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Tannins can be utilized to increase rumen undegradable protein (RUP) by their capacity to form complexes with diverse nutrients present in the feed. In that regard, high-performance ruminants demand elevated RUP levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating varying levels of tannin into three protein sources (cottonseed, peanut, and soybean meals) on ruminal kinetic parameters, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. Thus, three in situ experiments were conducted to investigate the ruminal degradation kinetics, where Fraction A represents the soluble portion, Fraction B relates to the portion potentially degraded in the rumen, and kd denotes the degradation rate of Fraction B, for both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen. Additionally, the study assessed dry matter effective degradability (ED), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and intestinal digestibility (ID). These experiments utilized three cannulated animals for the in situ incubations. Regarding cottonseed meal in terms of DM degradation kinetics, tannin inclusion had a quadratic effect on fraction A (p < 0.01), B (p = 0.10, trend), kd (p = 0.03), and ED (p < 0.01). Fraction A of CP had a cubic effect (p = 0.03), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments. The inclusion of tannin linearly increased RUP (p < 0.01). The RUP proportion increased 29, 33, and 45% when 20, 40, and 60 g/kg tannin were used, respectively, compared to the control. For peanut meal, the A fraction of protein and RUP responded quadratically as tannin was included in peanut meal (p < 0.01). However, tannin levels did not affect fraction B of protein and ID. Regarding soybean meal, fractions A and B of DM and ED had cubic effects (p < 0.01), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments, and responded quadratically as tannin increased. Also, tannin inclusion had a cubic effect on fractions A and B of protein, RUP, and ID (p < 0.01). The cubic behavior showed greater B fraction and ID and lower A fraction and RUP for the control compared other treatments (p < 0.01). Tannins offer a promising avenue for elevating RUP levels in diets featuring cottonseed and peanut meals. Nevertheless, no advantages were observed when treating soybean meal with tannin.

Abstract Despite the wide range of uses of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as experimental models for pain, as well as their increasing popularity as pets, pain assessment in rabbits is understudied. This study is the first to address automated detection of acute postoperative pain in rabbits. Using a dataset of video footage of n = 28 rabbits before (no pain) and after surgery (pain), we present an AI model for pain recognition using both the facial area and the body posture and reaching accuracy of above 87%. We apply a combination of 1 sec interval sampling with the Grayscale Short-Term stacking (GrayST) to incorporate temporal information for video classification at frame level and a frame selection technique to better exploit the availability of video data.

IntroductionThree in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DFM1) and increasing levels of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (DFM2) on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters in three different dietary scenarios.MethodsFor Exp. 1, the basal diet consisted of 25:75 roughage:concentrate ratio (R:C) and was composed by 5 treatments: control (no additive), 2 levels of DFM1 (1X = 1.9 mg and 5X = 9.0 mg), and 2 levels of DFM2 (1X = 3.8 mg and 5X = 19 mg). The Exp. 2 consisted of a 41:59 R:C diet and was composed by 5 treatments: control (no additive) and 2 levels of DFM1 (1X = 3.8 mg and 5 X = 19 mg) and 2 levels of DFM2 (1X = 5.6 mg and 5X = 28 mg). The Exp. 3 consisted of a 100:0 R:C diet [Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa brizantha)] and was composed by the same treatments described in Exp. 1. The DFM1 contained 3.5 × 109 CFU per g of Enterococccus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas the DFM2 contained Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis at 3.2 × 109 CFU per g. In each Exp., an in vitro gas production (GP) system with 43-bottles (AnkomRF) was used in four consecutive 48 or 72-h fermentation batches to evaluate total GP (TGP), kinetics and fermentation profiles, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2).ResultsFor Exp 1, DFM1 increased quadratically TGP at 24 and 48-h, which reflected in a greater in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The concentrations of ammonia-N, CH4, and CO2 (mmol/g of IVOMD) reduced quadratically as DFM1 increased. For Exp. 2, DFM1 inclusion reduced butyrate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio. Regarding GHG emissions, DFM1 and DFM2 quadratically reduced CH4 and CO2 emission per IVOMD (mmol/g of IVOMD). For Exp. 3, DFM1 increased quadratically TGP at 48h with no impact on IVOMD. Otherwise, DFM2 increased linearly TGP at 24 and 48h which reflected in a greater IVOMD. The inclusion of DFM1 increased linearly iso-valerate and branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) concentration and DFM2 addition increased BCVFA quadratically.DiscussionOverall, addition of DFM1 [Enterococccus faecium (5 × 109 CFU per g) + Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5 × 109 CFU per g)] or DFM2 [Bacillus licheniformis + Bacillus subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU per g)] might enhance the fermentation process in the rumen and decrease greenhouse gas emissions in a dose-dependent manner, though the results are contingent on the specific type of diet.

Summary: Background: Birth defects are a leading cause of neonatal, infant, and childhood mortality, but recent population-based survival estimates for a spectrum in the U.S. are lacking. Methods: Using the statewide Texas Birth Defects Registry (1999–2017 births) and vital records linkage to ascertain deaths, we conducted Kaplan–Meier analyses to estimate survival probabilities at 1, 7, and 28 days, and 1, 5, and 10 years. We evaluated survival in the full cohort of infants with any major defect and for 30 specific conditions. One-year survival analyses were stratified by gestational age, birth year, and case classification. Findings: Among 246,394 live-born infants with any major defect, the estimated survival probabilities were 98.9% at 1 day, 95.0% at 1 year, and 93.9% at 10 years. Ten-year survival varied by condition, ranging from 36.9% for holoprosencephaly to 99.3% for pyloric stenosis. One-year survival was associated with increasing gestational age (e.g., increasing from 46.9% at

We aimed to validate the CMPS-SF according to COSMIN and GRADE guidelines. Four trained evaluators assessed 208 videos (pre-operative-M1, peak of pain-M2, 1 h after the peak of pain and analgesia (rescue)-M3, and 24 h post-extubation-M4) of 52 dogs, divided into negative controls (n = 10), soft tissue surgeries (n = 22), and orthopedic surgeries (n = 20). The videos were randomized and blinded as to when they were filmed, and were evaluated in two stages, 21 days apart. According to confirmatory analysis, the CMPS-SF is a unidimensional scale. Intra-observer reliability was between 0.80 and 0.99 and inter-observer reliability between 0.73 and 0.86. Criterion validity was confirmed by the correlation between the CMPS-SF and other unidimensional scales (≥0.7). The differences between the scores were M2 ≥ M3 > M4 > M1 (responsiveness), and the scale presented construct validity (higher postoperative pain scores in dogs undergoing surgery versus control). Internal consistency was 0.7 (Cronbach’s α) and 0.77 (McDonald’s ω), and the item-total correlation was between 0.3 and 0.7, except for “A(ii)—Attention to wound”. Specificity and sensitivity were 78–87% and 74–83%, respectively. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia was ≥5 or ≥4 excluding item B(iii) mobility, and the GRADE classification was high, confirming the validity of the scale.

Background: Coloboma is a rare congenital malformation in which part of the tissue that makes up the eye is missing and may cause visual impairment or blindness. Little is known about the epidemiology of this condition. Therefore, we obtained data from the Texas Birth Defects Registry on children identified with coloboma for the period 1999–2014. Methods: Using information on all live births from the same period, prevalence ratios (PRs) for selected demographic and clinical factors were used to estimate associations using Poisson regression among cases with coloboma. Coloboma cases were divided into subgroups to explore patterns of co‐occurring defects and syndromes. All variables significant in unadjusted models (p < 0.05) were included in multivariable models to evaluate adjusted PRs (aPRs). Results: We identified 1587 cases with coloboma, of whom 934 (58.8%) were nonsyndromic, and 474 (29.9%) were isolated. When considering all identified cases, factors associated with significant differences in prevalence included plurality (multiple vs. singleton aPR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8); maternal education (college or greater vs. less than high school aPR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–0.9); maternal race/ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non‐Hispanic White aPR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.8–1.0); and maternal diabetes (yes vs. no aPR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6). There was a notable increase in the birth prevalence of coloboma during the study period (p‐for‐trend < 0.001). Effect estimates were similar across the different subgroups. Conclusion: In our large population, we identified several factors associated with the prevalence of coloboma. These findings may help define subgroups of women more likely to have children affected by coloboma, which could inform improved screening efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologic studies of birth defects often conduct separate analyses for cases that have isolated defects (e.g., spina bifida only) and cases that have multiple defects (e.g., spina bifida and a congenital heart defect). However, in some instances, cases with additional defects (e.g., spina bifida and clubfoot) may be more appropriately considered as isolated because the co‐occurring defect (clubfoot) is believed to be developmentally related to the defect of interest. Determining which combinations should be considered isolated can be challenging and potentially resource intensive for registries. Thus, we developed automated classification procedures for differentiating between isolated versus multiple defects, while accounting for developmentally related defects, and applied the approach to data from the Texas Birth Defects Registry (1999–2018 deliveries). Among 235,544 nonsyndromic cases in Texas, 89% of cases were classified as having isolated defects, with proportions ranging from 25% to 92% across 43 specific defects analyzed. A large proportion of isolated cases with spina bifida (44%), lower limb reduction defects (44%), and holoprosencephaly (32%) had developmentally related defects. Overall, our findings strongly support the need to account for isolated versus multiple defects in risk factor association analyses and to account for developmentally related defects when doing so, which has implications for interpreting prior studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop risk prediction models for preterm birth among infants with orofacial clefts. Design: Data from the Texas Birth Defects Registry for infants with orofacial clefts born between 1999-2014 were used to develop preterm birth predictive models. Logistic regression was used to consider maternal and infant characteristics, and internal validation of the final model was performed using bootstrapping methods. The area under the curve (AUC) statistic was generated to assess model performance, and separate predictive models were built and validated for infants with cleft lip and cleft palate alone. Several secondary analyses were conducted among subgroups of interest. Setting: State-wide, population-based Registry data. Patients/Participants: 6774 infants with orofacial clefts born in Texas between 1999-2014. Main Outcome Measure(s): Preterm birth among infants with orofacial clefts. Results: The final predictive model performed modestly, with an optimism-corrected AUC of 0.67 among all infants with orofacial clefts. The optimism-corrected models for cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) and cleft palate alone had similar predictive capability, with AUCs of 0.66 and 0.67, respectively. Secondary analyses had similar results, but the model among infants with delivery prior to 32 weeks demonstrated higher optimism-corrected predictive capability (AUC = 0.74). Conclusions: This study provides a first step towards predicting preterm birth risk among infants with orofacial clefts. Identifying pregnancies affected by orofacial clefts at the highest risk for preterm birth may lead to new avenues for improving outcomes among these infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To collect medication error (ME) data during the perianesthetic period from small animal clinics. SAMPLE 6 small animal general practice veterinary clinics. METHODS Small animal general practice veterinary clinics were recruited in this prospective observational study, with staff given a presentation on medical errors and instructed on how to submit medication error reports to an online reporting system. Errors were classified according to type and timing. RESULTS A total of 2,728 general anesthesia or sedation procedures were performed, with 49 ME reports submitted. One duplicated report of the same error was excluded, resulting in a ME rate of 1.8%. Most reports (69% [33/48]) were near misses. The remaining 31% were MEs that reached the patient but did not cause harm. Wrong dose errors were the most common type (63% [30/48]), of which 80% (24/30) were calculation errors. Premedication/sedation and maintenance were the most reported stages, at 47% (20/43) and 23% (10/43), respectively. None of the MEs reported resulted in an adverse event, with an approximately 2:1 ratio of near-miss to no-harm MEs. The observed patterns of MEs reported, including type and timing, represent a target for further education. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results quantify the ME rate in general practice veterinary clinics, providing an initial benchmark for MEs during the perianesthetic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional strategies for grouping congenital heart defects (CHDs) using birth defect registry data do not adequately address differences in expected clinical consequences between different combinations of CHDs. We report a lesion‐specific classification system for birth defect registry–based outcome studies. Methods: For Core Cardiac Lesion Outcome Classifications (C‐CLOC) groups, common CHDs expected to have reasonable clinical homogeneity were defined. Criteria based on combinations of Centers for Disease and Control‐modified British Pediatric Association (BPA) codes were defined for each C‐CLOC group. To demonstrate proof of concept and retention of reasonable case counts within C‐CLOC groups, Texas Birth Defect Registry data (1999–2017 deliveries) were used to compare case counts and neonatal mortality between traditional vs. C‐CLOC classification approaches. Results: C‐CLOC defined 59 CHD groups among 62,262 infants with CHDs. Classifying cases into the single, mutually exclusive C‐CLOC group reflecting the highest complexity CHD present reduced case counts among lower complexity lesions (e.g., 86.5% of cases with a common atrium BPA code were reclassified to a higher complexity group for a co‐occurring CHD). As expected, C‐CLOC groups had retained larger sample sizes (i.e., representing presumably better‐powered analytic groups) compared to cases with only one CHD code and no occurring CHDs. Discussion: This new CHD classification system for investigators using birth defect registry data, C‐CLOC, is expected to balance clinical outcome homogeneity in analytic groups while maintaining sufficiently large case counts within categories, thus improving power for CHD‐specific outcome association comparisons. Future outcome studies utilizing C‐CLOC‐based classifications are planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Thaumarchaeota are abundant in the Amazon River, where they are the only ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Despite the importance of Thaumarchaeota, little is known about their physiology, mainly because few isolates are available for study. Therefore, information about Thaumarchaeota was obtained primarily from genomic studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological roles of Thaumarchaeota in the Amazon River and the Amazon River plume. Results The archaeal community of the shallow in Amazon River and its plume is dominated by Thaumarchaeota lineages from group 1.1a, which are mainly affiliated to Candidatus Nitrosotenuis uzonensis, members of order Nitrosopumilales, Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum, and Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus sp. While Thaumarchaeota sequences have decreased their relative abundance in the plume, Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus has increased. One genome was recovered from metagenomic data of the Amazon River (ThauR71 [1.05 Mpb]), and two from metagenomic data of the Amazon River plume (ThauP25 [0.94 Mpb] and ThauP41 [1.26 Mpb]). Phylogenetic analysis placed all three Amazon genome bins in Thaumarchaeota Group 1.1a. The annotation revealed that most genes are assigned to the COG subcategory coenzyme transport and metabolism. All three genomes contain genes involved in the hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate cycle, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation. However, ammonia-monooxygenase genes were detected only in ThauP41 and ThauR71. Glycoside hydrolases and auxiliary activities genes were detected only in ThauP25. Conclusions Our data indicate that Amazon River is a source of Thaumarchaeota, where these organisms are important for primary production, vitamin production, and nitrification.

Peanut meal has an excellent total protein content but also has low rumen undegradable protein (RUP). High-performance ruminants have high RUP requirements. We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing peanut meal with an autoclave and conventional and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose on its ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal digestibility (ID). The control treatment had a greater fraction A for DM and CP than peanut meals processed with an autoclave or conventional oven. The control had greater kd for CP compared with the microwave. The addition of xylose decreased fraction A, the degradation rate of fraction B (kd) and RUP, and increased the protein B fraction of autoclaved peanut meal. We observed a decrease in effective degradability (ED) and increased RUP for processed treatments in all experiments compared with the control. Processing methods did not affect the protein ID of autoclaved peanut meal compared to the control. An interaction between xylose and heating time was observed, where increasing heating time linearly reduced the ID of xylose-untreated treatments. Overall, these results suggest that the tested methods effectively increased the RUP content of peanut meal.

The ruminal kinetics of protein sources may be changed by heat and sugar treatments. Thus, these processing methods may be used as alternatives to increase beef-cattle diets’ rumen undegradable protein (RUP). We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing cottonseed meals with autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose, on the ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted, and each sample was incubated in the rumen to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate ID. The control treatment had a greater soluble fraction for DM and CP than processed cottonseed meals (p < 0.05). The addition of xylose decreased both DM and CP water-soluble fractions (fraction A) of cottonseed meal heated in a conventional oven (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, we observed a decrease in effective degradability and increased RUP for all processed methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, conventional and microwave ovens showed greater ID than the control. Moreover, xylose-treated groups heated in the autoclave and conventional ovens had greater ID than xylose-untreated cottonseed meal. Under these experimental conditions, cottonseed RUP was increased by the evaluated processing methods.

Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide but almost half of the patients have an excellent prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 98%–99%. These patients could potentially be treated with thermal ablation to avoid surgical excision, reduce treatment-related morbidity and increase patients’ quality of life without jeopardising treatment effectiveness. Previous studies showed highest complete ablation rates for radiofrequency, microwave and cryoablation. However, due to heterogeneity among studies, it is unknown which of these three techniques should be selected for a phase 3 comparative study.Methods and analysis The aim of this phase 2 screening trial is to determine the efficacy rate of radiofrequency, microwave and cryoablation with the intention to select one treatment for further testing in a phase 3 trial. Additionally, exploratory data are obtained for the phase 3 trial. The design is a multicentre open-label randomised phase 2 screening trial. Patients with unifocal, invasive breast cancer with a maximum diameter of 2 cm without lymph node or distant metastases are included. Triple negative, Bloom-Richardson grade 3 tumours and patients with an indication for neoadjuvant chemotherapy will be excluded. Included patients will be allocated to receive one of the three thermal ablation techniques. Three months later surgical excision will be performed to determine the efficacy of thermal ablation. Treatment efficacy in terms of complete ablation rate will be assessed with CK 8/18 and H&E staining. Secondary outcomes include feasibility of the techniques in an outpatient setting, accuracy of MRI for complete ablation, patient satisfaction, adverse events, side effects, cosmetic outcome, system usability and immune response.Ethics and dissemination This study protocol was approved by Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Study results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number NL9205 (www.trialregister.nl); Pre-results.

Choanal atresia and stenosis are common causes of congenital nasal obstruction, but their epidemiology is poorly understood. Compared to bilateral choanal atresia/stenosis, unilateral choanal atresia/stenosis is generally diagnosed later and might be under‐ascertained in birth defect registries. Data from the population‐based Texas Birth Defects Registry and Texas vital records, 1999–2018, were used to assess the prevalence of choanal atresia/stenosis. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate associations with infant and maternal characteristics in two analytic groups: isolated choanal atresia/stenosis (n = 286) and isolated, bilateral choanal atresia/stenosis (n = 105). The overall prevalence of choanal atresia/stenosis was 0.92/10,000, and the prevalence of isolated choanal atresia/stenosis was 0.37/10,000 livebirths. Variables associated with choanal atresia/stenosis in one or both analytic groups included infant sex, pregnancy plurality, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, and maternal residence on the Texas–Mexico border. In general, adjusted prevalence ratios estimated from the two analytic groups were in the same direction but tended to be stronger in the analyses restricted to isolated, bilateral defects. Epidemiologic studies of isolated choanal atresia/stenosis should consider focusing on cases with bilateral defects, and prioritizing analyses of environmental, social, and structural factors that could account for the association with maternal residence on the Texas–Mexico border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE Use a referral dental clinic model to study how to calculate accurate 95% upper confidence limits for probabilities of workloads (total case duration, including turnover time) exceeding allocated times. ANIMALS Dogs and cats undergoing dental treatments. METHODS Managerial data (procedure date and duration) collected over 44 consecutive operative workdays were used to calculate the daily anesthetist workload. Workloads were compared with a normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test, serial correlation was examined by runs test, and comparisons among weekdays were made using the KruskalWallis test. The 95% confidence limits for normally distributed workloads exceeding allocated times were estimated with a generalized pivotal quantity. The impact of a number of procedures was assessed with scatterplots, Pearson linear correlation coefficients, and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Mean anesthetist’s workload was normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk P = .25), without serial correlation (P = .45), and without significant differences among weekdays (P = .52). Daily workload, mean 9.39 hours and SD 3.06 hours, had 95% upper confidence limit of 4.47% for the probability that exceeding 16 hours (ie, 8 hours per each of 2 tables). There was a strong positive correlation between daily workload and the end of the workday (r = .85), significantly larger than the correlation between the end of the workday and the number of procedures (r = .64, P < .0001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE There are multiple managerial applications in veterinary anesthesia wherein the problem is to estimate risks of exceeding thresholds of workload, including the costs of hiring a locum, scheduling unplanned add-on cases, planning for late discharge of surgical patients to owners, and coordinating anesthetist breaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with several infant outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations reflect causal relationships. We conducted a study of interpregnancy change in BMI (IPC-BMI) to improve understanding of the associations between BMI and large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), and preterm birth (PTB). Methods Birth certificate data from 2481 linked sibling pairs (Texas, 2005–2012) were used to estimate IPC-BMI and evaluate its association with LGA, SGA, and PTB in the younger sibling of the pair. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using data from the full sample and within strata defined by prepregnancy BMI for the older sibling. Results On average, women gained 1.1 BMI units between pregnancies. In the full sample, interpregnancy BMI decreases were associated with reduced odds of LGA and increased odds of SGA and PTB (IPC-BMI

ABSTRACT The knowledge of physical properties of grains is important for the optimization of postharvest operations. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of moisture content over physical properties of different cultivars of soybean. Soybean of cultivars NS7901RR, TMG1180RR, P98Y70 and TMG132RR were used, with initial moisture content of 0.32, 0.27, 0.25 and 0.21 dry basis (d.b.), respectively. In order to dry the samples, an oven of forced air circulation was used. Samples were dried at temperature of 50 °C, being the drying procedure stopped when the moisture content of soybean was equal or inferior than 0.15 (d.b.). During drying, for interested moisture contents, physical properties were determined: bulk density, equivalent diameter, sphericity, circularity and surface/volume ratio. It was noticed that all physical properties analyzed presented a direct relationship with moisture content. With exception of the equivalent diameter, all the remaining physical properties increased linearly with moisture content reduction. Physical differences were observed among soybean cultivars during drying. However, variation of analyzed properties occurred in different proportions during drying for each cultivar.

O presente artigo traz uma análise enunciativa dos discursos de um grupo de professoras buscando compreender os modos como as docentes elaboram o ensino de inglês na escola pública, na relação com as prescrições dos documentos oficiais e as condições concretas de trabalho. A fundamentação teórica para a realização da análise enunciativo-discursiva apoiase em Bakhtin e Volochínov, autores que teorizam a linguagem social, dialógica e ideológica na formação discursiva do sujeito. O texto apresenta uma breve contextualização do cenário no qual se estabelece o ensino de língua inglesa nas escolas públicas, incluindo a trajetória da inserção da língua inglesa no currículo das escolas e a apresentação de documentos oficiais que amparam a oferta da disciplina. As análises realizadas apontam que os discursos dos documentos oficiais organizam o olhar das professoras para as práticas de ensino de língua inglesa na escola pública, orientam a valoração dos modos de ensinar e a apreciação do próprio trabalho em sala de aula.

This paper presents an enunciative analysis of the discourses of a group of teachers aiming to understand the ways in which the teachers elaborate the English teaching in the public school in relation to the prescriptions of the official documents and the work conditions. The theoretical basis for the enunciative-discursive analysis is based on Bakhtin and Volochínov, authors who theorize the social, dialogic and ideological language in the discursive formation of the individual. The text develops a brief contextualization of the scenary in which the teaching of English is established in public schools, including the trajectory of the insertion of the English language in the curriculum of the schools and the presentation of official documents that support the offer of the subject. The analyzes indicate that the official documents discourses organize the teachers’ view of English language teaching practices in the public school, guide the evaluation of the teaching methods and the appreciation of the work itself in the classroom.

Simple Summary: Pain in animals is assessed by behavioral alterations presented on scales. We aimed to validate the CMPS-SF according to the COSMIN and GRADE guidelines, used to assess the validity and reliability of health instruments. Four trained evaluators assessed 208 videos in four periods (pre-operative, peak of pain, 1 h after peak of pain and analgesia, and 24 h after surgery) of 52 dogs, divided into negative control (animals without pain), soft tissue surgeries, and orthopedic surgeries. The videos were evaluated in two stages, with intervals of 21 days. The CMPS-SF is a unidimensional scale with good reliability both intra-observer and between different observers, and it showed a strong correlation with other scales. Pain scores were higher after than before surgery, reduced after analgesia, and reduced even further after 24 h, which demonstrates its responsiveness. Postoperative pain scores were higher in dogs undergoing surgery versus controls. The scale is homogeneous, and there is a good interrelationship between its items. The detection values for dogs truly with and without pain were 74–83% and 78–87%, respectively. The score for indicating analgesia was ≥5 and the GRADE classification was high, confirming the validity of the scale. We aimed to validate the CMPS-SF according to COSMIN and GRADE guidelines. Four trained evaluators assessed 208 videos (pre-operative-M1, peak of pain-M2, 1 h after the peak of pain and analgesia (rescue)-M3, and 24 h post-extubation-M4) of 52 dogs, divided into negative controls (n = 10), soft tissue surgeries (n = 22), and orthopedic surgeries (n = 20). The videos were randomized and blinded as to when they were filmed, and were evaluated in two stages, 21 days apart. According to confirmatory analysis, the CMPS-SF is a unidimensional scale. Intra-observer reliability was between 0.80 and 0.99 and inter-observer reliability between 0.73 and 0.86. Criterion validity was confirmed by the correlation between the CMPS-SF and other unidimensional scales (≥0.7). The differences between the scores were M2 ≥ M3 > M4 > M1 (responsiveness), and the scale presented construct validity (higher postoperative pain scores in dogs undergoing surgery versus control). Internal consistency was 0.7 (Cronbach's α) and 0.77 (McDonald's ω), and the item-total correlation was between 0.3 and 0.7, except for "A(ii)—Attention to wound". Specificity and sensitivity were 78–87% and 74–83%, respectively. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia was ≥5 or ≥4 excluding item B(iii) mobility, and the GRADE classification was high, confirming the validity of the scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Three in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DFM1) and increasing levels of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (DFM2) on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters in three different dietary scenarios. Methods: For Exp. 1, the basal diet consisted of 25:75 roughage:concentrate ratio (R:C) and was composed by 5 treatments: control (no additive), 2 levels of DFM1 (1X = 1.9 mg and 5X = 9.0 mg), and 2 levels of DFM2 (1X = 3.8 mg and 5X = 19 mg). The Exp. 2 consisted of a 41:59 R:C diet and was composed by 5 treatments: control (no additive) and 2 levels of DFM1 (1X = 3.8 mg and 5 X = 19 mg) and 2 levels of DFM2 (1X = 5.6 mg and 5X = 28 mg). The Exp. 3 consisted of a 100:0 R:C diet [Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa brizantha)] and was composed by the same treatments described in Exp. 1. The DFM1 contained 3.5 × 109 CFU per g of Enterococccus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas the DFM2 contained Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis at 3.2 × 109 CFU per g. In each Exp., an in vitro gas production (GP) system with 43-bottles (AnkomRF) was used in four consecutive 48 or 72-h fermentation batches to evaluate total GP (TGP), kinetics and fermentation profiles, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Results: For Exp 1, DFM1 increased quadratically TGP at 24 and 48-h, which reflected in a greater in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The concentrations of ammonia-N, CH4, and CO2 (mmol/g of IVOMD) reduced quadratically as DFM1 increased. For Exp. 2, DFM1 inclusion reduced butyrate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio. Regarding GHG emissions, DFM1 and DFM2 quadratically reduced CH4 and CO2 emission per IVOMD (mmol/g of IVOMD). For Exp. 3, DFM1 increased quadratically TGP at 48h with no impact on IVOMD. Otherwise, DFM2 increased linearly TGP at 24 and 48h which reflected in a greater IVOMD. The inclusion of DFM1 increased linearly iso-valerate and branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) concentration and DFM2 addition increased BCVFA quadratically. Discussion: Overall, addition of DFM1 [Enterococccus faecium (5 × 109 CFU per g) + Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5 × 109 CFU per g)] or DFM2 [Bacillus licheniformis + Bacillus subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU per g)] might enhance the fermentation process in the rumen and decrease greenhouse gas emissions in a dose-dependent manner, though the results are contingent on the specific type of diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In English classes, especially in language schools that follow the principles of the communicative approach of teaching foreign languages, it is desirable that students exercise their oral skills in the target language productively. This goal is sought by the teachers and guides their speech during the lessons. In this paper, we analyze the role of the teacher in the students’ oral participation during English as second language classes. We present the results of an enunciativediscursive analysis of the discursive dynamics – between students of intermediate level of English and their teacher – based on Bakhtin’s theory of language. The data analysis indicates that the teacher plays a key-mediating role in the process of students’ oral production, her participation and collaboration helps students to build their speech and when she does not provide the space for the students’ dialogues, these do not happen. We inferred from the analysis that when the teacher engages herself in a dialog with the students, listens to their answers and replies to them, she can promote qualitative changes in the discourse of the students during the lessons, who participate giving their opinions and narrating events.Keywords: student’s enunciation in English, teacher’s role, discursive analysis.

Abstract Background We examined the association between the maternal genotype for celiac disease‐associated variants and risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). Methods We conducted a case–control study, using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We evaluated 667 cases (women with an offspring with NTD) and 743 controls (women with an offspring without a birth defect). We classified women as having low, intermediate, or high risk of celiac disease based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between HLA celiac risk group (low, intermediate, high) and risk of NTDs. Fifteen non‐HLA variants (identified from genome‐wide association studies of celiac disease) were individually evaluated and modeled additively. Results There was no association between HLA celiac risk group and NTDs (intermediate vs. low risk: aOR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8–1.3; high vs. low risk: aOR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5–1.3). Of the fifteen non‐HLA variants, we observed five significant associations after accounting for multiple comparisons. Three negative associations were observed with rs10903122, rs13314993, rs13151961 (aOR range: 0.69–0.81), and two positive associations were observed with rs13003464 and rs11221332 (aOR range: 1.27–1.73). Conclusion If confirmed, our results suggest that the maternal variants related to celiac disease may be involved in the risk of NTDs.

Tannins can be utilized to increase rumen undegradable protein (RUP) by their capacity to form complexes with diverse nutrients present in the feed. In that regard, high-performance ruminants demand elevated RUP levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating varying levels of tannin into three protein sources (cottonseed, peanut, and soybean meals) on ruminal kinetic parameters, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal digestibility. Thus, three in situ experiments were conducted to investigate the ruminal degradation kinetics, where Fraction A represents the soluble portion, Fraction B relates to the portion potentially degraded in the rumen, and kd denotes the degradation rate of Fraction B, for both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen. Additionally, the study assessed dry matter effective degradability (ED), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and intestinal digestibility (ID). These experiments utilized three cannulated animals for the in situ incubations. Regarding cottonseed meal in terms of DM degradation kinetics, tannin inclusion had a quadratic effect on fraction A (p < 0.01), B (p = 0.10, trend), kd (p = 0.03), and ED (p < 0.01). Fraction A of CP had a cubic effect (p = 0.03), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments. The inclusion of tannin linearly increased RUP (p < 0.01). The RUP proportion increased 29, 33, and 45% when 20, 40, and 60 g/kg tannin were used, respectively, compared to the control. For peanut meal, the A fraction of protein and RUP responded quadratically as tannin was included in peanut meal (p < 0.01). However, tannin levels did not affect fraction B of protein and ID. Regarding soybean meal, fractions A and B of DM and ED had cubic effects (p < 0.01), being greater for the control compared with the other treatments, and responded quadratically as tannin increased. Also, tannin inclusion had a cubic effect on fractions A and B of protein, RUP, and ID (p < 0.01). The cubic behavior showed greater B fraction and ID and lower A fraction and RUP for the control compared other treatments (p < 0.01). Tannins offer a promising avenue for elevating RUP levels in diets featuring cottonseed and peanut meals. Nevertheless, no advantages were observed when treating soybean meal with tannin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the differences between Book Value and Market Value of Indonesian Company listed in JSE focuses on banking industry which sample total 11 banks. The date was collected from financial reports of those banks published in the Indonesian Capital Market Directory of 1998-2002. The objective of the study was to test the differences between book value and market value of banks’ shares using Tobin Q-Ratio model. Then, micro aspects are represented by EPS, LDR and ETA and macro aspects are represented by inflation and interest rate were examined how much those variables influence book value and market value. The study found that there was a difference between book value and market value. Average Q-Ratio Indonesian banking industry during 1999-2002 respectively was 1.72, 1.27, 0.92, 1.10 and 1.25. The highest and the lowest Q ratio during 4 years in average was achieved by PT Bank CIC International Tbk 4,14 and PT Bank Pan Indonesia Tbk 0.27 respectively. Then, the correlation between independent and dependent variables using SPSS version 10 has been tested and found that micro aspect only influences 45.8% to book value and 61.7% to market value. EPS has more significant role in influencing book value and market value. Macro aspect has a minimum role in influencing. The limitation of this study is due to limitation of sample, period and ratio tested. Future research could be done in having more sample periods and ratios.

Em sala de aula de língua inglesa, principalmente em escolas de idiomas que se fundamentam em princípios da abordagem comunicativa de ensino de língua estrangeira, almeja-se o engajamento discursivo do aluno e dele é esperado que exerça a habilidade oral na língua em estudo. Esse objetivo dirige o encaminhamento do discurso do professor durante as aulas. Neste texto, analisamos o papel do professor na tomada da palavra pelo aluno em sala de aula de língua inglesa, em uma escola de idiomas. Apresentamos os resultados de uma análise enunciativo-discursiva das interlocuções entre os sujeitos – alunos de uma turma do estágio intermediário e sua professora – fundamentada na teoria enunciativa da linguagem de Bakhtin. As análises mostram que a professora tem papel mediador fundamental no processo da tomada da palavra pelo aluno em inglês; com a sua participação e colaboração, os diálogos vão sendo construídos em sala de aula e quando o espaço para as interlocuções dos alunos não é por ela propiciado, essas não acontecem. Depreendemos das análises que a postura discursiva assumida pela professora, quando toma parte no diálogo, devolve a palavra ao seu interlocutor e colabora com a construção dos enunciados em sala de aula, pode promover mudanças qualitativas nos discursos dos alunos, que tomam a palavra para opinar, elaborar e narrar. Palavras-chave: enunciação em língua inglesa, mediação do professor, análise enunciativa.