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Samuel N Rodgers-Melnick,1,2 Robert J Trager,1 Thomas E Love,2– 4 Jeffery A Dusek5 1Connor Whole Health, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA; 2Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; 3Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; 4Population Health and Equity Research Institute, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA; 5Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USACorrespondence: Samuel N Rodgers-Melnick, University Hospitals Connor Whole Health, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Wearn 548A, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA, Tel +1 216 844 7727, Fax +1 216 201 6220, Email Samuel.RodgersMelnick@UHhospitals.orgObjective: To examine variables associated with engagement in (1) integrative health and medicine (IHM) and (2) nonpharmacologic modalities rather than opioids among United States adults with chronic pain.Methods: Using the 2019 National Health Interview Survey, we examined sociodemographic, pain, and mental health predictors of (1) the sum of IHM modalities (ie, chiropractic care, yoga/Tai Chi, massage, or meditation/guided imagery) used to manage pain and (2) exclusive engagement in nonpharmacologic pain management modalities (ie, IHM, a chronic pain self-management program, support groups, or physical, rehabilitative, occupational, or talk therapy) or opioids in the past 3 months.Results: Metropolitan residency, higher family income, higher education levels, increased number of pain locations, and increased frequency of pain limiting life/work activities were associated with increased odds of IHM engagement. Older age, male sex, non-Hispanic Black/African American race/ethnicity, and daily opioid use were associated with decreased odds of IHM engagement. Older age, male sex, and increased depressive symptoms were associated with decreases in the count of IHM modalities used to manage pain. Metropolitan residency, higher family income, and higher education levels were associated with increased odds of exclusive nonpharmacologic modality engagement. Older age and increasing frequency of pain limiting life/work activities were associated with decreased odds of exclusive nonpharmacologic modality engagement.Conclusions: We identified several contrasts between factors prevalent among individuals with chronic pain and factors associated with engagement in nonpharmacologic and IHM modalities. These results support efforts to address barriers to accessing these modalities among subpopulations of adults with chronic pain (eg, older adults, individuals identifying as Black/African American, rural residents, and those with lower levels of education and income).Plain Language Summary: This study examined factors influencing the use of integrative health and non-drug treatments for chronic pain in the United States. Results revealed that metropolitan residence, higher income, and education were associated with increased use of these treatments, while older age, male sex, daily opioid use, and non-Hispanic Black/African American ethnicity were associated with decreased use. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing barriers to these forms of care, especially among older adults, Black/African American individuals, and those with higher depressive symptoms and lower education and income levels, who are more likely to have chronic pain.Keywords: integrative medicine, chronic pain, nonpharmacologic, opioids

Samuel N Rodgers-Melnick,1,2 Lucas Lin,3 Kristina Gam,4 Evanilda Souza de Santana Carvalho,5 Coretta Jenerette,6 Douglas Y Rowland,2 Jane A Little,7 Jeffery A Dusek,1,8 Nitya Bakshi,9,10 Lakshmanan Krishnamurti9,10 1Connor Whole Health, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA; 2Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; 3School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; 4Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; 5Department of Health, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil; 6College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; 7Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 8Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; 9Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology-BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 10Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USACorrespondence: Samuel N Rodgers-MelnickUniversity Hospitals Connor Whole Health, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USATel +1 216 844 7727Fax +216 201 6220Email Samuel.RodgersMelnick@UHhospitals.orgPurpose: To investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a 6-session music therapy protocol on self-efficacy, quality of life, and coping skills in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD).Patients and Methods: Using a mixed-methods intervention design, adults with SCD (ages 21– 57; mean age 32.33) were randomized (1:1) to either 1) a 6-session music therapy (MT) intervention (n = 12) or 2) waitlist control (WLC) (n = 12) using stratified randomization where factors were age in years (≤ 30 vs > 30), and sex (male, female). All participants completed two weeks of daily electronic pain diary entries and self-efficacy, quality of life, and coping skills measures before and after their assigned study condition to explore preliminary efficacy. MT participants were taught music exercises accessed via smartphone and subsequently interviewed to determine feasibility and acceptability.Results: The enrollment rate was 89%. All study measures were completed, with high rates of electronic pain diary completion at baseline (70%) and 2-week follow-up (66%). Interviews revealed two overall themes related to MT participants’ experience: 1) participants learned new self-management skills and 2) MT improved participants’ ability to cope with pain. MT participants demonstrated 100% attendance. In preliminary analyses, MT participants demonstrated significant improvements (means ± SD) in self-efficacy (5.42 ± 5.43, p = 0.008, d = 1.20), PROMIS sleep disturbance (− 1.49 ± 6.68, p = 0.023, d = − 0.99), PROMIS pain interference (− 2.10 ± 4.68, p = 0.016, d = − 1.06), and ASCQ-Me social functioning impact scores (2.97 ± 6.91, p = 0.018, d = 1.05) compared to WLC participants.Conclusion: Preliminary findings support the feasibility and acceptability of music therapy for home use in adults with SCD. While music therapy may assist adults with SCD in improving self-efficacy and quality of life, subsequent, fully-powered clinical research is needed to determine its efficacy.Keywords: quality of life, chronic pain, integrative health, self-efficacy

Rodgers-Melnick SN, Lin L, Gam K, et al. J Pain Res. 2022;15:71-91. The authors have advised there is an error in the headings of Table 5 on pages 85 and 86 of the published paper. The heading “Waitlist Control (n=12)” should read “Music Therapy (n=12)” and “Music Therapy (n=12)” should read “Waitlist Control (n=12)”. This error was introduced by the Editorial staff during the publication process. Read the original article