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Abstract Background Limited information is available on gastric diseases in neonatal foals as compared with extensive studies in young, adult, and geriatric horses. Reports on fetuses are scarce. Objectives Assess at necropsy stomachs of horse, donkey and mule fetuses in the third trimester of gestation to characterize lesions present during intrauterine life. Animals Forty‐six fetal stomachs from both sexes (21 horses, 21 donkeys, and 4 mules) in the third trimester of gestation were collected from a processing plant immediately after slaughter. Methods Measurements of longitudinal and transverse axes, weight and volume and gastric fluid pH were taken, and glandular and squamous mucosae were inspected. All findings of the gastric mucosa and measurements of the stomachs were presented descriptively. Groups were compared statistically, with significance level set at P 5.8, and mules had larger stomachs and higher weights compared with horses (P

The present study involved seven horses in a randomized crossover clinical trial to evaluate the effect of lidocaine on horses with induced endotoxemia. Horses received intravenous lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg bolus, followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/min) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride at the same manner) one hour before LPS administration (0.03 μg/kg, IV infusion over 30 min). We monitored clinic and hematologic parameters, abdominal auscultation, ultrasound, and pain over time. No relevant clinical differences existed between treatments regarding peristalsis, abdominal pain, or any other parameters before and after endotoxemia induction. These findings do not support the clinical use of lidocaine to mitigate abdominal pain and intestinal hypomotility promoted by endotoxemia in horses.

To evaluate the sensory and motor effects promoted by a combined sciatic and femoral nerve block in calves using two approaches. Six calves were used, in a crossover study. Ultrasound combined with neurostimulation, was used to perform the following block combinations: the proximal approach (PA), which consisted of the association of the parasacral approach (sciatic nerve block) and ventral to the ilium approach (femoral nerve block); distal approach (DA) consisted of the association of a lateral approach to the pelvic limb approach (sciatic nerve block), and an inguinal approach, underneath the femoral trigone (femoral nerve block). Pressure algometry and motor function of the limb where evaluated. Mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) increase, and ataxia duration means were 9.5 ± 0.7 kg and 10.4 ± 3.9 hr for PA and 10.4 ± 3.9 kg and 12.7 ± 1.9 hr for DA, respectively with no significant difference. There was no significant difference between MNT elevation time and the duration of ataxia using the same approach. The DA treatment showed significant MNT elevation in 72% of the tested regions, while the PA treatment showed an elevation in 100% regions tested. Topographic approaches closer to where the spinal nerves emerge produced a larger desensitised area.

Pharmacodynamic understanding of the different local anesthetic concentrations allows adapting their use to diverse clinical/surgical procedures, such as intraoperative and/or postoperative analgesia. A crossover study was performed, where 6 calves (5 male and 1 female), weighing 120 ± 28 Kg, were subjected to combined sciatic and femoral nerve block using three ropivacaine concentrations. The treatments were: R0.75, using 0.75% ropivacaine; R0.2, 0.2% ropivacaine; and R0.12%, 0.12% ropivacaine. All treatments were performed with ultrasound and neurostimulation assistance, and a volume of 0.1 mL/kg of the respective local anesthetic solution was administered in each block point. The sites of mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) evaluation were based on the calf pelvic limb dermatomes. The proportion between desensitized areas, MNT elevation time and level of ataxia were registered. Elevation of MNT occurred in 100% of the tested areas in the R0.75 and R0.2 treatments, and in 82% of the R0.12 treatment. Mean MNT elevation times were 9.5 ± 0.7 h for R0.75, 6 ± 0.8 for R.02, and 2.4 ± 2.3 for R0.12, differing significantly between all treatments. No difference was observed between MNT elevation time and ataxia duration time, in each treatment. It is concluded that the duration of sensory-motor effects is dose-dependent, but there was not possible to detect block selectivity as the concentrations was reduced. More desensitized areas and extension were obtained with the use of higher concentrations.

Although the external conformation of wild horse hooves has been proposed as an ideal model for domesticated modern horses, histological signs of laminitis have been reported among them. With the hypothesis that the lamellar tissue of horses of Iberian origin raised in semi-feral is healthier than those raised in an intensive management system (stall confinement and high-calorie diet intake), the objective was to compare their lamellar tissues. Lamellar tissue samples were taken from the forelimb hoof of eight domesticated Mangalarga Marchador (MM) horses and from six semi-feral Marajoara (MJ) and Puruca (MP) horses. Primary epidermal lamella (PEL) and secondary epidermal lamella (SEL) were measured (length and width) in several regions, and their shapes were morphologically classified into different types. Breed groups were compared using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey or Dunn tests (P

The transmural ultrasound allows for the definition of the normal appearance of the hoof tissues and internal structures. Determining such measurements and proportions could contribute to evaluations of the normal spatial distal phalanx–hoof relationship. The objective was to describe the hoof’s dermis and epidermis measurements using the transmural technique, in comparison with DR and anatomical sections. Sixty-two healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of 30 anatomical pieces (phase 1) and 32 alive horse hooves (phase 2), and 16 sagittal sections of the first ones were used. The proximal and distal planes were compared, defining the following measurements: coronary band-extensor process, distal phalanx apex–hoof wall, sole dermis, middle stratum, parietal dermis, lamellar layer, the sublamellar dermis, and ratios between them. Most of the measurements were consistent among methods. Some showed measurement differences and a minority was impossible to determine. The transmural technique allowed for the observation and replication of measurements of the hoof structures, described with other diagnostic aids. It also allowed for the implementation of new measurements that would help to determine the spatial location of the distal phalanx. Additionally, it contributes to the visualization of normal findings, which will be useful to compare variations in the different phases of laminitis.

Ultrasonography is commonly used to evaluate equine lameness-related structures, but traditional hoof approaches cannot adequately visualize internal structures such as the lamellar layer. To address this limitation, we used 62 healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of thirty anatomical pieces (phase 1) and thirty-two hooves from living horses (phase 2). In both phases, half of the digits were submerged in water (group 1) and the other half in water and ice (group 2) for 24 h. Ultrasonographic views and temperature and humidity measurements were taken every two hours, and sagittal sections were obtained in phase 1. Good quality images were obtained in both phases. The transmural technique allowed the evaluation of several structures of the DEJ (tubular and lamellar strata of the hoof wall, sublamellar dermis, and solar and coronary papillae) and of the distal phalanx (extensor process, parietal surface, and apex). Our findings suggest that the transmural technique following hoof submersion can be useful for internal evaluation of hoof conditions, such as laminitis. However, further validation of the technique in natural or experimental cases is required.

The analgesic specificity of navicular bursa (NB) anesthetic infiltration is still questionable. The study aimed to determine the mechanical nociceptive threshold of non-specific analgesia in the dorsal lamellar stratum, as well as in the sole, coronary band, and heel bulbs of the hoof, after navicular bursa anesthetic infiltration. Six healthy horses with no clinical or radiographic changes of the digits and no communication between the NB and the distal interphalangeal joint, were used. After random selection, the NB of one of the forelimbs was infiltrated with 2% lidocaine and the contralateral one with lactated ringer’s solution. Contrast was added to confirm radiographic infiltration. The mechanical nociceptive threshold was determined using a portable pressure dynamometer, before and at various times after the infiltration, in 10 points of the hoof. The effects of time and treatment were verified by ANOVA (P0.05) in all regions evaluated. However, in one of the six hooves that receives lidocaine, complete absence of response to the painful stimulus (maximum force of 6 Kg over an area of 38.46 mm2, for a maximum of 4 seconds) was observed in the dorsal lamellae between 30 and 60 min after infiltration. In conclusion, lidocaine infiltration of NB did not promote significant increases in the nociceptive threshold of the sole, coronary band, bulbs of the heel and dorsal lamellae clinically healthy horses. However, the occurrence of analgesia in one of the six hooves subjected to NB anesthesia indicates that the technique may not be fully specific in few horses.

The analgesic specificity of navicular bursa (NB) anesthetic infiltration is still questionable. The study aimed to determine the mechanical nociceptive threshold of non-specific analgesia in the dorsal lamellar stratum, as well as in the sole, coronary band, and heel bulbs of the hoof, after navicular bursa anesthetic infiltration. Six healthy horses with no clinical or radiographic changes of the digits and no communication between the NB and the distal interphalangeal joint, were used. After random selection, the NB of one of the forelimbs was infiltrated with 2% lidocaine and the contralateral one with lactated ringer's solution. Contrast was added to confirm radiographic infiltration. The mechanical nociceptive threshold was determined using a portable pressure dynamometer, before and at various times after the infiltration, in 10 points of the hoof. The effects of time and treatment were verified by ANOVA (P0.05) in all regions evaluated. However, in one of the six hooves that receives lidocaine, complete absence of response to the painful stimulus (maximum force of 6 Kg over an area of 38.46 mm2, for a maximum of 4 seconds) was observed in the dorsal lamellae between 30 and 60 min after infiltration. In conclusion, lidocaine infiltration of NB did not promote significant increases in the nociceptive threshold of the sole, coronary band, bulbs of the heel and dorsal lamellae clinically healthy horses. However, the occurrence of analgesia in one of the six hooves subjected to NB anesthesia indicates that the technique may not be fully specific in few horses.

Considering the hypothesis that laminitic horses display changes in the kinematics of their forelimbs and clog type orthopedic devices can be beneficial in such cases, the objectives of this study were to compare the stride pattern of healthy horses versus that of horses with chronic laminitis and to assess the kinematic effects of three types of clog shoes on the stride of laminitic horses. Six healthy and six laminitic mares were subjected to a kinematic evaluation at a walk. The horses with laminitis were evaluated before and after the use of three different models of clog type orthopedic shoes on the hooves of both their forelimbs. The treatment types that were administered were the application of no shoes, wooden shoes, leather and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) shoes, and wooden and EVA shoes. The horses with laminitis have a stride length that is reduced by 11% (P = 0.03), and in the swing phase, by 18% (P = 0.004), and the relative stance phase of each limb is prolonged by 6% (P = 0.02) when compared with the healthy group. However, values associated with the stride duration, stance phase duration, breakover duration, speed, and frequency were not significantly different among the laminitic groups. Further, no statistical differences were found in the comparison of the outcomes among the treatments administered to the horses with laminitis, except in their stride length, which was longer in the horses shod with wooden clogs when compared with in the unshod laminitic horses (P = 0.04). It was concluded that horses with stable chronic laminitis display changes in the kinematics of their forelimbs while walking. Immediate and remarkable beneficial effects were not observed with the use of all the types of orthoses; however, the wooden clog resulted in a significant improvement in the length of the stride. Further studies are needed to verify the prolonged effects of clog shoe-type ortheses in the different phases of equine laminitis.

ABSTRACT: Laminitis is a severe podal affection, which pathophysiology remains partially renowned. Ischemic, enzymatic, metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms are connected to the development of laminar lesions. However, few therapeutic measures are effective to prevent or control the severity of acute laminitis and its prodromal stage, which often determines serious complications such as rotation and/or sinking of the distal phalanx and even the loss of hoof. The purpose of this study is to compile the actual knowledge in respect to the pathophysiology and treatment of equine laminitis.

O monorquidismo é um quadro raramente descrito em equinos, que não apresenta descrições prévias na literatura nacional. Trata-se de um equino adulto brasileiro, com oito anos de idade, sem raça definida, porém com características de raças de origem nacional. Por abordagem inguinal do lado esquerdo, localizou-se a túnica vaginal intacta, que, aberta, continha a cauda de um epidídimo mal formado, o ducto deferente e um delgado pedículo vascular, mas sem indícios de testículo. Exames histológicos e hormonais confirmaram a ausência de tecido testicular. Conclui-se que os exames histológicos e hormonais são essenciais para o diagnóstico de monorquidismo que, apesar de raro, também pode acometer equinos nacionais

The objective of this study was to evidence alterations in plasma biochemistry in police urban horses, before and after work. We used 28 horses divided into two groups: GI consisting of 12 animals used in the shift from 7:30 am to 12:30 pm, and GII consisting of 16 animals used in the shift from 1:00 pm to 9:00 pm. Horses from both groups were fed 2 hours before work. Two blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each animal, before and after work. The blood glucose and phosphate levels showed differences, the glucose concentration increased in GII and phosphate concentration increased in GI and GII. The increase of the phosphate concentrations can be due to the reduction of glomerular filtration and consequent absence of urination during work. Fasting usually stimulates gluconeogenesis in order to supply the energy demand, which may be the cause of increased blood glucose levels in the horses from GII after work. These horses worked 3 h more than horses from GI, besides they began the activities with lower basal values of blood glucose. By analyzing the results of this study, we concluded that the use of horses for urban policing resulted in hyperphosphatemia and hyperglycemia.

A utilização de nanomateriais em sistemas de segurança alimentar, detecção de patógenos, proteção de ambientes, no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças, como sistema de entrega de fármacos e na bioengenharia tecidual tem contribuído para os avanços alcançados na ciência animal. Suas propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas, além de seu grande potencial de associação com outros materiais contribuem para sua aplicação em diferentes campos da medicina veterinária, por exemplo, como biomarcadores, onde as propriedades eletrônicas e ópticas possibilitam a transdução de sinais, na terapia fototérmica, devido à habilidade em converter a luz infravermelha (LIV) em calor, na engenharia tecidual, graças à resistência mecânica, flexibilidade, elasticidade e baixa densidade, além de muitas outras possíveis aplicações. O objetivo deste trabalho é informar sobre conceitos, propriedades e aplicações dos NTCs, destacando sua aplicabilidade nas áreas biomédicas, com destaque para setores da medicina veterinária que já se utilizam desse material

A avaliação científica do bem-estar tem sido importante para detectar animais não adaptados às condições de criação que lhes são impostas, situação que afeta o potencial produtivo e os coloca em maior risco de enfermidades. Com esse objetivo, foram avaliados 30 equinos da Cavalaria da Polícia Militar do Paraná, considerando-se indicadores clínicos, etológicos e hormonais. Na avaliação clínica, além da determinação do escore corporal e exame físico, verificou-se o histórico de ocorrência de cólica nos últimos doze meses. Comportamentos anormais foram pesquisados por observação etológica e a taxa do ritmo circadiano do cortisol (RCC) foi determinada por meio de duas colheitas de sangue, às 08 e às 17 horas. Apesar da significativa ocorrência de comportamentos anormais (26,7%), os achados clínicos foram normais e houve ausência de relato de cólica nos últimos 12 meses precedentes ao estudo. As médias dos resultados das análises de cortisol estiveram dentro da normalidade, nos dados absolutos e na variação do RCC, entretanto, 42% dos animais analisados apresentaram RCC alterado. Apesar da expressiva incidência de comportamentos anormais e de animais com alteração no ritmo circadiano de cortisol, sinais indicadores de estresse crônico, considerou-se que os equinos deste estudo apresentaram boas condições de bem-estar em relação àquelas relatadas por estudos nacionais prévios.

Large volumes of different electrolytes solutions are commonly used for ingesta hydration in horses with large colon impaction, but little is known about their consequences to blood acid-base balance. To evaluate the effects of PEG 3350 or enteral and parenteral electrolyte solutions on the blood gas analysis, anion gap and strong ion difference, five adult female horses were used in a 5x5 latin square design. The animals were divided in five groups and distributed to each of the following treatments: NaCl (0.9% sodium chloride solution); EES (enteral electrolyte solution), EES+LR (EES plus lactated Ringer's solution); PEG (balanced solution with PEG 3350) and PEG+LR (PEG plus lactated Ringer's solution). Treatments PEG or PEG + LR did not change or promoted minimal changes, while the EES caused a slight decrease in pH, but its association with lactated Ringer's solution induced increase in AG and SID values, as well as caused hypernatremia. In turn, the treatment NaCl generated metabolic acidosis. PEG 3350 did not alter the acid-base balance. Despite it's slight acidifying effect, the enteral electrolyte solution (EES) did not cause clinically relevant changes.

Twenty horses were submitted to carbohydrate overload (CO) and plasmatic concentrations of the bioactive amine serotonin (5-HT), putrescin (PUT) and cadaverin (CAD) were determined by gas chromatography. After 36h of carbohydrate overloading, horses were randomly distributed into four groups (n=5) and were submitted to four intravenous treatments every 12 hours. The treatments were as follows: 10ml of saline (GC), ketoprofen 2.2mg/kg (GK), phenylbutazone 4.4mg/kg (GF), and flunixin meglumine 1.1mg/kg (GFM). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals (0-72h) after the CO. After 6h, there were peaks in the concentrations of 5-HT, which rapidly returned to values above the basal standard. No variations of PUT concentrations were observed; however CAD concentrations increased at 6h, remaining elevated (with some variation) until the end of the observation period. In conclusion, CO induced early (6h) increases in plasmatic concentrations of 5-HT and CAD. Plasmatic concentrations of the amines were not changed by any of the treatments used.

O desenvolvimento de novos aparatos usando materiais disponíveis e de baixo custo pode ser uma alternativa viável para o tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas em ossos longos de bovinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência mecânica de fêmures de bovinos jovens com fratura diafiseal, imobilizados com hastes intramedulares bloqueadas, compostas por diferentes polímeros. Para tanto, testes físicos de compressão e flexão, por meio de uma máquina universal de ensaios foram realizados em quatro grupos distintos de seis fêmures obtidos de bovinos jovens. Em um dos grupos, os ossos foram mantidos íntegros (grupo controle), enquanto que os outros os ossos, foram fraturados e imobilizados com uma haste intramedular bloqueada, composta por polipropileno, poliacetal ou poliamida (uma para cada grupo). Independente do polímero utilizado, nenhuma das hastes estudadas ofereceu aos fêmures fraturados resistência comparável ao osso íntegro, quando consideradas em conjunto as forças de flexão e compressão. A concordância desses achados com resultados in vivo previamente publicados, demonstra que a metodologia utilizada para testes ex vivo pode ser útil na seleção de materiais mais resistentes para confecção de novos modelos.The development of new devices using available and low cost materials may be an useful alternative for the treatment of long bone fractures in large animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical strength of young bovine femur with diaphyseal fracture fixed with different polymeric intramedullary nails. Bending and compression tests using a universal machine were carried out in 4 distinct groups of 6 femurs from young calves. In one of the groups bones were intact while in the other three fractured bones were fixed using an intramedullary nail made of polypropylene, polyacetal or polyamide (one for each group). Considering bending and compression tests together, none of the used polymers offered strength to the fractured bones similar to the intact ones. The agreement of this findings with those from previous published in vivo results indicates that the employed ex vivo methods for mechanical assays may be useful in the search of stronger materials to be used in development of new devices.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um novo modelo de lesão no ligamento suspensório (LS). Sob anestesia geral, um punch para biópsia cutânea de 0,6cm de diâmetro foi utilizado para criar uma lesão no centro do LS de ambos os membros torácicos e pélvicos, em seis equinos. Todos os animais se recuperam da cirurgia sem nenhuma complicação importante. Realizaram-se avaliações clínicas e ultrassonográficas no período pós-operatório. Durante as primeiras duas semanas, no local da lesão, houve redução no edema de leve para discreto e da dor de discreta para ausente. As lesões foram facilmente observadas ao exame ultrassonográfico 72 horas após a cirurgia como áreas anecoicas homogêneas, representando uma média (± erro padrão) de 33,5±5% da área do LS. Não houve alteração significativa na área de lesão durante as primeiras duas semanas (P=0,77). Concluiu-se que o modelo proposto foi eficiente para promover lesões controladas e homogêneas simultaneamente nos quatro LS, sem causar desconforto importante aos equinos. Esses achados, associados à possibilidade de se avaliar previamente o LS por meio de biópsia, demonstram que esse modelo de indução de lesões ligamentosas se apresenta com um método útil, principalmente se aplicado ao estudo de terapias destinadas a melhorar o processo de reparo do LS.The aim was to study a novel model of suspensory ligament (SL) lesion. Under general anesthesia, a punch for skin biopsy (0.6cm of diameter) was used to create a circular lesion in the middle of SL simultaneously in the four members of six horses. All horses recovered without any important complication. Clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations were made during the post operative period. During the first two weeks, edema changed from mild to discreet, and pain changed from discreet to none around the surgical site. The lesions were easily observed by ultrasonography 48h after surgery as a homogenous anechoic area representing a mean (± SEM) 33.5±5% of the SL area, and did not change size during the first two weeks (P=0.77). In conclusion, the proposed model was efficient to promote controlled and homogeneous lesions in the four SL simultaneously without causing important discomfort to the horses. Taking in account these findings together with the possibility of evaluation of the ligament biopsy previously to any treatment, this method may be useful especially in studies testing therapies for tissue repair.

Apesar da expressiva evolução da ortopedia veterinária nos últimos anos, as fraturas de ossos longos em grandes animais são constante desafio para o médico-veterinário. O presente estudo é parte da proposta de desenvolvimento de um sistema de haste intramedular polimérica, de baixo custo e fácil aplicação, para uso em bovinos jovens e neonatos. Os objetivos foram avaliar, in vivo, hastes de poliacetal e poliamida para imobilização de fraturas femorais em bovinos jovens. Cinco bezerros machos foram submetidos à anestesia geral e tiveram os fêmures esquerdos fraturados e, em seguida, imobilizados, utilizando-se uma haste cilíndrica de poliacetal ou poliamida inserida no canal intramedular e bloqueada por quatro parafusos corticais de aço inoxidável, inseridos na diáfise em seu sentido lateral-medial e igualmente distribuídos distal e proximal à linha de fratura. Durante um período de 60 dias pós-cirúrgico, os animais foram avaliados por meio de exames clínicos e radiográficos. Houve fratura em quatro das cinco hastes de poliacetal implantadas pela primeira vez e em duas das quatro hastes de poliamida que foram implantadas após a quebra das de poliacetal. Todas as falhas ocorrerem nas primeiras duas semanas de imobilização. Não foram verificados quaisquer sinais de rejeição aos materiais usados. Os resultados demonstram que as hastes de poliacetal e poliamida não apresentaram resistência suficiente para, de acordo com o modelo proposto, promover imobilização precoce de fraturas de fêmur em bovinos jovens.In spite of the expressive development of veterinary orthopedics in the last years, long bone fractures in large animals remains a challenge for veterinary surgeons. This study is part of a proposal for development of a low-cost and easy-to-use polymeric interlocking nail designed to be used in newborns and young cattle. The objectives were to evaluate, in vivo, polyacetal and polyamide nails for immobilization of femoral fractures in calves. Five calves were submitted to general anesthesia and the left femur was fractured and then fixed using polyacetal or polyamide rods (nails) interlocked with four cortical screws (stainless steel) equally applied to the distal and proximal fracture line. In the postoperative period, calves were clinically assessed during 60 days by clinical and radiographic exams. Fractures occurred in four of the five polyacetal nails implanted in the first time and in two of the four polyamide nails implanted after the polyacetal nail failures. All failures occurred in the first 14 days after implantation. No rejection signs against the polymers were observed. In conclusion, polyacetal and polyamide did not have enough resistance to be used as intramedullary interlocking nails in this system designed to promote early femoral fractures immobilization in young calves.

Sob anestesia geral e com controle da pressão arterial, 12 eqüinos foram submetidos simultaneamente a modelos de isquemia venosa e distensão intraluminal em segmentos do jejuno por 2 h, seguidos de 12 h de reperfusão. Seis eqüinos foram tratados com glutamina a 2% (50mg/kg) por via intravenosa e seis com solução fisiológica em igual volume, 1 h após o início da isquemia e às 6h de reperfusão. Foram colhidas amostras de tecido intestinal antes e com 2 h de isquemia e com 2 e 12 h de reperfusão para avaliações histopatológica e ultraestrutural, mensuração da área e número das vilosidades por mm² e atividade de mieloperoxidade (MPO). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos controle e tratado. Concluiu-se que a glutamina, nas condições deste trabalho, não atenua lesões de isquemia e reperfusão intestinal em eqüinos.Under general anesthesia and arterial pressure control, twelve horses were submitted simultaneously to intraluminal distension and venous ischemia of jejune for 2 hours, followed by 12 hours of reperfusion. Six horses were treated with intravenous 2% glutamine (50mg/kg), and six others were treated with the same volume of saline solution 1h after the beginning of ischemia and 6 hours after reperfusion. Intestinal samples were collected before and after 2 hours of ischemia and after 2 and 12 hours of reperfusion, and were submitted to hystopatological analyses, ultrastructural examination, measurement of area and number of villi per mm², and to myeloperoxidases activity. No statistical differences between the groups were found. It was concluded that glutamine did not attenuate the ischemia and reperfusion lesions under the methodology used in this study.

Utilizaram-se 28 equinos divididos em dois grupos: GI constituído por 12 animais utilizados no turno de 7:30 às 12:30 e GII constituído de 16 animais utilizados no turno das 13:00 às 21:00. O objetivo foi evidenciar alterações de variáveis bioquímicas sanguíneas em equinos de policiamento urbano, antes e após o trabalho. Os animais de ambos os grupos eram alimentados 2h antes do início do trabalho. Coletaram-se duas amostras de sangue da jugular de cada animal, antes (basal) e logo após o trabalho. Após o trabalho, a glicemia e a fosfatemia apresentaram diferenças, sendo que a glicemia aumentou em GII e a fosfatemia aumentou em GI e GII. O aumento da fosfatemia pode ser devido à redução da filtração glomerular e consequente ausência de micção durante o trabalho de patrulhamento. O jejum normalmente estimula a gliconeogênese a fim de suprir a demanda energética, o que pode ter aumentado a glicemia nos animais do GII após o trabalho, pois estes trabalharam 3h a mais que os animais do GI, além de iniciarem suas atividades com valores basais menores de glicemia. Pelos resultados desse trabalho, concluiu-se que a atividade de policiamento urbano resultou em aumento nas concentrações sanguíneas de fosfato e glicose. Palavras-Chave: bioquímica; equino; fosfatemia; glicemia; patrulhamento.

O abdome agudo constitui a principal causa de óbito em eqüinos, sendo que dentre as suas etiologias são freqüentes as afecções acompanhadas de isquemia e reperfusão (IR) no intestino. A IR tem sido intensamente estudada no âmbito da gastrenterologia nas últimas décadas e a presente revisão de literatura aborda os principais aspectos da fisiopatologia e da terapêutica das lesões de IR no intestino, destacando as particularidades concernentes aos eqüinos.Acute abdomen is the major cause of mortality in horses and is frequently associated with intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR). In the last decades, the effects of IR in the gastrointestinal tract were extensively studied and this paper reviews the main aspects related to the pathophysiology and therapeutics of IR injury in the intestine, with special concern to the equine gastroenterology.

Com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade do uso da romifidina em muares e avaliar seus efeitos sedativos na espécie, utilizou-se essa droga para contenção farmacológica de burros não domados, submetidos à orquiectomia bilateral. Em uma primeira etapa, visando a verificar sua viabilidade, a romifidina foi aplicada por via intravenosa em oito animais nas doses de 0,04 e 0,08mg/kg. Já na Segunda etapa, compararam-se seus efeitos sedativos após a aplicação, por via intramuscular, das doses de 0,04, 0,08 e 0,12mg/kg, em três grupos de sete animais. Os sinais da sedação induzida pela romifidina foram semelhantes aos já descritos para eqüinos, porém, verificou-se menor intensidade, dentro das doses utilizadas. Apesar da via intravenosa ter produzido efeitos mais intensos, a via intramuscular foi a da escolha devido à facilidade e à segurança da aplicação, sendo a dose de 0,12mg/kg a que produziu melhores resultados. A romifidina foi considerada como uma opção viável para contenção de muares não domados.With the intetion to study the viability of the use and the sedative effects of the romifidine in mules, this drug was used for chemical restraint in untamed burros, that were subjected to bilateral orquiectomy. In a first fase, the viability was investigated in eight animals that were injected intravenously with 0.04 and 0.08mg/kg. In a second fase, the sedative effects were compared in three groups of seven animals that were injected with intramuscular doses of 0.04, 0.08 and 0.12mg/kg. The sedative signs of romifidine in mules were similar with that had been described for equine, however lower intensity were seen with same doses. Indeed the intravenous route produced effects more intense, the facility and safety made the intramuscular route better. By this route the 0.12mg/kg dose was the most efficient. The romifidine provided sedation which might be clinically useful in untamed mules.

Vinte equinos foram submetidos à sobrecarga de carboidratos (SC) e as variações plasmáticas das concentrações de serotonina (5-HT), putrescina (PUT) e cadaverina (CAD) foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. Após 36h da SC, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=5) e receberam, a cada 12h, por via intravenosa: solução salina 10mL (GC), cetoprofeno 2,2mg/kg (GK), fenilbutazona 4,4 mg/kg (GF) e flunixina meglumina 1,1 mg/kg (GFM). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em intervalos regulares após a SC (0 - 72h). Às 6h após a SC observou-se um pico nas concentrações de 5-HT, com rápido retorno a valores abaixo dos basais. Não foram observadas variações nas concentrações de PUT; contudo, as concentrações de CAD se elevaram às 6h, assim permanecendo (com algumas variações) até o final do experimento. Conclui-se que a SC induz aumentos precoces (6h) nas concentrações plasmáticas de 5-HT e CAD. As concentrações plasmáticas das aminas estudadas não foram alteradas por nenhum dos tratamentos empregados. PALAVRAS CHAVES: aminas vasoativas; anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais; equinos.