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Copyright of Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift is the property of Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Chinkara gazelle (Gazella bennettii), an endangered species, faces a serious threat from anthropogenic activities and climate change. In Balochistan, climate change and drought have created extremely challenging circumstances for its survival. The population status of many species cannot be determined due to a lack of data. If the current situation persists, there is a high risk of extinction for this species in its natural habitat. The purpose of this study was to examine the population dynamics and distribution patterns of Chinkara gazelle in the Khuzdar and Lasbela districts of Balochistan, Pakistan. The study covered an area of approximately 45,123.97 km² and involved a double-observer survey at six sites from 2019 to 2022, using the BBRecapture package in the R programming language. The study detected a decreasing population trend in the Chinkara population over a four-year period. A population of 700, 683, 613 and 583 individuals were observed in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Rocky shrub land consistently recorded the highest number of chinkara sightings among various habitats. This study provides valuable information about the Chinkara gazelle population, including population trends, gender ratios, habitat preferences, and density. The findings contribute significantly to our understanding of the species and will be used to develop local-level conservation initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is focused on assessing the biological status of the Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) and Eurasian crane (Grus grus) with respect to Illegal hunting and captivity in the districts of Bannu and Lakki Marwat, located in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study involves field visits, interviews with crane hunters and local breeders, and the collection of relevant information through questionnaires. In Lakki Marwat, during the hunting seasons of fall 2021 and spring 2022, a total of 33 cranes were captured while 52 cranes were captured during hunting season of fall 2022 and spring 2023. Similarly, in district Bannu, 21 cranes were captured during fall 2021 and spring 2022, and 31 cranes were captured during fall 2022 and spring 2023. Throughout the study, collectively, 2300 Demoiselle cranes and 1400 Eurasian cranes were studied in captivity. In Lakki Marwat, the hatching success rate was 51% and 50.8% for Demoiselle crane and Eurasian cranes respectively. The chick survival rate for both Demoiselle and Eurasian cranes was 62.3% and 54.2% respectively. In district Bannu, the hatching success rate was 57.2% for Demoiselle crane and 56.8% for Eurasian cranes, with a chick survival rate of 54.8% for Demoiselle and 46.7% for Eurasian cranes. The main causes of mortality in captive cranes, in both districts, were diseases, heat stress, predation, injuries, and developmental problems of chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is the efficient primary compound of Lycium barbarum and has been shown to alleviate hyperglycemia-aggravated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the cerebrovascular changes related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and the potential cerebrovascular protective effects of LBP are still unknown. This study aimed to explore the cerebrovascular protective functions of LBP on cerebral I/R injury in diabetic rats and its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were separated into three groups: the normoglycemic (NG), diabetic hyperglycemic (HG), and HG + LBP (50 mg/kg) treatment groups. A 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) with 24 h reperfusion was established. The neurological deficits, cerebral water content, infarct volume, and cerebrovascular permeability were assessed to evaluate the extent of cerebral injury. Histopathological alterations were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, immunohistochemical, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. A transmission electron microscope was used to detect ultrastructural alterations, and a western blot was used to examine protein expression. RESULTS: The HG rats exhibited a significant increase in neurological deficits, cerebral water content, infarct volume, cerebrovascular permeability, neural cell death, and apoptosis compared with the NG rats, and the LBP treatment alleviated these effects. Cerebrovascular structure analysis showed that the cross-sectional area (CSA) and wall thickness were remarkably altered in the HG rats compared with the NG rats. The LBP treatment protected the cerebrovascular structure and vasoreactivity by decreasing the wall thickness and increasing the CSA, a-smooth muscle actin, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression of cerebral vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The intake of LBP benefits the cerebrovascular structure and vasoreactivity in diabetic rats. Our research provides a possible new strategy for treating stroke in patients with DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arsenic toxicity has become a growing concern for rice growers in South East Asian countries due to the extensive use of arsenite-contaminated groundwater in rice paddies. The presence of arsenic in soil and water from irrigation results in impaired crop growth and development. The effect of exogenous pretreatment of paeonol on hydroponically grown rice seedlings was examined by investigating the antioxidant systems under arsenic stress. Methods: In the experiment, 7-day old rice seedlings (IR-64) were exposed to 10, 50, 100 µM of arsenite separately and co-treatment with 10, 50, 100 µM paeonol (extracted from Paeonia suffruticosa root) in a hydroponic medium for 7 days. The activity of lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde] antioxidants [APX, CAT, SOD, GPX] in root and shoot tissue were determined by standard protcol. Result: Arsenite treatments inhibited growth correlating with increased arsenic accumulation in rice seedlings. Oxidative stress was induced by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of antioxidant defense systems measured in terms of increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in root and shoot tissues separately. Paeonol pretreated seedlings along with arsenic exposure substantially decreased the level of arsenic uptake in plants resulting in comparatively higher plant growth as well as biomass substantial reduction in ROS overproduction and MDA content was observed in paeonol pretreatment as compared to arsenic-exposed seedlings alone. These findings indicate that paeonol has an ameliorating effect on arsenite-induced oxidative stress, suggesting that paeonol enhances the activity of antioxidants and prevents oxidative stress damage by transforming ROS to a neutral and non-toxic end product. Such natural ameliorative methodology will enhance agricultural production in arsenic stressed paddy field environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increased popularity of reusable drinking bottles may have safety implications when used by children. This paper discusses the lessons learnt from managing two cases of children presenting to our ENT department who required surgical intervention for complications arising from their use. Case report: This paper presents a case series of two five-year-old children who attended the emergency department with circumferential entrapment of their tongue within plastic drinking bottle lids of similar design. The unique anaesthetic and surgical challenges surrounding these cases are discussed. Conclusion: These represent the only reported cases of circumferential entrapment of the tongue by a foreign body requiring general anaesthesia where orotracheal intubation was contraindicated. A creative general anaesthetic approach was taken using ketamine and Optiflow high-flow nasal oxygen therapy. A reproducible surgical technique using powered cutting instruments is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ambient pressure cell is described for conducting synchrotron-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements during atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. The instrument is capable of true in situ and operando experiments in which it is possible to directly obtain elemental and chemical information from the sample surface using XPS as the deposition process is ongoing. The setup is based on the ambient pressure XPS technique, in which sample environments with high pressure (several mbar) can be created without compromising the ultrahigh vacuum requirements needed for the operation of the spectrometer and the synchrotron beamline. The setup is intended for chemical characterization of the surface intermediates during the initial stages of the deposition processes. The SPECIES beamline and the ALD cell provide a unique experimental platform for obtaining new information on the surface chemistry during ALD half-cycles at high temporal resolution. Such information is valuable for understanding the ALD reaction mechanisms and crucial in further developing and improving ALD processes. We demonstrate the capabilities of the setup by studying the deposition of TiO2 on a SiO2 surface by using titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide and water as precursors. Multiple core levels and the valence band of the substrate surface were followed during the film deposition using ambient pressure XPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upper Turonian–Maastrichtian Kawagarh Formation represents a thick sequence of carbonates in the Kalachitta Range, Pakistan and it is the only stratigraphic record of Late Cretaceous sedimentation in northwestern Lesser Himalayas. Global sea-level marks a gradual fall of ∼40 to 50 m during the deposition of the Kawagarh Formation. This study is based on detailed outcrop and petrographic investigations of six stratigraphic sections exposed in Kalachitta Range. Carbonate grains are dominantly composed of pelecypods, oysters, trigonia and plankton distributed in a micritic groundmass. Five microfacies, (1) Planktonic Mudstone, Wackestone and Packstone Microfacies, (2) Pelecypodic Planktonic Mudstone and Wackestone Microfacies, (3) Pelecypodic Wackestone and Packstone Microfacies, (4) Marl Microfacies and (5) Dolostone Microfacies, were identified using distribution of faunal types and matrix. Based on faunal paleoecology, microfacies analysis and sedimentary structures, a shallow open-marine, northward-dipping ramp model has been proposed for the deposition of the Kawagarh Formation beginning with a transgressive cycle, which also corresponds to global sea-level rise, and possibly terminated by uplift owing to initial collision of the Indian Plate with the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc at the end of the Cretaceous. Paleontological and paleoecological evidence is used to develop a shallow, open-marine ramp deposition model for the Kawagarh Formation. The initiation of Kawagarh sedimentation with transgression in the late Turonian synchronise with global sea-level curve. Sedimentation was terminated by initial collision of the Indian Plate with the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful ability to conduct underwater transportation using multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is important for the commercial sector to undertake precise underwater installations on large modules, whilst for the military sector it has the added advantage of improved secrecy for clandestine operations. The technical requirements are the stability of the payload and internal collision avoidance while keeping track of the desired trajectory considering the underwater effects. Here, a leader-follower formation control strategy was developed and implemented on the transportation system of AUVs. PID controllers were used for the vehicles and a linear feedback controller for maintaining the formation. A Kalman Filter (KF) was designed to estimate the full state of the leader under disturbance, noise and limited sensor readings. The results demonstrate that though the technical requirements are met, the thrust oscillations under disturbance and noise produce the undesired heading angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Hazara Basin, Early Eocene is represented by carbonate succession of Chorgali Formation which is mainly composed of limestone with marls and calcareous shale. Limestone is predominantly marly and argillaceous in nature. Two Stratigraphic sections of Chorgali Formation exposed at Gharaga and Bhattian villages have been completely examined and sampled for outcrop characteristics, petrography, microfacies and depositional settings. These sections have both well preserved lower and upper contacts with Early Eocene Margalla Hill limestone and Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation, respectively. The petrographic analyses reveal that Chorgali Formation exposed at Gharaga and Bhattian sections yields abundant Eocene foraminifers along with other fauna and their broken shells. On basis of outcrop data and detailed petrographic analyses, five microfacies are recognized including Nummulites-Lockhartia wackestone to packstone (MF-1), Nummulites-Assilina wackestone to packstone (MF-2), Ostracods-Miliolids packstone (MF-3), Marls Microfacies (MF-4) and Calcareous shale Microfacies (MF-5). Comprehensive microfacies, palaeoecological and outcrop data reveal that deposition of Chorgali Formation was occurred on mid ramp settings with some deposition in attached to partially restricted lagoonal area of inner ramp and proximal part of outer ramp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In women with a bad obstetric history (BOH), infection is an established cause of recurrent fetal loss. A common infecting agent is the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in women with recurrent fetal loss from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. METHODS: The study included 360 females aged 16–40 years, of which 180 had a bad obstetric history (study group) and the other 180 had no such history (control group). Blood serum samples were tested for toxoplasma IgM antibodies by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and for toxoplasma IgG antibodies using an Immunochromatographic technique. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in study group females was 40.6% and in control group females it was 7.2%. Specifically, IgM prevalence was 12.8% in the study group and 1.1% in the control group. IgG prevalence was 23.9% in the study group and 6.1% in the control group. IgM and IgG combined prevalence was 3.9% in the study group cases. There is a statistically significant association between BOH and seropositivity for T. gondii (p < 0.0001, Chi square test). Various risk factors associated with T. gondii seroprevalence in study and control groups were analyzed. CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was significantly higher in women with a bad obstetric history compared to those with no such history. Associated risk factors had no significant effects on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with ground magnetic investigations of the Wadi Bani Malik area, 40 km from Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia, to delineate the structural settings and demarcate the possible fractures controlling the contaminated flow in the study area. A magnetic survey has been conducted on the up- and downstream areas of the sewage reservoir and filters have been applied to the measured total field, such as reduction to pole (RTP), normalised source strength, tilt angle, and 3D Euler deconvolution to accomplish the goals. Moreover, the Kaczmarz regularisation algorithm was applied to invert RTP data along two selected profiles to magnetic susceptibility depth section to extract magnetic contacts/faults crossing the Wadi. The Wadi is divided into two areas, upstream (Area 2) and downstream (Area 1). The results show that both areas are composed of complex structural trends. In Area 1, magnetic contacts/faults trend mainly in the NE-SW, NNE-SSW and E-W directions, whereas the major trends in Area 2 are NW-SE. The applied filters revealed that in Area 1 the depth to contacts/faults ranges from ~7 m to ~30 m and in Area 2 the depths to contacts/faults are mostly greater than 30 m. Possible subsurface contaminated water flow directions in both areas were deduced from the spatial distribution of these contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of radiations in textile processing is gaining attention due to its low cost, energy effectiveness and eco-friendly process. This study is concerned with the improvement in modulation of microwave assisted vat dyeing of cellulosic fiber. It was found that radiation treatment of both cotton fabric and dye solution for 1 min gives good color strength, while for redox reaction, 2.5 g of NaHSO3, 2 mL of CH3COOH, and 1.5 mL of H2O2 are the optimized conditions which show it is a cost-effective tool. Good color strength was obtained at 65 °C for 1 h dyeing using 50 mL of optimal solution in dye bath at pH 9. Finally, ISO standards for color fastness to light, washing, rubbing and perspiration were applied at 0.5-2.5% of shade at optimal conditions which showed that microwave treatment has enhanced the color characteristics. Hence, the technique can successfully and easily be employed for surface modification of fabric for good quality dyeing with various classes of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is conducted on the management factors affecting talent turnover in the banks’ credit card centers. For this purpose, the primary data are gathered from 73 respondents of credit card departments of banks listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Reliability test of questionnaire items, chi-square test, cross-tab, relational and regression analyses are used to analyze the interactions among variables. The study finds that work pressure and industrial development prospectus have positive linkage with dimensions of employee loyalty and talent turnover while compensation and benefits, promotion opportunities, management communication and work responsibilities are negatively associated with dimensions of employee loyalty and talent turnover. Conclusively, the study finds the following aspects as the main causes of talent turnover; loyalty imbalance, small promotion space and unstable working conditions. The prime cause of talent turnover in banks’ credit card businesses is loyalty imbalance. The study suggests banking firms to focus on trainings, recruitment and employees’ professional development with active characteristics of work to reduce the talent turnover rate. The banking firms should also provide opportunities to their employees to show their abilities and expertise.

Ultrasonic (US) radiation has a promising effect in textile processing due to its eco-friendly nature, rapid, cost and time effective tool. For the present study, the cellulosic fabric and dye solution were irradiated with ultrasonic (US) radiation for different times (10–60 min.). Dyeing was performed using nonradiated and irradiated cellulosic with nonradiated and irradiated Reactive Yellow 145 dye. Different dyeing parameters such as temperature, pH, material to liquor ratio and time were optimized using irradiated dye and irradiated cotton. It is found that US treatment of dye solution for 20 minutes gives good color strength by dyeing un-irradiated fabric at 70 °C, for 35 min using dye bath of pH 9 in the presence of 5 g/100 mL of salt as exhausting agent keeping 40 mL of dye volume. Colorfastness properties of fabrics dyed at optimum condition of various shades show that US treatment has improved the grading of fastness from fair to good. It is found that US irradiation had not only enhanced the strength of dye on irradiated fabric but also improved the dyeing properties. It is also concluded that US treatment has not only reduced the dyeing time, temperature but also reduced the amount of salt and dye volume used, which is the proof that this tool is cost, time and energy effective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study was conducted in the Lahore district to analyze the impact of Farmer Field School (FFS) approach on the competency of the farmers. The population for the study was consisted of both the registered and non-registered farmers under the FFS approach in the public sector in Lahore district. A sample was drawn from the entire population of twenty four FFSs of Lahore district, by using simple random sampling technique. Out of twenty four, eight FFSs were selected randomly and from each FFS eight registered farmers was interviewed, thus the total sample size of registered farmers was sixty four. The non-registered farmers (non-member farmers) were also interviewed to make the research result more authenticated. Thus the number of non-registered farmers was also sixty four. Hence the total sample frame was 128 farmers. The data were collected with the help of a pre-tested and validated interview schedule especially designed for this purpose. The data were analyzed by using computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Analysis of the data shows that the farmers' competency in the conduction of agricultural activities land preparation and direct sowing were top in rank order in member and non-members' farmers. While on the other hand member farmers' competency in controlling harmful insects was at the bottom in rank order, however, non-members had lowest competency in conduction of Agro Ecosystem Analysis (AESA) activity. T-test clearly indicates that all aspects of competency in undertaking the agricultural activities had significant difference in favour of member farmers. It means member farmers had more competency in agriculture as compared to non-member farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation treatment in textile processing has gained great popularity due to its clean, uniform and efficient nature. Present study is concerned with plasma treatment of wool fabric to improve its dyeing behaviour using Drimarene red dye. Prior to dyeing wool fabric was exposed to cold plasma under different powers, gases and time intervals. Subsequently, the plasma-treated and untreated fabrics were executed to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) analyses which represented the surface modification of wool fabric. After plasma treatment, good colour strength of fabrics was obtained by treating fabric for 60 s using Ar gas and dyeing at 90°C. Similarly, dyeing for 60 min is optimum time while treating the wool fabric for 150 W using Ar gas (30 s) has shown good colour characteristics. The salt concentration (9 g/100 ml) is optimum exhausting while treating fabric at 150 W using Ar gas (30 s). ISO standard method for light and washing shows that the rating has been improved. It might be suggested that plasma treatment of other fabric can successfully be applied to improve the dyeing behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fumigant toxicity tests were performed by using airtight plastic jars, in which five small glass tubes with perforated lids containing 20 cowpea seeds and four newly emerged Callosobruchus maculatus were placed. Filter paper impregnated with an appropriate volume (5, 10, 20, 40 µl/ml) of the oils were attached to the lower surface of the jar lid. Mortality counts were made at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment. For ovicidal activity, seeds having 20 eggs altogether were put in a glass vial and the treatments were followed as mentioned earlier. After 48 h of exposure the seeds with eggs were transferred and ovicidal activity was calculated based on the adult emergence. Among the essential oils tested, five oils, viz. camphor, eucalyptus, nutmeg and rosemary showed 100 % mortality even at lower dosages (5 µl) when adults were exposed for 48 h.Onthe other hand, seven oils showed 100% mortality at higher concentration (40 µl). Ovicidal activity revealed that 9 oils showed good activity against C. maculatus at higher concentrations. Among them four oils, viz. camphor, eucalyptus, rosemary and wintergreen showed 100 % egg mortality. In this work, it can be concluded that camphor, eucalyptus, nutmeg, rosemary, wintergreen oils showed very good fumigant and ovicidal activity. However, the possibility of utilising these plant oils to control C. maculatus in storage conditions may warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is concerned with the improvement of dyeing behaviour of cellulosic fabric with Vat Brown 1 dye using radcure technology. Both dye powder and pretreated cellulosic fabrics were exposed to absorbed doses of 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. Different dyeing variable were optimised and ISO standard methods for colourfastness were employed to observe the effect of gamma ray treatment on vat dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. It was found that 35 kGy is the optimum absorbed dose which has shown the improvement in dyeing of cellulosic fabric. Good colour strength and acceptable fastness properties were obtained by dyeing these irradiated cellulosic fabrics (RC) at 50°C, for 50 min in a dye bath having pH 10 and electrolyte concentration of 2 g/100 ml using solution of irradiated dye powder (RP). It is observed that gamma ray treatment is promising for dyeing the cellulosic fabric as the results have showed better colour strength and colour fastness properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of natural dyes has increased interest in the past few years due to the eco-friendly behavior of these dyes. The present research is concerned with the effect of UV on dyeing behavior of cotton using marigold as source of natural Lutein dye. This is colorant lutein which imparts greenish yellow color to cotton fabric. The dye powder and cotton fabric were exposed to UV-radiation for different time intervals prior to dyeing and dyeing was performed at different dyeing variables. International Standard Organization (ISO) methods were employed to evaluate the color fastness properties, such as color fastness to light, washing and rubbing. It is found that 90 min exposure of UV radiations was the optimum condition for surface modification and dyeing of 70 min at 40°C give excellent results using 4 g/L salt to achieve maximum exhaustion. For improvement of color fastness, tannic acid (8%) as pre- and 6% as post-mordant is the best condition. It is found that UV ray treatment can be used to other fabrics followed by dyeing using extracts of dye yielding plants without any physical characteristics damage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study was aimed to get extraction of natural colorants from golden duranta (Duranta repnes) leaves powder and its characterisation under microwave treatment. Dyeing powder and cotton fabrics, both were exposed to microwaves for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min. Aqueous, alkaline and methanol solubilised extracts were obtained from non-irradiated and irradiated golden duranta leaves powders. Chromium, tannic acid and pomegranate peel were applied to enhance colour strength of extracted dye. Golden duranta leaves powder and cotton fabrics treated with radiation significantly enhanced the extraction and dyeing process by reducing salt concentration. Microwave treatments also had significant affect on colour strength and fastness characteristics of cotton fabricss dyed with golden duranta. Microwave treatment of 1 min was the most affective dose for colorant extraction. The result from mordanting experiments indicated that as compared to chemical mordants, bio-mordant gives good colour strength both in pre and post mordanting before and after dyeing at optimum conditions. Moreover, 3% of bio-mordant as pre- and 5% as post-mordant give good colour strength, which makes the process more ecofriendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)