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Prussian blue is an antidote indicated for the treatment of internal cesium radioisotope contamination. The French armed forces develop and manufacture some antidotal drugs meeting regulatory, analytical and pharmaceutical requirements in order to submit marketing authorization documentation. Prior to an initial meeting with the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM) in 2011, the authors were following regulatory developments in free cyanide release, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) synthesis, API specifications, ability of cesium/Prussian blue binding products and collection of pre-clinical data.Free cyanide release was assessed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry at 615 nm. The kinetics of cesium were evaluated in vitro by flame atomic absorption. Good laboratory practice (GLP) and mutagenic assays were examined in rat studies to assess 'no absorption'.A validated method makes it possible to assess the free cyanide in API according to the published tolerability in humans. The French synthesizer meets good manufacturing practice (GMP) to give a drug that is compliant with all specifications, ensuring its high quality. Two standard mutagenic assays showed mutagenic potential, leading to further tests to obtain more information on any induced chromosomal aberrations. Absorption could be an important factor in determining the risk posed by the drug.The French health service provides the country with several antidotal drugs reducing Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) risks. Using their GMP manufacturing facilities and pharmaceutical expertise, the French armed forces have contributed to developing drugs with marketing authorization, such as pentetate calcium trisodium (Ca-DTPA) for infusion, or under development with the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), such as Ca-DTPA by inhalation.

Purpose: As part of the European project ‘CBRN crisis management: Architecture, Technologies and Operational Procedures’ (CATO), an open Toolbox is in development that will address the needs of all stakeholders from first responders to decision makers. A database on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats, including information on medical countermeasures, will be integrated in this Toolbox.Results and conclusions: After a radiological accident, review of national and international recommendations for the major countermeasures (stable iodine, Prussian Blue, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid [DTPA]) showed that discrepancies in treatment protocols and open questions remain: How to proceed in case of repeated release of radioiodines? Which dosage for Prussian Blue? For which radionuclides is DTPA really effective? This paper brings elements to answer these questions.

Failures of malaria chemoprophylaxis have been related to a lack of compliance with doxycycline due to its short elimination half-life. Adding a molecule with a long half-life to doxycycline could be useful to take over from this drug in case of occasional missed doses. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized field trial was designed to compare the tolerability of a doxycycline-chloroquine combination vs. doxycycline as malaria prophylaxis among French soldiers deployed in Africa. Data from 936 volunteers were analyzed. In both groups, the proportion of volunteers who reported at least one adverse effect was about 57%. Tolerability was similar in the groups except for a higher proportion of nausea or vomiting in the doxycycline-chloroquine group. The reported compliance rate was 86.6% and was similar in the two groups. Eight Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases were diagnosed in the doxycycline group and seven in the doxycycline-chloroquine group. The efficacy of the two chemoprophylaxis regimens was similar. Our study was the first randomized field trial to assess a doxycycline-chloroquine combination as malaria prophylaxis and showed no significant decrease of overall tolerability of the combination compared with doxycycline alone. Our results showed that a doxycycline-chloroquine combination could be a safe combination for malaria chemoprophylaxis.