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Abstract Background The study investigated ethnicity as a risk factor for gambling disorder (GD), controlling for demographics, citizenship, and years of residency in Norway. Methods The sample comprised 65,771 individuals from a national patient registry (n = 35,607, age range 18–88 years) and a national social insurance database in Norway (n = 30,164, age rage 18–98 years). The data covered the period from 2008 to 2018. Results The results showed that when controlling for age and sex, ethnic minorities were overall less likely than those born in Norway to be diagnosed with GD (odds ratio [OR] ranging from 0.293 to 0.698). After controlling for citizenship and years of residency in Norway, the results were reversed and indicated that ethnic minorities were overall more likely to be diagnosed with GD (OR ranging from 1.179 to 3.208). Conclusion The results suggest that citizenship and years of residency are important variables to account for when assessing the relationship between ethnicity and being diagnosed with GD. Our results may be explained by people from ethnic minority groups being more likely to experience gambling problems but less likely to seek contact with healthcare services for gambling problems.

BackgroundThe family has been acknowledged as central to developing physical activity (PA) beliefs and behaviours. However, increased diversity in family structures has developed over the last decades. This study examines the association between family structure and PA among adolescents and cross-national variations in the associations.MethodsThe data are from the 2013/14 Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children study, involving nationally representative samples of 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds (n = 211,798) from 40 countries. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the associations between family structure and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) by age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and geographic region.ResultsLiving with one versus two parents was associated with a reduced likelihood of daily 60 min MVPA for boys (IRR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92, 0.99) and ≥ 4 times/week VPA (IRR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.95). This impact on MVPA differed across individual-level SES (high SES; IRR = 0.92, (p ConclusionsFamily structure correlated with PA, but cross-country differences exist. The findings are relevant for the development of policies and programs to facilitate PA, especially in countries where living with one versus two parents was unfavourable. Additional country-specific research is needed to identify challenges for engaging in PA related to family structure.

BackgroundThere is a need to understand better factors influencing participation in physical education (PE) and the mechanisms involved. The adolescent years are characterised by increasing levels of body-related concerns. In PE, the body is judged for its physical abilities and subject to social comparisons and body judgements. Grounded in the Self-Determination Theory, this study aimed to explore whether body-related factors were associated with adolescents’ involvement in PE and whether types of motivation mediated this relationship.MethodsThe study involved 2,140 (54.5% girls) secondary students (15–16-year-olds) from Norway participating in the nationally representative “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: a WHO collaborative cross-national study.” Body-related factors included Body Mass Index (BMI), health complaints, body perception and dietary behaviours. Gender, age, and socioeconomic status (family affluence) were control variables. Motivation for PE was assessed with the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOCQ) scale measuring three distinct factors: autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation. PE involvement was self-reported as weekly participation in PE classes and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during PE.ResultsGender (girl), family affluence, health complaints, not being on a diet but wanting to lose weight, and body perception (too fat) were negatively associated with weekly PE participation when adjusting for other variables. This association was largely explained by students’ autonomous motivation in the case of health complaints and partly in the case of dietary behaviour and body perception. Similar results were observed for MVPA during PE lessons. Additionally, gender was associated with MVPA through amotivation.ConclusionThe study adds new knowledge to the understanding of the relationship between body-related factors and PE, supporting that autonomous motivation is a central mechanism and an avenue for further research. The results should be considered in planning high-quality PE classes and suggest that an autonomous supportive learning climate sensitive to body-related concerns should be a priority to increase adolescent involvement in PE.

Background: Trends of increased complexity in family structure have developed alongside increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. This study examines cross-national variations in the likelihood of living with overweight and obesity among adolescents living with one parent versus two parents, as well as the influence of living with stepparents, grandparents and siblings. Furthermore, the study explores how these associations relate to age, gender and individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) and country-level SES. We hypothesised that adolescents living in one-parent versus two-parents families, were more likely to live with overweight and obesity. Methods: The study is based on nationally representative data from 41 countries participating in the 2013/14 Health Behaviors in School-Aged Children study (n = 211.798). Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between family structure and overweight and obesity by age, gender, SES, and geographic region, among adolescents aged 11, 13 and 15 years. Results: Living with one versus two parent(s) was associated with a higher likelihood of overweight and obesity (ORadj.1.13, 95%CI 1.08,1.17). Age, gender, individual-level SES, and living with grandparents were also associated with a higher likelihood of overweight and obesity, whereas living with siblings was associated with a lower likelihood of overweight and obesity. The effect of family structure varied also by age and gender with no significant associations found between living with one parent and overweight and obesity in the 15-year-old age group. Some cross-national variation was observed, and this was partly explained by country-level SES. The effect of family structure increased by a factor 1.08 per one-unit change in country-level SES (OR 1.08, 95%CI1.03, 1.12). Conclusion: The study indicates that living in a one-parent family, as well as living together with grandparents, are associated with overweight and obesity among adolescents, particularly in the Nordic European region. Existing welfare policies may be insufficient to eliminate inequalities related to family structure differences.

Abstract Background Prompt Mental Health Care (PMHC) is the Norwegian adaptation of Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT). Thus far, evaluations of PMHC have mostly focused on the effectiveness, rather than on contextual and implementation processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to do a process evaluation and examine: 1) To what extent do the services follow guidelines provided by the Norwegian Directorate of Health (NDH), 2) what the therapists experienced as important barriers and facilitators in implementing the service, and 3) client treatment satisfaction and its associations with baseline variables. Method The present study uses data from 526 clients who received PMHC treatment in the municipalities of Sandnes and Kristiansand. The therapists completed questionnaires about each client’s course of treatment. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the therapists and analysed them using thematic analysis. Data from client questionnaires were used to report descriptive sample statistics including symptom severity and treatment satisfaction. Linear regression was adopted to examine the associations between client treatment satisfaction and baseline characteristics. Results Several aspects of PMHC were implemented in line with the guidelines provided by NDH. Importantly, both services reached out to the intended target group, and could further be characterized as low-threshold with relatively short waiting times (median waiting time between initial contact and treatment start was 27 days, IQR 18–39), no waiting lists, and frequent use of self-referral (33.3%). From the client perspective, results indicated a high degree of treatment satisfaction (Mean = 3.93 (SD = .71, range 1–5)), and this was true across demographic characteristics and symptom severity at baseline (all p > .05). Most notable challenges that came forward were; the low provision of guided self-help (received by only 1.0% of clients), the lack of focus on work participation (low to some degree of focus in 70.8% among sick-listed clients), the collaboration with other services (no collaboration in 85.3% of the clients), and some aspects regarding future development of the service. Conclusion Both sites managed to implement key aspects of PMHC in line with the guidelines, but further development of the program is warranted. Discussion of challenges and future recommendations are presented.

Abstract Background Anxiety and depression are associated with substantial functional impairment. Prompt Mental Health Care (PMHC), the Norwegian adaptation of IAPT is currently piloted across Norway, as a means to improve access to evidence-based care for adults with anxiety disorders (including subthreshold cases) and minor to moderate depression. The aims of the current paper were to examine the change in work status and functional status from pre- to post-treatment and 12 months post-treatment among clients at the first 12 PMHC pilot sites, and whether degree of change differed across sociodemographic characteristics. Methods A prospective cohort design was used, including working age clients receiving treatment between October 2014 and December 2016 (n = 1446, participation rate = 61%). Work status and functional status were self-reported, the latter by the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). Changes in work status and WSAS score were examined through multilevel models based on maximum likelihood estimation. Likelihood ratio tests were performed to determine whether the interaction between time and the respective background variables were statistically significant. Results A substantial increase in regular work participation was observed from pre- to post-treatment, which further had increased at 12 months post-treatment. The increase was driven by a corresponding reduction in proportion of clients working and receiving benefits (OR 0.38 [0.29–0.50] baseline to final treatment, OR = 0.19 [0.12–0.32] final treatment to 12-months post-treatment), while no statistically significant change was observed in proportion out of work. Large improvement (ES = − 0.89) in WSAS score was observed from pre- to post treatment. WSAS score at 12 months post-treatment remained at the post-treatment level. Conclusions Previous research has shown substantial symptom improvement among clients receiving treatment in PMHC. The current findings indicate that PMHC might also be able to aid adults struggling with mild to moderate anxiety and depression in returning to usual level of functioning. The degree to which the observed improvements are attributable to the treatment need nonetheless to be confirmed in a trial including a control group and with more complete follow-up data from registries.

BackgroundCognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for Hypochondriacal Disorder, but the long-term effect has not been examined extensively.AimsTo investigate the long-term effect of CBT on Hypochondriacal Disorder using several mental health measures. Follow-up time was at least 10 years.MethodA total of 50 patients with a long history of Hypochondriacal Disorder, diagnosed according to ICD-10, received 16 sessions of individual CBT and were followed up with an uncontrolled design. All participants were assessed before and after the intervention period, and 10 years later. Intention-to-treat mixed-model repeated-measures analysis were conducted. The study has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00959452.ResultsPatients displayed significant improvements across all outcomes, including level of health anxiety, somatisation, symptoms of anxiety and depression, quality of life, somatisation at treatment completion. Treatment gains were well maintained 10 years later.ConclusionsThis uncontrolled treatment study suggests that patients treated with CBT for Hypochondriacal Disorder have significantly reduced health anxiety 1 year after treatment completion and the results are maintained 10 years later. The results indicate that CBT has a lasting effect, but the lack of a control group and use of only one therapist, means that care should be taken when generalising the findings.

Abstract Gourmet vinegars are versatile culinary ingredients that have aroused the interest of consumers not only for their unusual taste, but also for their health benefits. In this work, blueberry and honey wine was first obtained using a bench-scale bioreactor. This wine had high concentrations of phenolic compounds (706.18 mg GAE/mL) and appreciable free radical scavenging ability against DPPH (161.42 µmol trolox equivalent/100 mL) and ABTS•+ (356.41 µmol trolox equivalent/100 mL), as well as ferric-ion reducing antioxidant capacity (1419.86 µmol FeSO4/100 mL). In sequence, vinegar was produced from the wine in wooden barrels using successive acetification cycles. The average acetic acid concentration found in the vinegars was 4.4 g/100 mL, and the average acetic acid yield and volumetric productivity were 52.69% and 0.38 g/(L.h), respectively. Appreciable polyphenolic compounds (681.87 to 847.98 µg GAE/mL) and anthocyanin (12.8 to 15.39 mg/L) contents were found and high antioxidant activity. In addition, the vinegars demonstrated antimicrobial ability against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium.

BACKGROUND:In the Nordic countries, substantial policy and intervention efforts have been made to increase adolescents' consumption of fruit and vegetables and to reduce their intake of sweets and soft drinks. Some initiatives have been formulated in a Nordic collaboration and implemented at national level. In recent years, social inequalities in food habits have been attracted particular governmental interest and several initiatives addressing the socioeconomic gradient in food habits have been highlighted. However, few internationally published studies have evaluated how trends in adolescents' food habits develop in the context of Nordic nutrition policy, or have compared differences between the Nordic countries. METHODS:The study was based on Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish cross-sectional data from the international Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study, collected via three nationally representative and comparable questionnaire surveys in 2001/2002, 2005/2006 and 2009/2010. Food habits were identified by students' consumption of fruit, vegetables, sweets and sugar sweetened soft drink. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured with the Family Affluence Scale (FAS). Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the data. RESULTS:Trends in fruit consumption developed differently across countries, characterized by an increase in Denmark and Norway and more stable trends in Sweden and Finland. Vegetable consumption increased particularly in Denmark and to a lesser extent in Norway, whereas Sweden and Finland displayed stable trends. Decreased trends were observed for sweet and soft drink consumption and were similar in Norway, Sweden and Finland. Sweet consumption decreased across all survey years, whereas soft drink consumption decreased between 2001/2002-2005/2006 and was stable thereafter. Denmark displayed an increase between 2001/2002-2005/2006 followed by a similar decrease between 2005/2006-2009/2010 for both sweet and soft drink consumption. Socioeconomic inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption were observed in all countries, with no cross-country differences, and no changes over time. Small but not significant cross-country variation was identified for SES inequalities in sweet consumption. Reduced SES inequalities were observed in Sweden between 2005/2006 and 2009/2010. SES was not associated with soft drink consumption in this study population, with the exception of Denmark for the survey year 2009/2010. CONCLUSION:Different trends resulted in increased country differences in food habits during the time of observations. In survey year 2009/2010, Danish students reported a higher intake of fruit and vegetable consumption than their counterparts in the other Nordic countries. Finnish students reported the lowest frequency of sweets and soft drink consumption. Despite the positive dietary trends documented in the present study, the majority of Nordic adolescents are far from meeting national dietary recommendations. Our findings underline the need for more comprehensive initiatives targeting young people's food habits as well as a more deliberate and focused action to close gaps in social inequalities that affect food choices.

Lipases belong to the group of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol lipids to free fatty acids and glycerol. They have significant potential biotechnological applications in catalyzing organic synthesis reactions in non-aqueous solvents using simplified procedures resulting in conversions of high yields. Lipase production has conventionally been performed by submerged fermentation; however, solid-state fermentation processes have been prominent when residues are used as substrates because they serve as low-cost nutrient sources. Microbial lipases can be used as additives in foods to modify and enhance organoleptic properties, as well as in detergents to hydrolyse fats in the treatment of oily effluents, and also have value for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agrochemical, and oil chemical industries. More recently, they are used in transesterification reactions to convert plant seed oils into biodiesel. The objective of this work was to review the published literature on the production, properties and applications of microbial lipases, and its biotechnological role in producing biodiesel.

β-1,3-Glucanases are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic linkages of the β-1,3 type present in β-D-glucans, liberating glucose as the main product. These enzymes are produced by filamentous fungi and yeasts, as well as bacteria and have wide biotechnological applications. The objective of this work was to review the published literature on fungal β-1,3-glucanases, emphasizing their biological functions, some parameters used to determine enzyme activity, the current substrates and culture conditions to produce these hydrolases. Also reported are their applications to obtain bioactive oligosaccharides, to structurally characterize microbial cell walls, their use in biological control of some plant pathogens, as feed additives, and also their addition to wines to improve the organoleptic characteristics.

The cell wall is a rigid structure essential for the survival of fungi. A knowledge of its composition is therefore useful for the development of novel anti-fungal drugs. In this context, polysaccharides as main components of the fungal cell wall have been the subject of intense scientific study over the years. The information gained from the knowledge of the structure of these macrobiomolecules could therefore be valuable in elucidating the mechanisms of their biosynthesis in the cell walls of pathogenic fungi infecting plants and animals alike. Determination of the chemical structures of these polysaccharides (endo) is preceded by their extraction and purification. The extractions, generally lead to neutral and/ or alkaline soluble biopolymers in groups according to their solubilities. Mixtures of polysaccharides in these extracts can then be purified by a combination of chemical and chromatographic methods. Following purification, the polysaccharides, considered homogeneous, can be characterized structurally using conventional techniques of carbohydrate chemistry, such as hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and FT-IR, 13C- and 1H- NMR spectroscopy. This review surveys the main scientific literature that characterizes polysaccharides constituting the fungal cell wall.A parede celular é uma estrutura rígida, essencial para a sobrevivência dos fungos, e o conhecimento de sua composição poderá ser útil para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antifúngicas. Neste contexto, os polissacarídeos estão entre os seus principais componentes que têm sido alvos de intensa investigação científica. As informações, provenientes do conhecimento da estrutura dessas macromoléculas, poderão ser valiosas para o entendimento dos mecanismos de síntese da parede celular de fungos causadores de patologias, tanto em plantas quanto em animais. A determinação da estrutura química de um endopolissacarídeo deve ser precedida por experimentos de extração e purificação. As extrações, geralmente conduzidas em soluções aquosas neutras e/ou alcalinas, separaram as biomoléculas em grupos, de acordo com suas solubilidades. Os extratos, contendo mistura de polissacarídeos, podem ser purificados pela combinação de métodos químicos e cromatográficos. Após purificação, os polissacarídeos considerados homogêneos são caracterizados estruturalmente com as técnicas convencionais em química de carboidratos tais como hidrólise, metilação, FT-IR e RMN-13C e 1H. Esta revisão tem como proposta efetuar um levantamento das principais investigações científicas conduzidas com o objetivo de caracterizar polissacarídeos da parede celular fúngica.

A paint company in the state of Paraná in Brazil had several batches of water-based acrylic paints contaminated with microorganisms. Three fungi and one bacterium were isolated. The bacterium was identifed as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Three commercial fungicides (Fungicide I, II and III) and three bactericides (Bactericide I, II and III) were evaluated in attempts to prevent microbial growth. Fungicide II (1 g/L) was the most effcient fungicide of fungal isolates A and B, while Fungicide I was a better inhibitor of isolate C at the lowest concentrations studied. Bactericide II and III inhibited bacterial isolate at a concentration of 1 g/L, while 2 g/L of Bactericide I did not inhibited its growth. Inhibition tests were standardized and used to quantitatively evaluate the bactericides demonstrating that Bactericide III (2 g/L) inhibited 80 % of bacterial isolate.

Lipases pertencem ao grupo das hidrolases que catalisam a conversão de triacilgliceróis a ácidos graxos livres e glicerol. Possuem significante potencial biotecnológico como catalisadores em reações de síntese orgânica em meio não aquoso utilizando processos simplificados com altos rendimentos. A produção de lipases tem sido realizada, usualmente, por processo fermentativo submerso; entretanto, o processo em fase sólida também tem se mostrado promissor, quando são utilizados resíduos como fontes de substrato que são nutrientes de baixo custo. As lipases microbianas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos em alimentos para modificar e realçar as propriedades organolépticas, como também em detergentes para hidrolisar gorduras, no tratamento de efluentes oleosos, e ainda, nas indústrias farmacêuticas, de cosméticos, agroquímicas e oleoquímicas. Recentemente, as lipases têm sido utilizadas em reações de transesterificação para converter óleos em biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura publicada sobre a produção, propriedades e aplicações das lipases microbianas e o seu papel biotecnológico na produção do biodiesel.

beta-1,3-Glucanases são enzimas que hidrolisam ligações glicosídicas do tipo beta-1,3 presentes em beta-D-glucanas, liberando glucose como produto principal. Estas enzimas são produzidas por fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes, assim como bactérias, apresentando amplas aplicações biotecnológicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar a literatura publicada sobre beta-1,3-glucanases fúngicas, enfatizando-se suas funções nos micro-organismos, alguns parâmetros utilizados para a determinação da atividade enzimática, substratos utilizados e condições de cultivo para a sua produção. Também foram relatadas aplicações destas enzimas na obtenção de oligossacarídeos bioativos, na caracterização da parede celular de micro-organismos, no controle biológico de patógenos de algumas plantas, como aditivos em rações para animais, além de sua adição em vinhos para melhorar as características organolépticas.

Uma indústria de tintas do Estado do Paraná (Brasil) teve vários lotes de tintas acrílicas à base d’água contaminadas por microrganismos. Três fungos e uma bactéria foram isolados. A bactéria foi identifcada como Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Três fungicidas comerciais (Fungicida I, II e III) e três bactericidas (Bactericida I, II e III) foram avaliados quanto ao potencial de inibição do crescimento microbiano. O Fungicida II (1 g/L) foi o mais efciente para os isolados fúngicos A e B, enquanto que o Fungicida I inibiu melhor o isolado C nas menores concentrações estudadas. Os Bactericidas II e III inibiram o isolado de bactéria quando na concentração de 1 g/L, enquanto que o Bactericida I (2 g/L) não inibiu o crescimento desta. Os testes de inibição foram padronizados e utilizados para avaliar quantitativamente os bactericidas, e demonstraram que o Bactericida III (2 g/L) inibiu 80 % o isolado de bactéria.

O Botryosphaeria sp. é um fungo ligninolítico produtor de lacases. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o álcool veratrílico (AV) induziu fortemente a produção de lacases nesse ascomiceto. Sabe-se que surfactantes tais como o Tween - 80 podem aumentar a produção de algumas exoenzimas fúngicas. Tem sido relatado que o Tween-80 pode induzir a produção de lacase em basidiomicetos. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a influência dos Tweens 80, 60, 40 e 20 na produção de lacases constitutivas (ausência de AV) e indutivas (presença de AV) pelo Botryosphaeria sp. A atividade de lacase foi determinada usando-se dois substratos diferentes, o ABTS (PPO - I) e o DMP (PPO - II). Todos os Tweens estudados aumentaram a produção das lacases (PPO - I) constitutivas e indutivas e não afetaram a produção da lacase (PPO - II) constitutiva. Os Tweens 60 e 20 aumentaram a produção da lacase (PPO - II) indutiva, enquanto que os Tweens 80 e 40 não causaram nenhum efeito

The origins of the building blocks of the Solar System can be studied using the isotopic composition of early planetary and meteoritic material. Oxygen isotopes in planetary materials show variations at the per cent level that are not related to the mass of the isotopes; rather, they result from the mixture of components having different nucleosynthetic or chemical origins. Isotopic variations reaching orders of magnitude in minute meteoritic grains are usually attributed to stellar nucleosynthesis before the birth of the Solar System, whereby different grains were contributed by different stars. Here we report the discovery of abundant silica-rich grains embedded in meteoritic organic matter, having the most extreme 18O/16O and 17O/16O ratios observed (both ∼10-1) together with a solar silicon isotopic composition. Both O and Si isotopes indicate a single nucleosynthetic process. These compositions can be accounted for by one of two processes: a single exotic evolved star seeding the young Solar System, or irradiation of the circumsolar gas by high energy particles accelerated during an active phase of the young Sun. We favour the latter interpretation, because the observed compositions are usually not expected from nucleosynthetic processes in evolved stars, whereas they are predicted by the selective trapping of irradiation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]