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Classical methodologies used in ocular pharmacokinetics studies have difficulties to obtain information about topical and intraocular distribution and clearance of drugs and formulations. This is associated with multiple factors related to ophthalmic physiology, as well as the complexity and invasiveness intrinsic to the sampling. Molecular imaging is a new diagnostic discipline for in vivo imaging, which is emerging and spreading rapidly. Recent developments in molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow obtaining reliable pharmacokinetic data, which can be translated into improving the permanence of the ophthalmic drugs in its action site, leading to dosage optimisation. They can be used to study either topical or intraocular administration. With these techniques it is possible to obtain real-time visualisation, localisation, characterisation and quantification of the compounds after their administration, all in a reliable, safe and non-invasive way. None of these novel techniques presents simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity, but it is possible to study biological procedures with the information provided when the techniques are combined. With the results obtained, it is possible to assume that molecular imaging techniques are postulated as a resource with great potential for the research and development of new drugs and ophthalmic delivery systems.

Resumen Paciente de 49 años diagnosticada de carcinoma lobulillar infiltrante de mama derecha, intervenida mediante mastectomía y biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela (BSGC). Los ganglios linfáticos centinela resecados fueron negativos para malignidad, motivo por el cual no fue necesaria la realización de linfadenectomía axilar. En el periodo posquirúrgico temprano la paciente presentó una sensación de tensión cutánea en el hueco axilar asociada a un cordón palpable doloroso, manifestación típica del síndrome de web axilar (SWA), una complicación poco conocida de las intervenciones quirúrgicas axilares, tanto invasivas como conservadoras. Mediante la presentación de este caso queremos centrar la atención en una entidad patológica cuya incidencia podemos estar infravalorando al no incluirla en estudios prospectivos de BSGC. Es importante que los médicos nucleares seamos conscientes de la existencia del SWA como una posible consecuencia de la BSGC, más frecuente que la infección, el seroma o el linfedema y de que debemos informar a los pacientes que firman el consentimiento. A 49 year-old woman diagnosed with infiltrating lobular breast carcinoma, underwent a right mastectomy and sentinel node biopsy (SLNB). The resected sentinel lymph nodes were negative for malignancy, with an axillary lymphadenectomy not being performed. In the early post-operative period, the patient reported an axillary skin tension sensation, associated with a painful palpable cord. These are typical manifestations of axillary web syndrome (AWS), a poorly known axillary surgery complication, from both invasive and conservative interventions. By presenting this case we want to focus the attention on a pathological condition, for which its incidence may be underestimated by not including it in SLNB studies. It is important for nuclear medicine physicians to be aware of AWS as a more common complication than infection, seroma, or lymphoedema, and to discuss this possible event with the patient who is consenting to the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New oncologic procedures are currently more focused on the biological features of tumors. The ideal objective is the administration of personalized effective treatments for each patient that affects not just the location and spread of disease but also special metabolic characteristics of tumoral cells. Radiologic diagnostic methods are extremely important in the management of the patient for staging, restaging, and evaluation of treatment response, and clinicians are avid for some additional functional and metabolic information. Further, they need more dynamic methods for follow-up. Nuclear Medicine and positron emission tomography (PET) in many cases can meet this requirement, although it is not perfect, at least at the present time. Currently 2-((18)F)fluoro-2-desoxi-D: -glucose positron emission tomography is being widely used for oncologic purposes. Its information can be very useful in abdominal diseases and must be taken into account with the results of radiologic imaging. Thus, many changes in the choice of treatment are seen. However, it is very important to know that sometimes there is a lack of specificity that has to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Classical methodologies used in ocular pharmacokinetics studies have difficulties to obtain information about topical and intraocular distribution and clearance of drugs and formulations. This is associated with multiple factors related to ophthalmic physiology, as well as the complexity and invasiveness intrinsic to the sampling. Molecular imaging is a new diagnostic discipline for in vivo imaging, which is emerging and spreading rapidly. Recent developments in molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow obtaining reliable pharmacokinetic data, which can be translated into improving the permanence of the ophthalmic drugs in its action site, leading to dosage optimisation. They can be used to study either topical or intraocular administration. With these techniques it is possible to obtain real-time visualisation, localisation, characterisation and quantification of the compounds after their administration, all in a reliable, safe and non-invasive way. None of these novel techniques presents simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity, but it is possible to study biological procedures with the information provided when the techniques are combined. With the results obtained, it is possible to assume that molecular imaging techniques are postulated as a resource with great potential for the research and development of new drugs and ophthalmic delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a case of orbital mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma with breast involvement in a 71-year -old woman detected by fluorodeocyglucose positron emission tomography (F-FDG-PET). FDG-PET showed an area of moderate hypermetabolism in the left breast. Breast lesion showed non-Hodgkin lymphoma consistent with MALT lymphoma.