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4. Reducing the risks of nuclear war—the role of health professionals

Author

Abbasi, Kamran, Ali, Parveen, Barbour, Virginia, Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten, Rikkert, Marcel GM Olde, Haines, Andy, Helfand, Ira, Horton, Richard, Mash, Bob, Mitra, Arun, Monteiro, Carlos, Naumova, Elena N., Rubin, Eric J., Ruff, Tilman, Sahni, Peush, Tumwine, James, Yonga, Paul, and Zielinski, Chris

Published
2023

8. Inflammation unites diverse acute and chronic diseases.

Author

Libby, Peter, Smith, Robin, Rubin, Eric J., Glassberg, Marilyn K., Farkouh, Michael E., and Rosenson, Robert S.

Subjects
ACUTE diseases, LUNG diseases, PHARMACEUTICAL industry, CHRONIC diseases, CARDIOVASCULAR diseases
Abstract

Background: Inflammation and immunity contribute pivotally to diverse acute and chronic diseases. Inflammatory pathways have become increasingly targets for therapy. Yet, despite substantial similarity in mechanisms and pathways, the scientific, medical, pharma and biotechnology sectors have generally focused programs finely on a single disease entity or organ system. This insularity may impede progress in innovation and the harnessing of powerful new insights into inflammation biology ripe for clinical translation. Methods: A multidisciplinary thinktank reviewed highlights how inflammation contributes to diverse diseases, disturbed homeostasis, ageing and impaired healthspan. We explored how common inflammatory and immune mechanisms that operate in key conditions in their respective domains. This consensus review highlights the high degree of commonality of inflammatory mechanisms in a diverse array of conditions that together contribute a major part of the global burden of morbidity and mortality and present an enormous challenge to public health and drain on resources. Results: We demonstrate how that shared inflammatory mechanisms unite many seemingly disparate diseases, both acute and chronic. The examples of infection, cardiovascular conditions, pulmonary diseases, rheumatological disorders, dementia, cancer and ageing illustrate the overlapping pathogenesis. We outline opportunities to synergize, reduce duplication and consolidate efforts of the clinical, research and pharmaceutical communities. Enhanced recognition of these commonalties should promote cross‐fertilization and hasten progress in this rapidly moving domain. Conclusions: Greater appreciation of the shared mechanisms should simplify understanding seemingly disparate diseases for clinicians and help them to recognize inflammation as a therapeutic target which the development of novel therapies is rendering actionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Call for Emergency Action to Limit Global Temperature Increases, Restore Biodiversity, and Protect Health: Wealthy nations must do much more, much faster

Author

Atwoli, Lukoye, Baqui, Abdullah H., Benfield, Thomas, Bosurgi, Raffaella, Godlee, Fiona, Hancocks, Stephen, Horton, Richard, Laybourn-Langton, Laurie, Monteiro, Carlos Augusto, Norman, Ian, Patrick, Kirsten, Praities, Nigel, Olde Rikkert, Marcel G.M., Rubin, Eric J., Sahni, Peush, Smith, Richard, Talley, Nick, Turale, Sue, and Vázquez, Damián

Published
2021
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12. Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health

Author

Atwoli Lukoye, Baqui Abdullah H., Benfield Thomas, Bosurgi Raffaella, Godlee Fiona, Hancocks Stephen, Horton Richard, Laybourn-Langton Laurie, Monteiro Carlos Augusto, Norman Ian, Patrick Kirsten, Praities Nigel, Olde Rikkert Marcel GM, Rubin Eric J., Sahni Peush, Smith Richard, Talley Nick, Turale Sue, and Vázquez Damián

Subjects
Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Published
2021
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14. Reducing the risks of nuclear war—the role of health professionals.

Author

Abbasi, Kamran, Ali, Parveen, Barbour, Virginia, Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten, Rikkert, Marcel G. M. Olde, Horton, Richard, Mash, Robert, Monteiro, Carlos, Naumova, Elena N., Rubin, Eric J., Sahni, Peush, Tumwine, James, Yonga, Paul, Zielinski, Chris, Mitra, Arun, Ruff, Tilman, Haines, Andy, and Helfand, Ira

Subjects
NUCLEAR warfare, MEDICAL personnel, NUCLEAR arms control
Abstract

The article discusses the growing risk of nuclear war and the role of health professionals in reducing this risk. It highlights the inadequacy of current nuclear arms control efforts and the potential catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war. The article calls on health professionals to raise awareness about this danger and take action to prevent it. It also emphasizes the historical role of the health community in efforts to reduce the risk of nuclear war and advocates for the elimination of nuclear weapons. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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15. Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases an antacid that remodels phagosomes

Author

Buter, Jeffrey, Cheng, Tan-Yun, Ghanem, Marwan, Grootemaat, Anita E., Raman, Sahadevan, Feng, Xinxin, Plantijn, Ashmir R., Ennis, Thomas, Wang, Joyce, Cotton, Rachel N., Layre, Emilie, Ramnarine, Alexandrea K., Mayfield, Jacob A., Young, David C., Jezek Martinot, Amanda, Siddiqi, Noman, Wakabayashi, Shoko, Botella, Helene, Calderon, Roger, Murray, Megan, Ehrt, Sabine, Snider, Barry B., Reed, Michael B., Oldfield, Eric, Tan, Shumin, Rubin, Eric J., Behr, Marcel A., van der Wel, Nicole N., Minnaard, Adriaan J., and Moody, D. Branch

Published
2019
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16. Large-scale chemical–genetics yields new M. tuberculosis inhibitor classes

Author

Johnson, Eachan O., LaVerriere, Emily, Office, Emma, Stanley, Mary, Meyer, Elisabeth, Kawate, Tomohiko, Gomez, James E., Audette, Rebecca E., Bandyopadhyay, Nirmalya, Betancourt, Natalia, Delano, Kayla, Da Silva, Israel, Davis, Joshua, Gallo, Christina, Gardner, Michelle, Golas, Aaron J., Guinn, Kristine M., Kennedy, Sofia, Korn, Rebecca, McConnell, Jennifer A., Moss, Caitlin E., Murphy, Kenan C., Nietupski, Raymond M., Papavinasasundaram, Kadamba G., Pinkham, Jessica T., Pino, Paula A., Proulx, Megan K., Ruecker, Nadine, Song, Naomi, Thompson, Matthew, Trujillo, Carolina, Wakabayashi, Shoko, Wallach, Joshua B., Watson, Christopher, Ioerger, Thomas R., Lander, Eric S., Hubbard, Brian K., Serrano-Wu, Michael H., Ehrt, Sabine, Fitzgerald, Michael, Rubin, Eric J., Sassetti, Christopher M., Schnappinger, Dirk, and Hung, Deborah T.

Published
2019
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29. Deletion of a mycobacterial divisome factor collapses single-cell phenotypic heterogeneity

Author

Rego, E. Hesper, Audette, Rebecca E., and Rubin, Eric J.

Subjects
Phenotypes -- Observations, Mycobacteria -- Genetic aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): E. Hesper Rego (corresponding author) [1]; Rebecca E. Audette [1]; Eric J. Rubin (corresponding author) [1] Microorganisms are often studied as populations but the behaviour of single, individual cells [...]

Published
2017
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32. From Evidence to Policy -- Finding Authoritative Sources of Information on Health.

Author

Rubin, Eric J. and Dzau, Victor J.

Subjects
*INFORMATION resources, *CLINICAL trials, *HEALTH policy
Abstract

The article discusses the challenge of translating clinical research into health policy and the importance of finding high-quality evidence for medical decision-making. Topics discussed include the role of clinical trials, the National Academy of Medicine's involvement in providing unbiased policy advice, and the launch of a new series aimed at translating complex health policy issues into accessible articles for a broad audience.

Published
2024
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33. Celebrating Public Health.

Author

Rubin, Eric J.

Subjects
*PUBLIC health, *HOSPITALIZATION insurance, *TRUSTS & trustees, *MEDICARE Part C, *BUSINESS schools
Abstract

The article highlights the importance of public health work and celebrates the groundbreaking contributions of medical researchers Salim Abdool Karim and Quarraisha Abdool Karim to HIV prevention and public health in South Africa. Topics include the impact of their research on HIV transmission, their roles in public health initiatives and international trials, and the broader significance of public health workers who often go unrecognized for their efforts.

Published
2024
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39. Inflammatory signaling in human tuberculosis granulomas is spatially organized

Author

Marakalala, Mohlopheni J., Raju, Ravikiran M., Sharma, Kirti, Zhang, Yanjia J., Eugenin, Eliseo A., Prideaux, Brendan, Daudelin, Isaac B., Chen, Pei-Yu, Booty, Matthew G., Kim, Jin Hee, Eum, Seok Yong, Via, Laura E., Behar, Samuel M., Barry, III, Clifton E., Mann, Matthias, Dartois, Veronique, and Rubin, Eric J.

Subjects
Granuloma -- Genetic aspects -- Development and progression, Tumor proteins -- Properties, Tuberculosis -- Genetic aspects -- Development and progression, Cellular signal transduction -- Genetic aspects -- Health aspects, Biological sciences, Health
Abstract

Granulomas are the pathological hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). However, their function and mechanisms of formation remain poorly understood. To understand the role of granulomas in TB, we analyzed the proteomes of granulomas from subjects with tuberculosis in an unbiased manner. Using laser-capture microdissection, mass spectrometry and confocal microscopy, we generated detailed molecular maps of human granulomas. We found that the centers of granulomas have a pro-inflammatory environment that is characterized by the presence of antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Conversely, the tissue surrounding the caseum has a comparatively anti-inflammatory signature. These findings are consistent across a set of six human subjects and in rabbits. Although the balance between systemic proand anti-inflammatory signals is crucial to TB disease outcome, here we find that these signals are physically segregated within each granuloma. From the protein and lipid snapshots of human and rabbit lesions analyzed here, we hypothesize that the pathologic response to TB is shaped by the precise anatomical localization of these inflammatory pathways during the development of the granuloma., TB, which is caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains a major global health problem responsible for 1.5 million deaths annually (1). When the pathogen seeds the lung, [...]

Published
2016
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40. Leveraging advances in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment to address nontuberculous mycobacterial disease

Author

Raju, Ravikiran M., Raju, Sagar M., Zhao, Yanlin, and Rubin, Eric J.

Subjects
Bacterial infections -- Surveys, Tuberculosis -- Surveys, Health
Abstract

In recent years, major investments in basic research related to Mycobaterium tuberculosis have culminated in the large-scale rollout of the GeneXpert (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) diagnostic platform, the approval of [...]

Published
2016
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43. Mutation rates and adaptive variation among the clinically dominant clusters of Mycobacterium abscessus.

Author

Commins, Nicoletta, Sullivan, Mark R., McGowen, Kerry, Koch, Evan M., Rubin, Eric J., and Farhat, Maha

Subjects
MOLECULAR clock, MYCOBACTERIUM, GENETIC mutation, DNA repair, LUNG infections
Abstract

Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen increasingly responsible for severe pulmonary infections. Analysis of whole-genome sequences (WGS) of Mab demonstrates dense genetic clustering of clinical isolates collected from disparate geographic locations. This has been interpreted as supporting patient-to-patient transmission, but epidemiological studies have contradicted this interpretation. Here, we present evidence for a slowing of the Mab molecular clock rate coincident with the emergence of phylogenetic clusters. We performed phylogenetic inference using publicly available WGS from 483 Mab patient isolates. We implement a subsampling approach in combination with coalescent analysis to estimate the molecular clock rate along the long internal branches of the tree, indicating a faster long-term molecular clock rate compared to branches within phylogenetic clusters. We used ancestry simulation to predict the effects of clock rate variation on phylogenetic clustering and found that the degree of clustering in the observed phylogeny is more easily explained by a clock rate slowdown than by transmission. We also find that phylogenetic clusters are enriched in mutations affecting DNA repair machinery and report that clustered isolates have lower spontaneous mutation rates in vitro. We propose that Mab adaptation to the host environment through variation in DNA repair genes affects the organism's mutation rate and that this manifests as phylogenetic clustering. These results challenge the model that phylogenetic clustering in Mab is explained by person-to-person transmission and inform our understanding of transmission inference in emerging, facultative pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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47. Reducing the Risks of Nuclear War.

Author

Abbasi, Kamran, Ali, Parveen, Barbour, Virginia, Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten, Olde Rikkert, Marcel G. M., Haines, Andy, Helfand, Ira, Horton, Richard, Mash, Bob, Mitra, Arun, Monteiro, Carlos, Naumova, Elena N., Rubin, Eric J., Ruff, Tilman, Sahni, Peush, Tumwine, James, Yonga, Paul, and Zielinski, Chris

Subjects
NUCLEAR warfare, WARNING labels, NUCLEAR arms control, HEALTH policy
Published
2023
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