric patients in a tertiary university hospital's paediatric units in Turkey.Methods: A prospective case-control study was performed at a university hospital in Istanbul, Turkey.Findings: A total of 1840 rectal swab specimens were collected from all 762 hospitalized children between March 2013 and October 2013. Among them, 176 (23%) patients were colonized with CR-GNB. Of these, 72 (9%) patients were colonized with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 138 (18%) with CR-non-fermenter Gram-negative bacilli (CR-NF) and 34 (4%) with both. The median CR-GNB colonization time was 10 days (range: 1-116). The median duration of rectal colonization with CR-GNB was 8 days (range: 1-160). NDM (31%) was the second most frequent carbapenemase identified in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, and has not previously been detected in Turkey. All of the 17 patients colonized with NDM-producing A. baumannii were newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit. Independent risk factors for CR-GNB colonization were: age <1 year, nasogastric tube placement, presence of underlying chronic diseases, ampicillin usage, surgical intervention, and carbapenem use.Conclusion: This is the first description of NDM in A. baumannii in newborn units in Turkey. Carbapenem usage is a common independent risk factor for both CRE and CR-NF colonization, which underscores the importance of antibiotic stewardship programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of hyperthermia on immune response and bacterial translocation from the gut in jaundiced rats was assessed. In hyperthermic (HP; N = 8) and normothermic (NP; N = 8) preconditioning groups, rats were preconditioned by hyperthermia for 15 min at 42 degrees C or 38 degrees C, respectively. After 8 hr, the common bile duct (CBD) of each animal was ligated. In thermal (TT; N = 8) and normothermic treatment groups (NT; N = 8) the CBD of the animals was ligated, and after seven days rats were treated by hyperthermia for 15 min at 42 degrees C and 38 degrees C, respectively. The rats in the preconditioning groups (HP and NP) were killed at day 7 and rats in the treatment groups (TT and NT) were killed 8 hr after they were put in a water bath. Determination of the immunophenotypes of lymphocytes and serum levels of bilirubin was done in serum samples taken just after death. The quantity and identify of translocated bacteria were determined in tissue samples of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. NK cell expression as well as CD4+/CD8+ ratio were elevated in HP group when compared to NP group. CD8+ expression was found to be low in HP group when compared to NP group. CD4+, CD11b+, and B cell expressions were not found to be different between HP and NP groups. All immunologic parameters were similar when TT and NT groups were compared to each other. In the TT group, half of the rats revealed bacterial translocation, whereas in all other groups, we determined translocation in only 1/8 rats. The application of hyperthermia as preconditioning rather than applying it after the establishment of jaundice seemed to be beneficial. Hyperthermic preconditioning led an improvement in immune responses whereas the latter resulted an increase in bacterial translocation with no favorable influence on immune system. Bacterial translocation was unrelated with the immune status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses molecular typing of myroides odoratimimus, also known as flavobacterium odoratum, urinary tract infections. Flavobacteria are widely distributed in nature and they may colonize the upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of hospitalized patients and contamination of the hospital environment may occur from various sources. Representative isolates were confirmed as Myroides odoratimimus by separation of fatty acid methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are challenging since pneumococci havemorethan 90 serotypes and emergence of resistant strains has increased. Surveillance systems are essential for effective vaccine strategies and development of treatment protocols. This study aimed to evaluate the serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease in adults (>18 years). Methods & Materials: S. pneumoniae strains were collected from 14 different centers between 2005 and 2015. Pneumococcal serogroup and serotype identification was performed using standard conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using E-test and interpreted according to the CLSI 2014 standards. Results: S. pneumonia strains (n = 346) were isolated from blood (60.1%), bronchoalveolar lavage (19.7%), cerebrospinal fluid (11.0%), pleural fluid (6.1%), and other body fluids (3.1%). The most commonS. pneumoniae serotypes were found as serotype 3 (13.0%), 19F (12.7%), 19A (6.1%), 14 (4.6%), and 6B (4.0%). Vaccine coverage rate was 27.4% for 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7), 53.5% for PCV-13, and 62.3% for 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23). For oral penicillin V, resistance rate was 21.7% and intermediate resistance rate was 16.8%. For parenteral penicillin, 52.6% was resistant in strains isolated from CSF (meningitis) and 0.6% was resistant and 5.8% was intermediate in strains isolated from other specimens. For cefotaxime, 5.3% was resistant and 18.4% was intermediate in strains isolated from CSF, whereas 1.6% was resistant and 6.5% was intermediate in strains isolated from other specimens. Erythromycin resistance was 28.6%. No resistance was detected to moxifloxacin but intermediate resistance was 0.6%. Serotypes 19A and 19F exhibited higher rates of penicillin and erythromycin resistances. Vaccine coverage rates for non-susceptible (resistant and intermediate) strains are presented in Table 1. Conclusion: Since serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical S. pneumoniae isolates may change in time naturally also with medical interventions like antibiotic use and vaccination, close monitoring is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]