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The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first detected in Brazil in 2014 and has since caused major epidemics. In 2023, a major chikungunya epidemic occurred in Minas Gerais, one of the most populous states in the country. We analyzed the North and Northeast Health Macroregions of Minas Gerais, with 2.5 million inhabitants. The study used epidemiological data from the Ministry of Health’s laboratory surveillance, disease notification and mortality systems. A robust Poisson regression model was constructed to estimate expected monthly mortality. Excess deaths were calculated by comparing observed deaths with model estimates during the epidemic period. During the epidemic, there were 890 excess deaths attributed to chikungunya, translating into a mortality rate of 35.1/100,000 inhabitants. The excess mortality rate was significantly 60 times higher than the deaths reported by surveillance, with only 15 confirmed deaths. The correlation between excess deaths and laboratory-confirmed chikungunya cases was strong, while the correlation with dengue and COVID-19 was not statistically significant. The results highlighted the serious underestimation of chikungunya mortality by epidemiological surveillance. During the same year, only 420 chikungunya deaths were reported by all PAHO member countries. Routine epidemiological surveillance systems cannot capture the full impact of this disease. Excess mortality is a key measure for understanding the impact of epidemics, as demonstrated by COVID-19 and influenza pandemics. The study highlights the need for complementary tools to traditional surveillance to better assess impacts on morbidity and mortality and support priority setting in public health interventions.

Consumer preference and acceptance surveys associated with genetic improvement programs contribute to greater acceptance of new cultivars, in the competitive and dynamic ornamental plants market. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate Brazilian habits related to the home cul- tivation of Capsicum spp. and preferences regarding four pre-cultivars of ornamental pepper, and the relationship with different socioeconomic factors. A virtual questionnaire containing 18 multiple-choice questions was shared by the authors in their contact networks, via social media and email. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The influence of socioeconomic factors on the respondents’ habits and preferences was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The survey included 1045 respondents from all Brazilian states, of all age groups, income levels and education levels. It was found that home cultivation of peppers is widespread throughout Brazil, in rural and urban areas, mostly in pots. Ornamental peppers were widely ac- cepted among men and women of all income classes. Although a greater preference was observed for white flowers and elongated, triangular fruits, with five stages of maturity, regional, social, and economic differences influenced the choice for these attributes. Greater acceptance was also observed for the medium vessel (2 dm3) and the hybrid HPO 03. After registration, this will be an important technological product adapted to Brazilian conditions.

Abstract Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small groups of proteins obtained from plants and animals. AMPs participate in the immune response, as they provide a quick line of defense against infections, while others may be related to the plant's defense against certain pests and pathogens. The objective of the present study was to evaluate an inhibitory activity of fractions obtained from immature fruits of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (accession UENF 1755) on trypsin, chymotrypsin and α-amylase families and on yeast growth. The peptides were obtained from the immature fruits using saline extraction. The extract was semi-purified by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography into two fractions: D1 (non-retained fraction) and D2 (retained fraction), and analyzed using SDS-tricine-gel electrophoresis. The antifungal activity of these fractions was tested on Candida albicans, Candida buinensis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. To elucidate the antimicrobial mechanism of these fractions, membrane permeabilization and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction assays were performed. The fractions were also tested for inhibition of trypsin, chymotrypsin and α-amylase enzymes. The two fractions, D1 and D2, inhibited yeast growth at a concentration of 100 μg.mL-1, promoted membrane permeabilization and caused an increase in the induction of endogenous ROS in C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Both these fractions were able to inhibit trypsin and α-amylase enzyme, while only D1 inhibited chymotrypsin activity. Thus, D1 was found to possess a greater antifungal and enzymatic inhibition activity on trypsin, chymotrypsin and α-amylase.

NLP tool accurately identifies ILNs in chest CT reports, enabling early lung cancer detection and reducing patient loss to follow-up.

ObjectiveTo test the reliability and validity of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in an online format in university students from low-income regions.MethodsWe applied the questionnaire to a sample of 195 and 117 university students from a low-income region (Gini index of 0.56) to study validity and reliability, respectively. The DEBQ consists of 33 items on eating behavior in three dimensions/factors: emotional eating, restrained eating and external eating. The questionnaire was administered twice at 2-week intervals. We tested the reliability via temporal stability and internal consistency and construct validity via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsFor reliability, we identified an acceptable Spearman correlation coefficient (rho > 0.30 and p

Abstract Background Plant genomes are rich in repetitive sequences, and transposable elements (TEs) are the most accumulated of them. This mobile fraction can be distinguished as Class I (retrotransposons) and Class II (transposons). Retrotransposons that are transposed using an intermediate RNA and that accumulate in a “copy-and-paste” manner were screened in three genomes of peppers (Solanaceae). The present study aimed to understand the genome relationships among Capsicum annuum, C. chinense, and C. baccatum, based on a comparative analysis of the function, diversity and chromosome distribution of TE lineages in the Capsicum karyotypes. Due to the great commercial importance of pepper in natura, as a spice or as an ornamental plant, these genomes have been widely sequenced, and all of the assemblies are available in the SolGenomics group. These sequences were used to compare all repetitive fractions from a cytogenomic point of view. Results The qualification and quantification of LTR-retrotransposons (LTR-RT) families were contrasted with molecular cytogenetic data, and the results showed a strong genome similarity between C. annuum and C. chinense as compared to C. baccatum. The Gypsy superfamily is more abundant than Copia, especially for Tekay/Del lineage members, including a high representation in C. annuum and C. chinense. On the other hand, C. baccatum accumulates more Athila/Tat sequences. The FISH results showed retrotransposons differentially scattered along chromosomes, except for CRM lineage sequences, which mainly have a proximal accumulation associated with heterochromatin bands. Conclusions The results confirm a close genomic relationship between C. annuum and C. chinense in comparison to C. baccatum. Centromeric GC-rich bands may be associated with the accumulation regions of CRM elements, whereas terminal and subterminal AT- and GC-rich bands do not correspond to the accumulation of the retrotransposons in the three Capsicum species tested.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the “non-response” rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Effective communication among members of medical teams is an important factor for early and appropriate diagnosis. The terminology used in radiology reports appears in this context as an important link between radiologists and other members of the medical team. Therefore, heterogeneity in the use of terms in reports is an important but little discussed issue. This article is the result of an extensive review of nomenclature in thoracic radiology, including for the first time terms used in X-rays, CT, and MRI, conducted by radiologists from Brazil and Portugal. The objective of this review of medical terminology was to create a standardized language for medical professionals and multidisciplinary teams.

ABSTRACT: Genetically diverse interspecific hybrids of Vitis were selected for resistance to Pratylenchus brachyurus. Three segregating populations with 57 hybrid crosses were evaluated. The parents included Vitis romanetiiC166-043 × 07355-075, 06354-047 × Cereza and 06354-047 × Nocera, selected from the germplasm bank at the University of California, Davis, the United States. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications and three plants per plot. Root mass, nematodes per gram of root and reproduction factor were determined and used as quantitative variables; 16 multi categoric descriptors were also evaluated. The traits were analyzed using the Ward-Modified Location Model procedure (Ward-MLM) for the composition of genotype groups. Genetic parameters and prediction of genetic values by Restricted Maximum Likelihood / Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML / BLUP) were assessed. The Ward-MLM classification strategy supported the formation of three homogeneous groups. Group I comprised 13 hybrids; Group II, 26 hybrids; and Group III, 18 hybrids. Groups II and III contained hybrids resistant to P. brachyurus. High broad sense heritability values were found for root mass, reproduction factor and nematodes per gram of root, which provided genetic gain and allowed selection of resistant genotypes available for cloning, since the total genetic variance occurred due to the dominance effects. Of the 57 genotypes assessed, those with the lowest genotypic values for reproduction factor were selected as resistant, including: CH3.2, CH3.23, CH3.8, CH3.37, CH3.38, CH3.41, CH3.36, CH2.1, CH2.7, CH1.1, CH1.3 and CH1.2.

Anthracnose is a disease caused by Colletotrichum spp., one of the world’s most damaging sweet and chili pepper pathogens, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, anthracnose is one of the main obstacles for pepper crops. However, to date no research has focused on the identification and characterization of the pathogen, which is fundamental to understand the scope of the disease in the state. Thus, the correct identification of the fungal species and pathogenicity studies can provide important support for disease management and control, apart from identifying possible resistance sources for exploitation in peppers breeding programs. In this study, 11 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from peppers with typical symptoms in the Rio de Janeiro state. These isolates were characterized based on morpho-cultural characteristics and sequencing data from five regions (ITS, ACT, CAL, β-TUB and GAPDH), and the genetic variability was estimated by AFLP markers. Simultaneously, microscopy images of the colonization by the fungal species on unripe Capsicum annuum fruits were taken. Pathogenicity was tested and resistance sources were sought by means of infection of ripe and unripe fruits of 50 Capsicum baccatum accessions. The resulting data showed that all isolates belong to Colletotrichum scovillei specie. About the pathogenicity of Capsicum baccatum, differentiated, stage-specific responses, with higher resistance of ripe fruits were recorded. In addition, four possible sources of Colletotrichum scovillei resistance were detected among the tested accessions. The combination of these data can contribute to future studies on the interaction of Colletotrichum scovillei-Capsicum spp., a research line that is still unexploited in the main areas of this anthracnose fungus.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand what are the strategies used by nurses to mediate conflicts. Method: a qualitative and descriptive study that used oral history, carried out in the organ transplant unit of a university hospital located in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The population consisted of seven nurses with one year or more of experience in the unit. Data collection took place with semi-structured interviews. The reports were transcribed, and their content was analyzed according to Minayo’s model. Results: three categories have emerged: Conflict-generating sources; Strategies for conflict mediation such as collaboration, dialogue, standardization, and expressive action by nurses to mediate conflicts; Consequences of conflicts. Conclusion: there is a need to invest in the training of nurses to mediate conflicts, and it is important to develop skills such as interpersonal relationships and communication for the success of their professional performance.

Introduction: Golden flaxseed has important amounts of α-linolenic acid, soluble fibers and lignans, which can bring benefits to health. Objective: To prepare peanut candy added with golden flaxseed flour (GFF) in different proportions and determine its proximate composition and sensory acceptance. Materials and methods: Peanut candies were prepared with the addition of 10%, 15% and 20% of GFF. The proximate composition was determined and then acceptance tests (hedonic scale) were applied. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and ANOVA, adopting a significance level of 5%. Result: Regular peanut candy and a preparation added with GFF showed no difference in moisture (17.1 to 18.5%) and lipid (30.8 to 34.2%) content. As for ash content, only formulations with 15 and 20% of GFF had the highest percentage, 1.94% and 2.03%, respectively. The protein content was significantly lower (15.4 to 18.5%) and the amount of dietary fiber increased in formulations with GFF. In relation to sensory analysis, the candies added with GFF obtained good acceptability, with no significant differences regarding the attributes evaluated in comparison with the regular peanut candy. Conclusion: The data obtained allowed us to see that it is possible to partially replace peanuts with golden flaxseed flour in the preparation of candies, as the new products presented sensory characteristics that pleased consumers in all the evaluated attributes, in addition to superior nutritional value with regard to increased fiber and mineral content.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal trazer algumas reflexões vinculadas aos discursos identitários, bem como a posição sujeito terranovense de três entrevistados que chegaram ainda crianças, juntamente, ao local. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir dos procedimentos da História Oral Temática, por meio de entrevistas com perguntas relacionadas ao posicionamento dos três filhos de colonizadores do município de Terra Nova do Norte, em Mato Grosso. O aporte teórico fundamentou-se nas contribuições de Stuart Hall (2006), Hugo Achugar (2016), Homi Bhabha (1998) e Zygmunt Bauman (2005). Palavras-Chave: Discursos Identitários; Filhos De Colonos; Terra Nova Do Norte.

Population growth and the high demand for food production has caused environmental degradation losses in biodiversity. The conservation of genetic resources is the most appropriate strategy for maintaining the variability of species of great importance, such as Capsicum. In this study, we describe the characterization of 69 pepper accessions of four Capsicum species from different regions of Brazil on the basis of qualitative and quantitative descriptors and ISSR markers. The 11 quantitative descriptors grouped the 69 populations into five clades. The fruit traits had the greater discrimination power. A strong correlation was detected between some pairs of quantitative descriptors: petiole and fruit length, fruit diameter and fresh fruit mass, leaf length and leaf width, canopy and plant height, stem diameter and plant height, stem diameter and canopy diameter. A negative correlation was also observed between plant height and pericarp thickness. Moreover, the molecular analysis grouped accessions into five clades. The morpho-agronomic and molecular characterization were efficient to estimate the genetic diversity between accessions, being important tools for the knowledge and use of accessions. This study is of great importance to preserve pepper germplasm and to provide data to facilitate the process of the selection in breeding programs.

The objectives were to get to know the use of a computerized nursing indicator system at a teaching hospital in the city of São Paulo, to identify the applicability of the indicator outcomes and to verify the information return for the nursing team. Descriptive survey with a quantitative approach and a population of 27 nurses, members of the Nursing Board. The data were collected between May and June 2014 through a survey of these managers’ opinion on the use of the system. It was evidenced that 25 (92.59%) subjects agree that the system is easy to handle. Thirteen (48.14%) report adverse events while eight (29.63%) do not. Twelve (44.44%) managers use the system to monitor patient care, but five (18.51%) do not present the indicators during periodical team meetings. The managers use the indicators to plan improvements, although frailties exist in the reporting of adverse events, demonstrating the need to develop the indicator management culture at the institution.

Estimating the genetic variability in germplasm collections is important not only for conserving genetic resources, but also for plant breeding purposes. However, generating a large number of different categories data (qualitative and quantitative) often complicate the analysis and results interpretation, resulting in an incomplete distinction of accessions. This study reports the characterization and evaluation of 14 pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) accessions collected from farms in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro state. Genetic diversity among accessions was also estimated using qualitative and quantitative variables considering joint analysis. The plants were grown under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications and six plants per plot. Eight qualitative traits (leaf size; seed shape; seed color; color of the fruit pulp; hollow; fruit shape; skin color, and fruit skin texture) and eight quantitative traits (fruit weight; fruit length; fruit diameter; soluble solids, 100 seed weight, and wall thickness measured in the middle and in the lower stem) were evaluated. The data were analyzed considering the Gower distance, and cluster analysis was performed using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Variability among accessions was observed considering morphoagronomic data. The Gower distance together with UPGMA cluster allowed for good discrimination between accessions in the groups, demonstrating that the simultaneous analysis of qualitative and quantitative data is feasible and may increase the understanding of the variation among accessions.

Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation become major concerns worldwide, making the conservation process an important strategy for maintaining biodiversity. Capsicum chinense Jacq. is the most Brazilian species of the genus, with representatives in different biomes. Anthropic pressure, such as burns, real estate speculation, and changing cultivation habit has led to risks of genetic erosion. Conservation and characterization of conserved accessions are paramount to ensure genetic diversity, useful for the bioeconomy and for genetic improvement. We report the characterization of 55 C. chinense accessions from four different regions of Brazil and one accession from Peru. The accessions were characterized based on 37 morpho-agronomic variables, Inter Simple Sequence Repeats—ISSR and Simple Sequence Repeat—SSR. Qualitative descriptors were analyzed using a descriptive statistical, while the quantitative descriptors were analyzed via F test and significant differences in mean values were separated using Scott-Knott test. The relative contribution of each quantitative trait was determined. A correlation between morphological and molecular distances was calculated. Color of ripe fruit and fruit shape had the largest number of observed classes. Six distinct groups and the joint analysis presented an entanglement rate of 0.58, evidencing the divergence of accessions between the groups of both dendrograms. Bayesian analysis allowed the distinction of two clusters for SSR. A significant variability was observed among accession with potential to integrate several breeding programs.

The in vitro culture of embryos is an important technique to enable the rescue of embryos from incompatible crosses. Studies analyzing the factors that affect the in vitro culture of zygotic embryos are scarce. This study evaluated the effect of the genotype (Capsicum baccatum and C. frutescens), the composition of the culture medium (MS and ½ MS medium with different concentrations of sucrose, IAA and GA3) and the stage of development (globular, cordiform, torpedo and cotyledonary) in the in vitro culture of immature embryos. Embryo germination was influenced primarily by the stage of development of the embryo and the composition of the culture medium. Regardless of the species, the most suitable culture medium for the germination of globular and cordiform embryos was ½ MS with 0.05 mg L-1 of GA3 and IAA and 40 g L-1 of sucrose. For torpedo and cotyledonary embryos, ½ MS culture medium with 20 g L-1 of sucrose without phytoregulators is recommended for germination. These results were better than those described in the literature for all development stages in the two species. The results in the present study will be useful for geneticists and genetic enhancers interested in applying germination techniques conducted in vitro for immature Capsicum embryos.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the crossability rate in combinations of and assess the occurrence of incompatibility barriers between Capsicum species. The species C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum var. pendulum, and C. baccatum var. baccatum were crossed and the number of hand-pollinations and of resulting fruits and plants was registered. The resulting hybrids were evaluated for their pollen viability and in the crosses that produced no hybrids, the in vivo germination of pollen grains was assessed. Some crosses generated hybrids, while others produced no fruit or, despite generating fruits, no plants grew from them. The crossability rate between species of the complex C. annuum and C. baccatum ranged from 2.2% to 3.7%, and was 14.6% between species of the complex C. annuum. A pre-fertilization barrier was observed in the non-germination of pollen grains, as well as post-fertilization barriers consisting of embryo death, lack of vigor and hybrid sterility

ABSTRACT Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is a fruit species of great relevance for Brazilian economy. However, it is highly susceptible to the Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). The species P.setacea, on the other hand, is resistant to the disease. The present study aimed to identify CABMV-resistant P. setacea genotypes for the introgression of genes into sour passion fruit genetic breeding programs. The seeds of passion fruit genotypes were germinated in vitro in MS culture medium. The seedlings were acclimatized in a growth chamber at the temperature of 27 ± 2ºC, photoperiod of 16:8 hours and 80% of relative humidity. Thirty plants of each genotype were mechanically inoculated with extract prepared from leaves collected from passion fruit plants with symptoms of CABMV for the assessment of resistance to CABMV. The severity of leaf symptoms was evaluated by means of a grading scale of visual signs. After the visual evaluation and identification of the asymptomatic genotypes of P. setacea, the PTA-ELISA test was carried out for 30 selected genotypes. According to the visual evaluation, all P. setacea genotypes were highly resistant to CABMV, while the P. edulis genotypes were highly susceptible. Out of the 30 genotypes selected, only PsRJ 4 was considered susceptible by PTA-ELISA. The other genotypes of P. setacea were considered resistant and present great potential for use in passion fruit genetic breeding programs.

Capsicum baccatum is one of the main pepper species grown and consumed in South America. In Brazil, it is commonly cultivated by family farmers, using mostly the genotypes bishop's hat genotypes (locally cambuci) and red chili pepper (dedo-de-moça). This study had the objective of characterizing 116 C. baccatum accessions from different regions of Brazil, based on morphological fruit descriptors and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) markers. Broad phenotypic variability among the C. baccatum accessions was detected when using morphological fruit descriptors. The Ward modified location model (Ward-MLM) discriminated five groups, based mainly on fruit shape. Six combinations of AFLP primers detected polymorphism in 97.93% of the 2466 identified bands, indicating the high genetic variability in the accessions. The UPGMA coincided with the Bayesian clustering analysis and three large groups were formed, separating the wild variety C. baccatum var. praetermissum from the other accessions. There was no relation between genetic distance and geographical origin of the accessions, probably due to the intense exchange of fruits and seeds between farmers. Morphological descriptors used together with AFLP markers proved efficient in detecting the levels of genetic variability among the accessions maintained in the germplasm collections. These results can be used as an additional source of helpful information to be exploited in C. baccatum breeding programs.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Cc-LTP2 and Cc-GRP peptides isolated from Coffea canephora seeds and their possible synergistic activity with the azole drug fluconazole and characterize their mechanisms of action on cells of pathogenic fungi. Cc-LTP2 and Cc-GRP alone or in combination with 20 µg/mL of fluconazole were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity on the fungus Fusarium solani, and the effects of these peptides on the permeability of membranes and the induction of oxidative stress were determined. Our results show that these peptides at a concentration of 400 µg/mL combined with 20 µg/mL of fluconazole were able to inhibit the growth of the tested fungi, promote changes in their growth pattern, permeabilize the membrane, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some of these results were also observed with the peptides alone or with fluconazole alone, suggesting that the peptides act synergistically, promoting the potentiation of antimicrobial action. In this study, it was shown that Cc-LTP2 and Cc-GRP in combination with fluconazole were able to inhibit the growth of the fungus F. solani, to promote permeabilization of its membrane, and to induce the production of ROS, suggesting a combinatorial activity between the peptides and fluconazole.

This study aimed to develop a protocol for the in vitro conservation of 30 accessions of sweet potato collected in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, aiming to extend the period between subcultures for this species. An in vitro minimal growth experiment was established with accession UENF 1931 in a factorial arrangement consisting of four concentrations of mineral salts in MS medium and four concentrations of sucrose, at two temperatures. The others accessions were grown in medium containing 100% MS salts and 2% sucrose, which was the medium that allowed the in vitro conservation of accession UENF 1931 for a longer time period. For this second experiment, 30 accessions of sweet potato and two temperatures were used. Plant height, number of leaves, and survival rate were measured every 30 days for 12 months, in both experiments. In the last stage, the sweet potato plantlets originating from in vitro minimal growth were acclimatized and exhibited 100% survival. The recommended in vitro minimal growth conditions for the studied accessions are MS medium with 100% concentration of mineral salts and 2% sucrose, at a temperature of 27±2°C, with subculture performed every 180 days.

Common bacterial blight (CBB), which is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is the main bacterial disease in snap beans and controlling this disease using resistant cultivars is still a challenge. This work aimed to study the combining ability for CBB resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes. Six parents (two genotypes of CBB-resistant dry bean and four susceptible snap bean accessions) were crossed in a complete diallel scheme without reciprocals to estimate the general and specific ability to Xap resistance. CBB resistance was evaluated by the inoculation with two Xap isolates, and its severity was evaluated based on the four following resistance components: area under the disease progress curve; scores in the leaves; latent period and diameter of pod lesion. Differences between the two isolates were observed considering all the disease components. Besides pathogen variability, significant GCA and SCA indicate that additive and non-additive effects are involved in Xap-resistance control for the evaluated genotypes, implying that CBC resistance is a trait with complex inheritance. For breeding purposes, the result demonstrates the need to apply breeding methods that are focused on advanced generations selection.

Heterosis has been exploited in Capsicum annuum commercial hybrids; however, the use of heterosis in C. baccatum still remains to be explored, and studies related to the genetics and breeding of this species are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the combining ability of five parents of C. baccatum var. pendulum , representatives of two distinct types of fruits (namely, lady's finger and cambuci), to calculate heterosis and to evaluate the agronomic potential of the hybrids for yield and fruit quality. The hybrids were produced from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parents and hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications, and the following traits were assessed: number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and soluble solids. All traits were significant for general and specific combining ability, indicating that additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The hybrid combinations between the types lady's finger and cambuci provided elongated fruits with smaller diameters and greater weight compared with the parents of the cambuci type. However, these factors did not lead to a significant increase in the yield per plant due to the decreased number of fruits except in hybrid UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considering only the parents and hybrids within each type of fruit, the genitor UENF 1624 (lady's finger) and the hybrid UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) stood out for achieving a high yield per plant.

O artigo analisa a obra Tempo e Eternidade, de Jorge de Lima e Murilo Mendes, publicada em parceria em 1935. A análise atenta para os traços caracterizadores dessa obra que definem seu fundamento religioso, enfocando a matéria poética, as recorrentes imagens bíblicas e as mobilizações do sagrado, representadas pela figura do poeta. Para tanto, a abordagem teórica vale-se dos estudos de Alter e Kermode, Eliade, Dufrenne, Durand, acerca do simbolismo religioso presente no imaginário humano.

A análise apresenta a historiografia literária do poeta e historiador Rubens de Mendonça, considerando os principais representantes da literatura mato-grossense, em um percurso que vai das origens à afirmação cultural. Buscou-se recuperar o estilo do historiador, seguindo as orientações de Roland Barthes; e identificar o mérito do crítico que soube interpretar diferentes manifestações literárias do Estado. Rubens de Mendonça desvela um universo poético de obras e autores ainda inéditos, em sua maioria; e instiga-nos a um mergulho analítico nessa produção.

Este estudo aborda a poesia religiosa, presente no início da produção poética de Vinícius de Moraes, objetivando nela reconhecer características estilísticas e temáticas. A análise dos poemas fundamentou-se na crítica do imaginário que explica o simbolismo religioso e nas considerações filosóficas sobre a figura do poeta. A conclusão apresenta as preocupações que animaram a expressão artística e religiosa do autor, ao passo que colabora para reflexões sobre a solução ou dissolução da religiosidade na lírica madura de Vinícius de Moraes.

Para o desenvolvimento de um programa de melhoramento, a obtenção de informações com base no comportamento "per se" e da capacidade combinatória de um grupo de genitores é uma etapa importante. Especificamente no caso do feijão-de-vagem, hibridações com o feijoeiro comum são usuais, já que ambos pertencem à mesma espécie botânica e muitas vezes características disponíveis no feijão comum não são encontradas no feijão-de-vagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade combinatória entre quatro genitores de feijão-de-vagem e um de feijão comum, quanto aos caracteres agronômicos. Os genótipos foram escolhidos com base na divergência genética e no comportamento em relação às características morfoagronômicas identificadas em experimentos preliminares. Os cruzamentos foram efetuados considerando-se o esquema de dialelo completo sem os recíprocos. O experimento para avaliar oito caracteres agronômicos de interesse para o feijão-de-vagem foi conduzido em condições de campo, no período de novembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso. Os genitores 'UEL 1' e 'Novirex,' são os mais indicados para compor programas de melhoramento que visem obter populações promissoras para o desenvolvimento de linhagens superiores. As combinações 'Manteiga Baixo' x 'Novirex' e 'Manteiga Baixo' x 'UEL 1' foram as que mais se destacaram para a maioria das características agronômicas avaliadas com relação aos valores da capacidade específica de combinação, além de terem como genitores 'UEL 1' e 'Novirex' que tiveram as melhores médias e os melhores valores da capacidade geral de combinação.To develop a plant breeding program, information about parentals per se performance and also about genotypes combining ability is an important step. Crosses involving snap and common beans are usual in breeding snap beans since both belong to the same species and many times common beans genotypes have interesting traits to be transferred to snap beans. The aim of this work was to evaluate the combining ability among four snap beans and one common bean genotypes considering agronomic traits. The genotypes were chosen based on genetic divergence and desirable agronomic traits. Crosses in a complete diallel without reciprocals design were performed. Eight agronomic traits were evaluated under field conditions from November 2007 to February 2008, in a randomized block design, with four replications, in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The parents 'UEL 1' and 'Novirex' had the best performance and were indicated to start breeding programs aiming to develop promising populations. The combinations 'Manteiga Baixo' x 'Novirex' and 'Manteiga Baixo' x 'UEL 1' had the best results considering Specific Combining Ability. Yet, these combinations were originated from 'UEL 1' and 'Novirex', the two parents with superior General Combining Ability and also the best mean values.

Small farmers have played an important role in maintaining genetic resources of traditional varieties. Collecting and characterizing germplasm, especially landraces and heirloom varieties, are strategic activities that would create a knowledge base describing the traditional varieties of a given region and reduce the risk of genetic erosion. The objectives of this work were as follows: collect sweet potato roots from rural properties and local markets in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil; characterize the accessions using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers, comparing the efficiency in discrimination of these two types of molecular markers; and estimate the genetic variability of the population. Fifty-nine samples from rural properties and 19 from local markets were studied. A matrix of binary data was developed to analyze the molecular data using the Jaccard index to estimate genetic differences among accessions, and clusters were made using the UPGMA method. The molecular techniques detected genetic variability among the accessions, with cophenetic correlation coefficients (CCC) of 0.80 for RAPDs and 0.89 for ISSRs. The RAPD and ISSR marker results corresponded well, with a correlation of 0.55. All of the accessions were considered distinct, which demonstrates that traditional farmers maintain sweet potato genotypes that have good genetic diversity.Os pequenos agricultores têm um importante papel na manutenção de recursos genéticos das variedades tradicionais. A coleta e caracterização de germoplasma, especialmente variedades locais e heirloom são atividades estratégicas que permitem o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos sobre as variedades tradicionais de uma determinada região reduzindo o risco de erosão genética. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: coletar raízes de batata-doce em propriedades rurais e estabelecimentos comerciais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; caracterizar os acessos usando os marcadores moleculares RAPD e ISSR; e estimar a variabilidade genética na população. Cinquenta e nove amostras coletadas em propriedades rurais e em 19 estabelecimentos comerciais foram estudadas. Uma matriz de dados binários foi desenvolvida para análise dos dados moleculares, usando o índice de Jaccard para estimar a dissimilaridade genética entre os acessos, e os grupos foram obtidos usando o método UPGMA. As técnicas moleculares detectaram variabilidade genética entre os acessos, com correlação cofenética de 0,80 para RAPD e 0,89 para ISSR. O resultado obtido com RAPD e ISSR foi correspondente, com uma correlação de 0,55. Todos os acessos coletados foram considerados distintos, o que demonstra que os agricultores tradicionais da região Norte Fluminense detêm genótipos de batata-doce com expressiva diversidade genética.

A novel hypersensitive resistance (HR) in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum against the bacterial spot of pepper pathogen, Xanthomonas gardneri, was introgressed into C. annuum cv. Early Calwonder (ECW) to create the near-isogenic line designated as ECW-70R. A corresponding avirulence gene avrBs7, in X. gardneri elicited a strong HR in ECW-70R. A homolog of avrBs7, avrBs1.1, was found in X. euvesicatoria 85-10, which showed delayed HR on ECW-70R leaves. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of a single dominant resistance gene, Bs7, corresponding to the two avr genes. Both AvrBs7 and AvrBs1.1 share a consensus protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) active site domain and can dephosphorylate para-nitrophenyl phosphate. Mutation of Cys(265) to Ser in the PTP domain and subsequent loss of enzymatic activity and HR activity indicated the importance of the PTP domain in the recognition of the Avr protein by the Bs7 gene transcripts. Superpositioning of AvrBs7 and AvrBs1.1 homology models indicated variation in the geometry of the loops adjacent to the active sites. These predicted structural differences might be responsible for the differences in HR timing due to differential activation of the resistance gene. Mutating the PTP domain of AvrBs1.1 to match that of AvrBs7 failed to activate HR on ECW-70R, indicating the possibility of differential substrate specificities between AvrBs1.1 and AvrBs7.

Diversity and genetic relationship in forty landraces of Cucurbita spp. collected at small farms in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed by RAPD and ISSR markers, using 20 and 15 primers, respectively. Both markers were efficient to cluster the accessions separating among species, but not so much to the detection of intra-specific variability, considering the event of different pairs of accessions comprising null genetic distances observed for both markers in C. moschata. Low values observed for genetic distance among the C. moschata landraces showed that most likely genetic losses is in progress in that region of cultivation due to anthropic and market pressure, which are stimulating the small farmers to abandon their local varieties in order to use commercial seeds, including hybrids, which is causing risk of genetic erosion.

Cytogenetic and pollen viability (PV) studies were performed in pepper accessions, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum baccatum. Irregularities such as laggard and univalent chromosomes, bridges, problems in the spindle fibers and cytomixis were observed, especially in C. baccatum which was the most unstable genotype. In the post-meiotic products, irregularities were observed, on average, at 20 % of the microspores in C. baccatum and 17 % in C. chinense. PV in C. baccatum was below 70 %, while in C. chinense, it was above 80 %. Meiotic irregularities in Capsicum, mainly in C. baccatum, considering the low PV estimated, were significant but not impeditive for fertilization.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar parâmetros genéticos relacionados à produção de frutos em um dialelo de pimenta (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum). Foram avaliados cinco genitores de pimenta (UENF 1616, UENF 1624, UENF 1629, UENF 1639 e UENF 1732) e seus respectivos híbridos F1, a partir de um dialelo completo, sem recíprocos. O experimento foi conduzido em cultivo protegido (politúnel), na área de convênio UENF/PESAGRO-RIO, Campos dos Goytacazes, no período de julho a dezembro de 2009. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e nove plantas por parcela. Avaliaram-se as seguintes características agronômicas: diâmetro da copa (DC), altura de planta (ALTP), dias para a frutificação (DF), número de frutos por planta (NFP), peso médio do fruto (PMF), massa seca do fruto (MSF); teor de massa seca (TMS), comprimento do fruto (CF), diâmetro do fruto (DIAM), espessura da polpa (ESP), teor de sólidos solúveis totais (TSS) e produção por planta (PROD). Somente as características PMF, MSF e PROD tiveram ausência de significância nos três testes de suficiência do modelo aditivo-dominante, indicando haver homogeneidade entre as variâncias e covariâncias e, consequentemente, ausência de epistasia no controle destas características. Para PMF e MSF, os efeitos gênicos aditivos foram os mais importantes. Por sua vez, na expressão de PROD o efeito de dominância foi o mais importante. Verificou-se dominância parcial para PMF e MSF e sobredominância para PROD. Os genitores UENF 1616 e UENF 1629 foram os que tiveram as maiores concentrações de alelos favóraveis para as três características em estudo.This work aimed to estimate genetic parameters related to the fruits production in a chilli pepper diallel (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum). Five chilli pepper genitors were evaluated (UENF 1616, UENF 1624, UENF 1629, UENF 1639 and UENF 1732) and its respective hybrids F1, from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse covered with plastic film located in area from the consortium UENF/PESAGRO-RIO, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, from July/2009 to December/2009, in a randomized block design with three repetitions and nine plants by plot. The following agronomic traits were evaluated: canopy diameter (CD); plant height (PH); days for fruiting (DF); number of fruits by plant (NFP); fruit average-weight (FAW); fruit dry mass (FDM); dry matter (DM); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); fruit wall thickness (PT); total soluble solids (TSS); and yield per plant (PROD). Only the FAW, FDM and PROD had absence of significance concerning the three tests of sufficiency for the additive dominant model, indicating that there is homogeneity among the variances and co-variances and, consequently, lack of epistasis in the control of character. For the FAW and FDM traits, the additive genetic effects were the most important ones. Nevertheless, in the PROD the dominance effect was the most important. It was verified a partial dominance for FAW and FDM, and an over-dominance for PROD. The genitors UENF 1616 and UENF 1629 were the ones which had larger concentrations of favorable alleles for the three characteristics under study.

Os indicadores são instrumentos que possibilitam definir parâmetros que serão utilizados para realizar comparações e agregar juízo de valor frente ao encontrado e ao ideal estabelecido. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a experiência de um grupo de enfermeiras na criação do sistema informatizado desenvolvido no Hospital São Paulo para o gerenciamento de indicadores da assistência de enfermagem. A implantação deste sistema para o gerenciamento dos indicadores foi dividida em quatro etapas: desenvolvimento do manual de indicadores da assistência de enfermagem; realização de teste piloto registrado manualmente; desenvolvimento do sistema informatizado; implementação de estudo piloto do sistema informatizado em onze unidades do hospital.

The genus Dimorphandra has distinguish relevance considering either medicinal or biodiversity aspects because it includes two species that are economically important flavonoids sources for pharmachemical industry (D. mollis Benth. and D. gardneriana Tul.), and species endemic to Brazil, such as D. jorgei Silva and D. wilsonii Rizz., threatened by extinction. In order to evaluate variability among accessions of D. mollis (fava-d'anta), D. gardneriana and D. wilsonii, it was collected fruit from individual plants from three Brazilian states in a total of 57 accessions, which were analyzed with RAPD markers. It was used 20 seeds per progeny; the DNA was extracted from fully-formed young leaves, which were collected in bulk. The data were analyzed using a binary matrix, in which the score one represented presence of a band and zero, absence. The similarity matrix was developed by using the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard index, later grouped based on the Neighbor Joining algorithm. It was found considerable intra and inter specific variability in Dimorphandra spp., which were separated into four groups. Though genetic variability was found, the collecting trips showed that most of these areas are subject to loss of genetic resources of fava-d'anta due to the following factors: continuous anthropic activity, propensity for natural fires, and loss of natural seed dispersers (large fruit-eating mammals). Therefore, protections of these areas and ex situ conservation are essentials for the maintenance of genetic variability of these species.O gênero Dimorphandra tem grande relevância, sobretudo nos aspectos medicinais e de biodiversidade, por incluir duas espécies que são importantes economicamente como fontes de flavonoides para indústria farmacoquímica (D. mollis Benth. e D. gardneriana Tull.), e espécies endêmicas do Brasil, como a D. jorgei Silva e D. wilsonii Rizz., sendo esta ameaçada de extinção. Objetivando avaliar a variabilidade entre acessos de D. mollis, D. gardneriana e D. wilsonii, foram realizadas coletas de frutos separados por planta em três estados brasileiros em um total de 57 acessos que foram analisados por meio da técnica RAPD. Utilizaram-se vinte sementes por progênie e o DNA, extraído de folhas definitivas, jovens, e coletadas em bulk. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se uma matriz de dados binários. Para formação da matriz de dissimilaridade, foi utilizado o complemento aritmético do Índice de Jaccard e posteriormente o agrupamento pelo algoritmo de Neighbor Joining. O estudo revelou que existe variabilidade entre e dentro das espécies de Dimorphandra spp., o qual formou quatro grupos. Apesar da variabilidade genética constatada, as expedições de coleta demonstraram que a maioria das áreas amostradas está sujeita a perdas de recursos genéticos de fava-d'anta devido aos seguintes fatores: ocorrência de ação antrópica contínua; propensão a incêndios naturais; e diminuição dos dispersores naturais de sementes (grandes mamíferos frugíveros). Assim, a proteção destas áreas e a conservação ex situ, são primordiais para manutenção da variabilidade genética dessas espécies.

This paper aimed to collect, to characterize and to estimate the phenotypic divergence of Dimorphandra spp. from different regions of Brazil. Dimorphandra species are sources of rutin, quercetin and rhamnose for pharmaceutical industry. Fruits at mature stage were collected from 21 areas, totaling 84 trees in cities of Minas Gerais, Maranhão and Tocantins states. The following descriptors were used to characterize the collected fruits: mean fruit fresh weight; mean seed fresh weight; fruit length and diameter; length, diameter and thickness of seed; seed color; number of viable and unviable seeds per fruit, and boron content in mesocarp and endocarp. The data were analyzed using a standardized average Euclidian distance matrix. The areas were clustered based on Neighbor Joining algorithm. Phenotypic variability among areas was detected. The clustering of the groups was consistent with geographic region of the collection and the species were separated in different groups. The D. wilsonii Rizz. species was the most divergent considering the three studied species. However, for germplasm conservation, more expeditions to collect samples are needed to increase the effective population number and to ensure an adequate accuracy to assure the occurrence of minimal genetic erosion.

The present work aimed at evaluating the divergence among common bean accessions by their agronomic, morphological and molecular traits, based on the Ward-MLM procedure. A collection of 57 accessions from the gene bank of Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo was used in this study, from which: 31 were landraces belonging to the community Fortaleza, in the municipality of Muqui, ES, Brazil; 20 accessions were provided by Embrapa Trigo; and 6 were commercial cultivars. Five agronomic traits (plant cycle, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and grain yield), five morphological traits (growth habit, plant size, seed shape, seed color, and commercial group) and 16 microsatellite primers were evaluated. High genetic variability was detected considering morphological, agronomic and molecular traits in the 57 common bean accessions studied. The Ward-MLM procedure showed that the ideal number of groups was five, according to the pseudo F and pseudo t² criteria. The accessions from Andean origin had heavier seeds than others and formed a cluster. The Ward-MLM statistical procedure is a useful technique to detect genetic divergence and to cluster genotypes by simultaneously using morphological, agronomic and molecular data.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência de acessos de feijoeiro-comum por suas características agronômicas, morfológicas e moleculares, com base no procedimento Ward-MLM. Uma coleção de 57 acessos do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo foi utilizada neste estudo, dos quais: 31 acessos locais, pertencentes à comunidade Fortaleza, no Município de Muqui, ES; 20 acessos fornecidos pela Embrapa Trigo; e 6 cultivares comerciais. Foram avaliados cinco caracteres agronômicos (ciclo da planta, número de sementes por vagem, número de vagens por planta, peso de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos), cinco caracteres morfológicos (hábito de crescimento, porte da planta, formato da semente, cor da semente e grupo comercial) e 16 iniciadores microssatélites. Detectou-se ampla variabilidade genética pelos dados morfológicos, agronômicos e moleculares nos 57 acessos de feijão. O procedimento Ward-MLM mostrou que cinco foi o número ideal de grupos, de acordo com os critérios do pseudo F e pseudo t². Os acessos de origem andina tiveram sementes mais pesadas do que os outros e ficaram em um mesmo grupo. O procedimento Ward-MLM é uma técnica útil para detectar divergência genética e agrupar genótipos pelo uso simultâneo de descritores morfológicos, agronômicos e moleculares.

O manejo de plantas em cultivo protegido e a busca de produtos orgânicos pelos consumidores têm sido um desafio para produtores e pesquisadores de hortaliças. Para que essas formas de cultivo proporcionem lucratividade ao produtor e frutos de qualidade para o consumidor, faz-se necessária a busca por genótipos adaptados a esse manejo diferenciado. Neste trabalho, objetivouse avaliar o desempenho de 12 linhas endogâmicas recombinadas de Capsicum annuum L., obtidas do cruzamento entre os acessos UENF 1421 e UENF 1381, em cultivo protegido sob manejo orgânico. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, na Estação Experimental de Seropédica da PESAGRO-RIO, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se o número total de frutos (NTF), peso total de frutos (PTF), peso médio dos frutos (PMF), comprimento dos frutos (CF), diâmetro dos frutos (DF), relação comprimento/diâmetro do fruto (CF/DF) e presença de capsaicina (CAPS). Foram estimados os parâmetros genéticos variâncias genotípica, fenotípica e ambiental, coeficientes de determinação genotípico e de variação genética e o índice de variação. Houve diferença altamente significativa para todas as características, exceto para PTF. As linhas produziram elevado número de frutos, leves e de formatos variados. Somente duas linhas não tiveram pungência e quatro segregaram para CAPS. Todas as características tiveram alta variância genotípica e altos coeficientes de determinação genotípicos, mostrando que os resultados são, predominantemente, de origem genética. Os dados permitiram a indicação preliminar das linhas 5 e 8 para o cultivo orgânico em ambiente protegido.Plant management under greenhouse conditions, associated with search for ecological products by consumers, has been a challenge for both farmers and vegetable researchers. Obtaining profit and quality depends on adapted genotypes that can be grown using an adequate management. The aim of this work was to study the agronomic performance of 12 recombinant inbred chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lines, from crosses between UENF 1421 and UENF 1381 accessions, under greenhouse conditions and using an organic system. The experiment was carried out at Seropédica Experimental Station of PESAGRO-RIO, in randomized block design, with four replications. The following variables were evaluated: total number of fruits (TNF); total fruit weight (TFW); average weight of fruits (MWF); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); length and diameter fruit ratio (LDFR), and capsaicin presence (CAPS). Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variances, as well as genotypic determination coefficient and variation index were estimated. There was highly significant difference for all traits unless TFW. The lines produced a high number of fruits, with low weight and with variability in shape among lines. Absence of capsaicin was observed only in two lines and other three lines segregated for capsaicin presence. High values of genotypic variance and genotypic determination coefficient were estimated for all traits, indicating that the results were due to genetic causes. The data pointed to a preliminary indication of lines 5 and 8 for cultivation in an organic system under greenhouse conditions.

Frutos no estádio vermelho maduro de trinta e três acessos de tomate do banco de germoplasma do CCA-UFES, sendo 15 do "tipo Cereja" e 18 do "tipo Salada", foram caracterizados com base nos seguintes descritores morfoagronômicos: peso médio do fruto; comprimento médio do fruto; diâmetro médio do fruto; diâmetro da cicatriz peduncular; espessura do mesocarpo do fruto; teor de sólidos solúveis e pH do fruto. Com base nas variáveis teor de sólidos solúveis (TSS) e pH do fruto, calculou-se a variável sabor, por meio da relação TSS/pH². Foram realizadas análises de variâncias e análises de correlações simples e parciais, determinando a distribuição dos acessos quanto às classes de sabor. Com base nas distribuições de frequências, formaram-se quatro classes para essa variável, sendo que, a maior parcela (33%) dos acessos "tipo Salada" alocaram-se na classe mais baixa (0,05-0,12 ºBrix.pH-2), correspondendo a frutos de sabor menos desejável, enquanto a maior parcela (30%) dos acessos "tipo Cereja", alocaram-se em classe imediatamente superior (0,13-0,20 ºBrix.pH-2). Os dados demonstram a possibilidade de se obter ganhos genéticos para sabor concomitantemente ao peso, comprimento e espessura do mesocarpo dos frutos.Fruits in the ripe red stage of thirty three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accessions from CCA-UFES germplasm collection, being 15 "Cherry type" and 18 "Salad type", were characterized based on the following morphooagronomic descriptors: average fruit weight; average fruit length; average fruit diameter; peduncle scar diameter; fruit mesocarp thickness; soluble solids and fruit pH. Based on the data from the soluble solids and fruit pH, the flavor variable was calculated by the ratio TSS/pH². Variance analysis and simple and partial correlations were calculated, and the accessions were clustered in flavor classes. Based on the statistical model of distribution of frequencies, four classes were formed for flavor variable. The largest portion (33%) of the accessions of salad type were located in the lowest class (0.05-0.12 ºBrix.pH-2), corresponding to the accessions with not so desirable a flavor, while the largest portion (30%) of the accessions of the "cherry" type were clustered in the next class above (0.13-0.20 ºBrix.pH-2). The possibility of concomitantly obtaining genetic gains for flavor, weight, length and mesocarp thickness of the fruits was demonstrated.

A análise conjunta de variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas tem sido apontada como ferramenta útil na estimativa da divergência genética entre os acessos de uma coleção de germoplasma. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos caracterizar uma coleção de germoplasma de tomateiro do grupo cereja, com base em descritores qualitativos e quantitativos e utilizar o algoritmo de Gower na quantificação da divergência genética. Estudaram-se 40 acessos de tomateiro cereja, cultivados em manejo orgânico nas condições de Seropédica, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados quatro descritores qualitativos relacionados aos frutos e nove descritores quantitativos. Os dados foram analisados de forma conjunta pelo algoritmo de Gower. Detectou-se variabilidade para coloração, formato e número de lóculos do fruto. A coloração vermelha foi observada em 25 acessos testados, registrando-se também a produção de frutos amarelos, laranjas e marrons. Para número de lóculos, foi registrada a ocorrência de frutosbi, tri, tetra e pluriloculares (com até sete lóculos). O método UPGMA foi o que obteve o maior coeficiente de correlação cofenética (0,80), observando-se a formação de sete grupos. Os grupos formados permitiram a distinção de frutos classificados como cereja e outros que não se adequaram a esta definição, por estarem acima do diâmetro equatorial proposto para esta classe. The joint analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables has been considered a useful tool to estimate the genetic divergence among accessions of a gene bank. The purpose of this research was: (i) to characterize a collection of cherry tomatoes, using quantitative and qualitative descriptors, and (ii) to use Gower’s algorithm to quantify genetic divergence among genotypes, employing a joint descriptors analysis. Forty accessions of organically grown cherry tomato were studied in Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fourqualitative fruit descriptors and nine qualitative descriptors were used. Data were analyzed using Gower’s algorithm. There was variability for color, shape and number of locules per fruit. Thered color was observed in fruits of 25 accessions. Fruit with different colors such as yellow, orange and brown were also observed. Regarding locule number, the presence of fruit with two, three, four and even with seven locules was detected. The UPGMA method resulted in the highest value for cophenetic correlation (0.80) and seven clusters were formed. The formed clusters made it possible to distinguish fruit classified as cherry tomato from other type groupedin different clusters, because the fruits this category were larger than cherry type considering the equatorial diameter of the fruit.

As diversidades de clima e de manejo interferem no desenvolvimento e na produtividade vegetal, uma vez que essas características estão diretamente correlacionadas ao genótipo e ao ambiente de cultivo. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi estimar os efeitos do tipo de manejo sob o desempenho agronômico de 12 linhas endogâmicas recombinadas (F7) de pimenta (Capsicum annuum L.), originadas do cruzamento entre um acesso de pimentão suscetível à mancha-bacteriana (UENF 1421) e um acesso de pimenta resistente (UENF 1381). Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, sendo um deles em condições de campo, em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ e o outro em sistema orgânico e cultivo protegido, em Seropédica, RJ. Foram avaliados o número total de frutos (NTF), peso total de frutos (PTF), peso médio dos frutos (PMF), comprimento dos frutos (CF), diâmetro dos frutos (DF), relação comprimento/diâmetro do fruto (CF/DF) e a presença de capsaicina (CAPS). Foram realizadas a análise conjunta e o estudo da decomposição da interação genótipo x ambiente (G x A). Estimaram-se os componentes quadráticos genotípico e da interação G x A, o coeficiente de determinação genotípico e de variação genético e do índice de variação. A interação G x A foi significativa para o número, o peso total e médio de frutos, além do diâmetro do fruto e da relação comprimento/diâmetro. Com exceção do comprimento do fruto, o cultivo protegido e orgânico propiciou melhores médias para todas as características estudadas. Os parâmetros estudados mostraram que as causas de variação foram devidas às diferenças genéticas existentes entre as linhas e que o peso total de frutos foi a característica mais influenciada pelo manejo empregado. Entre as linhas pungentes, no cultivo em campo, a linha 2 mostrou alta capacidade produtiva e, para o cultivo protegido, a linha 8 obteve o maior número de frutos. Entre as não-pungentes, a linha 1 foi superior em ambos os ambientes.Climate and management diversity play an important role in crop production, since these characteristics are related to genotype and cultivation environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of genotype, environment and genotype-environmental interaction (GE) in 12 recombinant inbred lines of C. annuum. These lines were originated from crosses between the following accessions: a sweet pepper cultivar (susceptible to bacterial spot) and a chili pepper (resistant to bacterial spot). Two tests were conducted, the first in a conventional agriculture system, under field conditions and the second in ecological or organic system, under greenhouse conditions. The field experiment was carried out in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. The greenhouse experiment was conducted in Seropédica, RJ. Both experiments were performed using a randomized block design with three replications. The measured variables were total fruit number (TFN); total fruit weight (TFW); mean fruit weight (MFW); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); length/diameter fruit ratio (FL/FD) and capsaicin presence (CAPS). Data obtained for each experimental condition were submitted to variance analysis, joint variance analysis, and partitioning of genotype environment interaction. Genotype and GE quadratic components, genotypic determination coefficient, genetic variation coefficient and variation index were determined. The GE interaction was significant for TFN, TFW, MFN, FD, and FL/FD. Cultivation under greenhouse conditions was responsible for the highest mean performance for every trait studied but FL. Values observed for genetic variation were greater than values obtained for environmental variation. For field conditions, the high yield ability observed for line 2 (pungent) is suggestive of a potential to be used as a commercial genotype. For greenhouse conditions, line 8 (pungent), had higher fruit number yield. Line 1 (non-pungent) also seems promising for commercial cultivation under both conditions.

A diversidade genética existente em coleções e bancos de germoplasma pode ser estimada por meio de diversos métodos, sendo que a escolha destes depende da disponibilidade dos recursos e da precisão desejada pelo pesquisador. Neste trabalho, marcadores RAPD e caracteres morfoagronômicos foram usados para estimar a divergência genética entre 52 acessos de Capsicum spp. Um total de 57 variáveis binárias geradas pela caracterização morfoagronômica e 84 bandas polimórficas obtidas a partir da análise por RAPD foram analisadas separadamente e em conjunto, permitindo a construção de três dendrogramas. Observou-se a formação de dois grupos principais, tanto na análise morfoagronômica e molecular separadamente, quanto na análise conjunta dos dados. O agrupamento dos acessos pela análise conjunta seguiu o mesmo padrão verificado para a análise molecular, que se constituiu em um grupo formado por acessos de C. baccatum e outro grupo formado pelos acessos de C. chinense, C. frutescens e C. annuum. Esse agrupamento segue a proposta vigente para a classificação de Capsicum spp. em complexos gênicos. A associação dos métodos permitiu uma melhor distinção entre os acessos, o agrupamento desses em nível de espécie e a conclusão de que não há duplicatas na coleção, demonstrando a importância do uso de diferentes técnicas na caracterização de um banco de germoplasma.The genetic diversity within collections and banks of germplasm can be estimated by different methods and their choice is dependent of the available resources and the desired precision from the researcher. In the present work, RAPD markers and morph-agronomic traits were used to estimate the genetic divergence among 52 Capsicum spp. accessions. Fifty-seven binary variables from morph-agronomic characterization and 84 polymorphic markers from RAPD analysis were both separately and jointly evaluated and three dendrograms were generated. Two major groups were formed in all analyses. The clusters from the joint analysis were similar to the ones from molecular analysis. One group was formed with only C. baccatum accessions and the other one with C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. annuum accessions. These results were in agreement with the gene pool complexes proposal. The association of these methods allowed a better distinction among the accessions, a cluster formation at species level and a conclusion that there is no duplicates in the collection, showing how important is the use of different methods to characterize a germplasm bank.

O cultivo de tomate do grupo cereja vem adquirindo grande importância econômica, sobretudo para os produtores familiares que se utilizam do cultivo orgânico para agregar valor ao seu produto. A introdução de novos genótipos nesse mercado deve ser respaldada por estudos de caracterização e avaliação do germoplasma, os quais, posteriormente, poderão fornecer dados que serão utilizados diretamente pelos produtores ou serão recomendados para programas de melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar 40 genótipos de tomateiro do grupo cereja, de procedências variadas, sendo 36 acessos da coleção de germoplasma do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFRRJ e quatro cultivares: 'Joanna', 'Perinha Água Branca (PAB)', 'Samambaia' e o híbrido Super Sweet. As plantas foram cultivadas em condições de campo, sob manejo orgânico, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e cinco plantas por parcela no período de junho a dezembro de 2004. As variáveis estudadas foram: produção total de frutos, produção de frutos comerciais e não-comerciais, diâmetro longitudinal e equatorial dos frutos, espessura da polpa, massa mínima, média e máxima de frutos por planta. Os dados foram analisados considerando a distância de Mahalanobis e o agrupamento dos acessos foi realizado com base em UPGMA e pela análise de variáveis canônicas. Para a verificação do ajuste entre a matriz de similaridade e o dendrograma obtido, foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação cofenética (CCC). A importância relativa das características foi determinada pelo método de Singh. Os acessos foram separados em dois grupos, um deles contendo apenas o acesso ENAS 1021, enquanto o outro grupo, com 39 acessos, foi subdividido, gerando a formação de sete subgrupos. O coeficiente de correlação cofenética foi de 0,9, demonstrando que houve um ajuste muito bom entre a matriz de distância e o dendrograma. As três primeiras variáveis canônicas explicaram 78,58% da variação observada, com a formação de sete grupos. A variável mais importante foi a produção de frutos não-comerciais, que explicou 22,71% da variação total. A cultivar 'Perinha Água Branca' foi a que produziu menor porcentagem de frutos não-comerciais (2,0%), enquanto o híbrido Super Sweet produziu 8% de frutos não-comerciais.Cherry tomato is becoming an important crop alternative mainly for small farmers that use family hand labor and use organic management to differentiate their product. The introduction of new genotypes in this market should be supported by germplasm characterization and evaluation. This germplasm could be recommended for farmers or introduced in breeding programs. The aim of this research was to test 40 cherry tomatoes accessions from different sources, being 36 accessions from germplasm collection of Department de Fitotecnia of UFRRJ and four cultivars, namely 'Joanna', 'Perinha Água Branca', 'Samambaia' and Super Sweet. The plants were grown in field conditions, under organic management, in a randomized block design with four replications and five plants per plot, from June to December 2004. The following variables were studied: fruit total yield; commercial and non-commercial fruit yield; longitudinal and equatorial fruit diameter; pulp thickness; minimum, medium and maximum fruit mass variation per plant. The data were analyzed considering Mahalanobis distance and the cluster analysis was performed using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using an Arithmetic Average) and canonic variables. The adjustment between the similarity matrix and dendrograma was performed using the cophenetic correlation. The characters relative importance was determined by Singh´s method. The accessions were clustered in two groups, one of them with only one accession (ENAS 1021) and the second group, with 39 accessions, was subdivided generating seven subgroups. The cophenetic correlation was 0.9 meaning a very good adjustment between the distance matrix and the dendrogram. The first three canonic variables explained 78.58% of observed variation, forming seven groups. 'Perinha Agua Branca' was the one that produced lower proportion of non-commercial fruit yield (11.11%) while Super Sweet produced 48.05% of damaged fruit.

A murcha-de-curtobacterium foi detectada no Brasil, pela primeira vez em 1995 no estado de São Paulo e, desde então, também tem sido identificada em outros Estados. Essa doença, cujo agente causal é a bactéria Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) tem-se apresentado como ameaça às lavouras de feijoeiro. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a resistência de genótipos de feijão-de-vagem em relação à murcha-de-curtobacterium e definir o método de inoculação mais adequado para discriminar os genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis a Cff. Dois experimentos foram realizados, sendo o experimento 1 no período de dezembro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, seis repetições e 39 tratamentos. O experimento 2 foi conduzido no período de maio a julho de 2006, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, oriundos de um arranjo em fatorial (três métodos de inoculação x 11 genótipos), visando comparar três métodos de inoculação utilizados para Cff. Os genótipos utilizados neste experimento foram os mais resistentes e o mais suscetível, identificados no experimento 1. As notas das avaliações foram utilizadas para calcular a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Os genótipos 'Novirex', 'IAC Carioca Tybatã' e 'Amarelo Baixo' foram identificados como resistentes. O método de 'palito de dente', além da boa discriminação entre os genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis, apresenta rapidez e facilidade na execução, sendo o método de inoculação mais indicado.The bacterial wilt of bean was first reported in Brazil in 1995, in São Paulo state and since then, this bacteria has also been identified in other states in Brazil. The disease is caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) and has become a serious problem in bean crop. The aims of this study were to evaluate the resistance of snap bean genotypes considering bacterial wilt and also to define the most accurate method to distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes to Cff. Two experiments were carried out, one of them from December 2005 to February 2006, in a randomized block design, six replications and 39 treatments. The second experiment was carried out from May to July, 2006, in a randomized block design, with five replications, in a factorial arrangement (three inoculation methods x 11 genotypes), in order to compare three inoculation methods for Cff. The genotypes used in this test were the most resistant and susceptible according to the first experiment. The rates of evaluation were used to determine the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The genotypes Novirex, IAC Carioca Tybatã and Amarelo Baixo were considered resistant. The toothpick inoculation method allowed an efficient discrimination among resistant and susceptible genotypes and it was also faster and easier to perform than the other methods.

The objectives of this research were to estimate the genetic divergence among genotypes of bush snap beanwith based on morphoagronomic descriptors and evaluation of resistance to bacterial wilt; to determine the relative importanceof the distinguishing traits of genotypes and to indicate potential parents to establish a snap bean breeding program forresistance to bacterial wilt. Two experiments were conducted, the first in the field and the second in a greenhouse, both with 15genotypes in a randomized block design with three replications. Seven traits were studied in the field experiment: days toflowering; days to harvest; mean pod length; number of pods; number of pods per plant; total pod weight and number of seedsper pod. In the greenhouse, the reaction of bacterial wilt was assessed based on two variables, one based on a descriptivegrade scale and the other based on the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). For the evaluation of genotyperesistance to bacterial wilt the isolate Feij – 2634 of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens was inoculated. Thestatistics of pseudo t2 indicated the formation of four groups by the UPGMA method, the same number of groups as indicatedby the use of canonical variables. The traits that contributed most to genetic divergence were days to harvest, pod length, poddiameter and AUDPC.

This study aimed to advance generations and select superior sweet pepper genotypes with resistance tobacterial spot, using the breeding method Single Seed Descent (SSD) based on the segregating population derived from thecross between Capsicum annuum L. UENF 1421 (susceptible, non-pungent) and UENF 1381 (resistant, pungent). Thesegregating F3 generation was grown in pots in a greenhouse until the F5 generation. The F6 generation was grown in fieldconditions. The reaction to bacterial spot was evaluated by inoculation with isolate ENA 4135 of Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria, based on a score scale and by calculating the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The presence orabsence of capsaicin was also assessed. Eighteen F6 lines were bacterial leaf spot-resistant. Since no capsaicin was detectedin the F6 lines 032, 316, 399, 434, and 517, these will be used in the next steps of the sweet pepper breeding program.

This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters of tomato for reaction to bacterial spot in six parents andfifteen hybrids to identify resistant genotypes and indicate breeding programs for satisfactory genetic gains. The genotypeswere evaluated in a complete randomized block design with three replications and six plants per plot in a greenhouse. Theresistance to bacterial spot was evaluated on three bases: on a grade scale (GS), based on the area under the diseaseprogresscurve (AUDPC) and on the incubation period (IPR) of the races T1, T2 and T3, at 103 CFU mL-1. UENF 157 wasresistant to races T1, T2 and T3 and UENF 158 to race T2. The bulk method can be recommended for better results inrecombined inbred lines for T1-resistance, while the pedigree method is proposed for T2 and T3.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os achados na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) do tórax da microlitíase alveolar pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas, retrospectivamente, as tomografias de dez pacientes adultos, sete mulheres e três homens, com idade média de 38,7 anos. Os exames foram analisados por dois radiologistas, de forma independente, e as decisões finais foram obtidas por consenso. RESULTADOS: Os achados mais freqüentes foram as opacidades em vidro fosco e as calcificações subpleurais, ambas presentes em 90% dos pacientes estudados. Os outros achados de maior relevância foram pequenos nódulos parenquimatosos, calcificação ao longo dos septos interlobulares, cissuras nodulares, nódulos subpleurais, cistos subpleurais, consolidações densas e padrão de pavimentação em mosaico. CONCLUSÕES: A microlitíase alveolar pulmonar apresenta aspectos na TCAR que são altamente sugestivos da doença, na maior parte dos casos dispensando a realização de biópsias pulmonares.OBJECTIVE: To present the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. METHODS: The HRCT scans of 10 adult patients (seven females and three males; mean age, 38.7 years) were retrospectively analyzed. The films were studied independently by two radiologists. RESULTS: The most common tomographic findings were ground-glass attenuation and linear subpleural calcifications, which were seen in 90% of the patients. Other relevant findings were small parenchymal nodules, calcification along the interlobular septa, nodular cissures, subpleural nodules, subpleural cysts, dense consolidations, and a mosaic pattern of attenuation. CONCLUSIONS: The HRCT findings presented by individuals with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis are distinct. In most cases, such findings can form the basis of the diagnosis, eliminating the need to perform a lung biopsy.

Medidas para o enfrentamento da fome e da desnutrição vêm sendo associadas a ações de prevenção dos efeitos da má nutrição, especialmente a obesidade e outras doenças crônicas, dado o aumento da sua prevalência. Esse quadro epidemiológico complexo exige a concepção de projetos estruturantes de médio e longo prazos ao lado de ações imediatas e criativas, para resposta a situações emergenciais quando da falta do alimento. Entre as propostas nascidas no setor público, no setor produtivo, em universidades e em organizações da sociedade civil, observa-se elevado grau de insucesso, a despeito da seriedade dos proponentes, levando à sua interrupção, com efeitos danosos para ambas as partes. Este artigo contém o relato de experiências de êxito, com elementos para a análise dos principais problemas comuns às políticas na área de alimentação e nutrição e formas de superação, e é o resultado do trabalho de pesquisadores, gestores públicos e técnicos que se reuniram em oficina interdisciplinar promovida pelo Grupo de Estudos Nutrição e Pobreza do IEA em 2005, cujo objetivo foi fornecer subsídios para o aprimoramento de políticas públicas na área.Strategies to face hunger and undernutrition have been directly associated to actions to prevent bad nutrition effects, mainly chronic diseases and obesity. This complex epidemiological scenario requires initiative of medium and long-term projects, with simultaneously immediate and creative measures for emergency situations when no food is available. Among proposals initiated by the public and private sectors, by Universities and by non-governmental organizations, it is common to observe ineffectiveness, despite the commitment and integrity of the proponents, leading to harmful consequences to both community and the initiative. This paper contains reports of some well-succeeded experiences, including elements for analyzing the main problems common to food and nutrition sectors policy and ways of overcoming them. This work was produced by researchers, public policy makers and technicians as a result of the interdisciplinary workshop they attended in 2005. Offered by the Nutrition and Poverty Study Group of Advanced Studies Institute, São Paulo University, its goal was to subsidize the improvement of public policies in the area.