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Weeds are considered one of the most serious problems limiting global agricultural production. As a result, chemical herbicides have been extensively used for weed control. However, overuse of synthetic herbicides, has resulted in public concerns over the effect of herbicides on the health of the ecosystems and humans. In the food system, innovative approaches are needed to foster sustainable practices that preserve biodiversity, conserve habitats, and mitigate climate change factors. Thus, alternatives are required to control the weeds. This study aimed to determine the impact of some wild plants’ (Citrullus colocynthis, Euphorbia retusa, Retama raetam, Artemisia monosperma, Tamarix gallica, and Artemisia judaica) allelopathic potentials (at rates of 0, 15, 25, 35, and 50 g/L) on seed germination of selected local weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chloris barbata) collected from different locations in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia. GC-MS analysis was used to evaluated the main compounds in the wild plants under study. The experimental design was completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. According to the results, phytochemical screening of the wild plants using GC-MS analysis showed a wide range of phytochemicals. Amaranthus retroflexus exhibited the highest germination rate in the control group. In addition, applying 5 g/L and 20 g/L of Citrullus colocynthis extracts had no discernible effect on the rate of germination of A. retroflexus seed; however, they were able to reduce the germination rate as compared to the control. As the extract concentration of Artemisia monosperma rose to 20 g/L, the germination rate of A. retroflexus dropped. Neither 35 g L-1 nor 50 g L-1 of A. monosperma extract inhibited the germinate of A. retroflexus. The germination rate of Portulaca oleracea decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis. The extract of C. colocynthis at 50 g/L had the lowest rate. The germination rate of Chloris barbata decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis. The highest germination rate of C. barbata was observed in control, followed by 5g/L, while no germination was observed at 20, 35, and 50 g/L of C. colocynthis extracts. A. retroflexus’s root length shrank when the extract concentration of C. colocynthis rose. A. retroflexus’s control sample had the most extended root length, followed by 5 and 20 g/L, respectively. C. colocynthis at 35 and 50 g/L showed no root elongation as this treatment inhibited radicle protrusion. High concentration of d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose and pentane in C. colocynthis aqueous extract may be the cause of C. colocynthis’ ability to inhibit Chloris barbata germination. The entire C. barbata plant length decreased when treated with 5 g/L of C. colocynthis extract. No growth was seen at any of the higher C. colocynthis concentrations (20, 35, and 50 g/L). The present work revealed that cultivating allelopathic crops like the selected studied wild plants from the Tabuk region has a promising future as an antagonistic species in a biological weed control program or combined with integrated weed management in agricultural food production.

Hamza A Alsayouf,1 Haitham Talo,1 Marisa L Biddappa,1 Mohammad Qasaymeh,2 Shadi Qasem,3 Emily De Los Reyes4 1Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2Pediatric Neurology, Dent Neurological Institute, Amherst, NY, USA; 3Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; 4Pediatric Neurology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USACorrespondence: Hamza A AlsayoufKids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesTel +97 145570326Email leeamra1000@gmail.comPurpose: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder with high heterogeneity and no clear common cause. Several drugs, in particular risperidone and aripiprazole, are used to treat comorbid challenging behaviors in children with ASD. Treatment with risperidone and aripiprazole is currently recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA for children aged 5 and 6 years and older, respectively. Here, we investigated the use of these medications in younger patients aged 4 years and older.Patients and Methods: This retrospective case series included 18 children (mean age, 5.7 years) with ASD treated at the Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center in Dubai. These patients began treatment with risperidone or aripiprazole at the age of 4 years and older, and all patients presented with comorbid challenging behaviors that warranted pharmacological intervention with either risperidone or aripiprazole.Results: All 18 children showed objective improvement in their ASD core signs and symptoms. Significant improvement was observed in 44% of the cases, and complete resolution (minimal-to-no-symptoms) was observed in 56% of the cases as per the Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2-Standard Test (CARS2-ST) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the chronic administration of antipsychotic medications with or without ADHD medications is well tolerated and efficacious in the treatment of ASD core and comorbid symptoms in younger children when combined with standard supportive therapies. This is the first report to suggest a treatment approach that may completely resolve the core signs and symptoms of ASD. While the reported outcomes indicate significant improvement to complete resolution of ASD, pharmacological intervention should continue to be considered as part of a multi-component intervention in combination with standard supportive therapies. Furthermore, the findings support the critical need for double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to validate the outcomes.Keywords: risperidone, aripiprazole, antipsychotic, comorbid challenging behaviors

Weeds are considered one of the most serious problems limiting global agricultural production. As a result, chemical herbicides have been extensively used for weed control. However, overuse of synthetic herbicides, has resulted in public concerns over the effect of herbicides on the health of the ecosystems and humans. In the food system, innovative approaches are needed to foster sustainable practices that preserve biodiversity, conserve habitats, and mitigate climate change factors. Thus, alternatives are required to control the weeds. This study aimed to determine the impact of some wild plants’ (Citrullus colocynthis, Euphorbia retusa, Retama raetam, Artemisia monosperma, Tamarix gallica, and Artemisia judaica) allelopathic potentials (at rates of 0, 15, 25, 35, and 50 g/L) on seed germination of selected local weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chloris barbata) collected from different locations in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia. GC-MS analysis was used to evaluated the main compounds in the wild plants under study. The experimental design was completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. According to the results, phytochemical screening of the wild plants using GC-MS analysis showed a wide range of phytochemicals. Amaranthus retroflexus exhibited the highest germination rate in the control group. In addition, applying 5 g/ L and 20 g/L of Citrullus colocynthis extracts had no discernible effect on the rate of germination of A. retroflexus seed; however, they were able to reduce the germination rate as compared to the control. As the extract concentration of Artemisia monosperma rose to 20 g/L, the germination rate of A. retroflexus dropped. Neither 35 g L-1 nor 50 g L-1 of A. monosperma extract inhibited the germinate of A. retroflexus. The germination rate of Portulaca oleracea decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis. The extract of C. colocynthis at 50 g/L had the lowest rate. The germination rate of Chloris barbata decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis. The highest germination rate of C. barbata was observed in control, followed by 5g/L, while no germination was observed at 20, 35, and 50 g/L of C. colocynthis extracts. A. retroflexus’s root length shrank when the extract concentration of C. colocynthis rose. A. retroflexus’s control sample had the most extended root length, followed by 5 and 20 g/L, respectively. C. colocynthis at 35 and 50 g/L showed no root elongation as this treatment inhibited radicle protrusion. High concentration of d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose and pentane in C. colocynthis aqueous extract may be the cause of C. colocynthis’ ability to inhibit Chloris barbata germination. The entire C. barbata plant length decreased when treated with 5 g/L of C. colocynthis extract. No growth was seen at any of the higher C. colocynthis concentrations (20, 35, and 50 g/L). The present work revealed that cultivating allelopathic crops like the selected studied wild plants from the Tabuk region has a promising future as an antagonistic species in a biological weed control program or combined with integrated weed management in agricultural food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver, and hepatitis B is a common and dangerous liver disease caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) of the DNA hepadnavirus family. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) considered hepatitis B infection a major health problem worldwide. One way of transmitting this disease is a transmission from a carrier mother to a child. This study aimed to investigate the presence of HBV surface antigen in pregnant women referred to Kasra Al-Aini Hospital in Cairo. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was performed on pregnant women. One thousand pregnant women were selected with their consent to participate in this study, and after preparing a blood sample, an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay kit, used for Hepatitis B Virus surface antigen detection, a questionnaire containing questions about socio-individual characteristics. Among 1000 samples, 13 samples were equal to 1.3% had HBsAg positive. No significant relationship was found between the prevalence of HBs Ag in the city and rural location, education, occupation, age, and history of abortion in pregnant women. History of dialysis in pregnant women, tattooing, and type of job of the pregnant woman was not considered risk factors. However, injection drug users, history of previous surgery, and blood transfusion can be considered suspicious factors (P=0.05). The prevalence of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women in Cairo was 1.3, which is lower than the study statistics in most parts of the world. However, to evaluate this amount more accurately, there is a need to conduct a study with a higher sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Feedback from placement supervisors has shown that podiatry students are often overwhelmed and lack confidence when placed in complex clinical environments such as high risk foot clinics. Existing literature suggests that student anxiety on placement can reduce the value of learning attained. It is therefore logical that observation-only placement, in the earlier phases of learning, may assist with bridging the gap between theoretical learning and practical application. Currently, limited exists evidence to support this supposition. Methods and materials 3rd year podiatry students attended a half-day observation at a high risk foot clinic and subsequently completed an online survey following the placement to evaluate their experience. This evaluation was consistent with Levels I/II of Kirkpatrick's four levels of analysis, examining the degree to which participants found the placement relevant to their learning (Level I), and acquired the intended knowledge,and confidence (Level II). Results 88% of students agreed that they felt more confident in their clinical abilities, and 94% of students agreed that their understanding of podiatrists' scope of practice was improved following the observational placement. Conclusions Inclusion of observational placements within the pre-clinical phase of allied health degrees should be considered as they improve student confidence and can be helpful in consolidation of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legitimate defense is a justifiable and e xcusable factor. T h e basis fo r allo wing mu rder as a le gitimate defense can be found in the theory of human dignity and the symmetry of the right to life / the de nial of the right to life; According to this theory, Scottish law is based on stricter rules than Iranian law regar ding the admission of another murder i n the capacity of self - defense. Adopting a strong retreat rule, acc epting the defendant's only conventi onal mistake in dealing with the attack is necessary t o repel it. T he illegitimacy of murder in the def ense of property, the monopolization of the license to commit rape by a victi m of rape, and its non - extension to other sexual offenses are among t h e hallmarks of S cotland's strict approach. In contrast, the Iranian criminal legislature, by improperly removing the c ondition of appropriateness and using alternative but vague terms by observing the defense steps, adheres to other criteria of defense legitimacy, such as the current or imminent encroachment, the need for one-sided defense and the excessive defense order. Has specified. This is despite the fact that in current Scottish law, or the imminent encroachment, along with some other criteria, is considered an element of necessity in legitimate defense. Despite Scotland's stricter approach to determining the territory of self-defense, the rules of self-defense in Iranian and Scottish law lack the necessary comprehensiveness.

In the Information age, those societies will move in the path of growth and continuous development that their cycle of knowledge and innovation have boom and greater durability. In the meantime, universities and centers of higher education, as main site of generating knowledge, play an important role in growth and development of a country; though, it’s essential to study and pathology the system of generating knowledge in university and the quality of its researches continuously to be protected from probable harm. Theses are one of the most important sources of generating science in universities, if the process of compilation and evaluation goes right, we can be hopeful about universities generating science. However, this process take place in a team includes: student, supervisor professor, advisor professor, and referee professor, in some cases we see social loafing phenomena occurring in this group, so researchers put their purpose on identifying critical factors affecting social loafing and apply Exploratory mixed methods study and Qualitative content analysis in qualitative section, use survey method and structural equation modeling in quantitative section to identify effective factors on social loafing. After achieving theoretical adequacy in interviewing experts and accomplishing Qualitative content analysis for interviews, proceed to distribute the questionnaire with survey method and grouping 14 effective factors on social loafing in compiling theses of Social Science in tow category : team based (including members of the profound lack of interest, time limit of Members, inappropriate subject matter related to the lack of expertise of teachers, lack of communication within the team, conservative members, number of members, their perceptions errors) and meta-team-based factors (such as lack of teamwork in the country, the University’s policies, procedures thesis distribution, optimal lack of supervision, lack of resources provided by the university research, materialistic approach to science and unscientific behavior) have achieved.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الغضب حالة وسمة عند طلبة جامعة اليرموك، وإلى التعرف على المتغيرات ذات العلاقة بالغضب حالة وسمة.تم تطبيق أدوات الدراسة على عينة مكونة من (1016) طالباً وطالبة من طلبة جامعة اليرموك.وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن الغضب كان سمة عند طلبة الجامعة، كما أوضحت النتائج وجود علاقة ارتباطية قوية بين الغضب حالة والغضب سمة حيث بلغ معامل الارتباط فيها (0.69)، كما أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن متغيرات الدراسة المستقلة لم تكن جميعها ذات علاقة بالغضب حالة وبالغضب سمة، حيث اتضح أن متغير عادة التدخين ومتغير الحالة الصحية ومتغير المعدل التراكمي هي المتغيرات التي فسرت معظم التباين في الغضب حالة والغضب سمة، حيث فسرت جميعها (3.6%) هو من التباين في الغضب حالة، فقد فسر متغير عادة التدخين (1.6%) من التباين، وفسر متغير الحالة الصحية (1.2%) من التباين، في حين فسر متغير المعدل التراكمي (0.70%) من التباين. بينما فسرت (3.8%) من التباين في الغضب سمة، فقد فسر متغير عادة التدخين (1.7%) من التباين، وفسر متغير الحالة الصحية (1.2%) من التباين، في حين فسر متغير المعدل التراكمي (0.90%) من التباين.واستنادا إلى النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة تم اقتراح بعض التوصيات منها ضرورة إقامة المحاضرات والندوات واللقاءات التي نتناول موضوعات تتعلق بمشكلة الغضب عند الطلاب وأساليب التعامل معها.

Inhibition of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism during gestation can lead to changes in synaptic transmission, neuronal morphology and plasticity in the rat hippocampus. This suggests a role for the kynurenine pathway in early brain development, probably caused by kynurenine modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors which are activated by the tryptophan metabolite quinolinic acid and blocked by kynurenic acid. We have now examined samples of neocortex and cerebellum of adult animals to assess the effects of a prenatally administered kynurenine-3-monoxygenase inhibitor (Ro61-8048) on protein and mRNA expression, dendritic structure and immuno-histochemistry. No changes were seen in mRNA expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Changes were detected in the expression of several proteins including the GluN2A subunit, unco-ordinated-5H3 (unc5H3), doublecortin, cyclo-oxygenase, sonic hedgehog and Disrupted in schizophrenia-1 (DISC1), although no differences in immunoreactive cell numbers were observed. In the midbrain, dependence receptor expression was also changed. The numbers and lengths of individual dendritic regions were not changed but there were significant increases in the overall complexity values of apical and basal dendritic trees. The data support the hypothesis that constitutive kynurenine metabolism plays a critical role in early, embryonic brain development, although fewer effects are produced in the neocortex and cerebellum than in the hippocampus and the nature of the changes seen are qualitatively different. The significant changes in DISC1 and unc5H3 may be relevant to cerebellar dysfunction and schizophrenia respectively, in which these proteins have been previously implicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]