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By the spread of coronavirus disease 2019, the first option of most consumers for shopping is being e-marketplaces. As a result, under such a situation, e-marketplaces face intense competition. Accordingly, adopting an effective strategy for gaining more market share is significant for them. In the context of electronic marketplace literature, the dynamic effects of the parallel selling channels have not been examined on the profitability and reputation of the e-marketplace. In this study, an electronic marketplace is considered in which the products are sold through the parallel selling channels. In the parallel selling channels, local sellers deliver the consumers' orders very fast and a price discount is offered by the hypermarket. The dynamic effects of the price discount and delivery lead time decisions are calculated by the dynamic game theory. Furthermore, the evolution of the electronic marketplace reputation is calculated over time. The problem is formulated in decentralized and centralized structures. Then, a combination of coordination contracts is proposed under the coordination system. The data of a case study is applied to evaluate the developed model. The results illustrate that to better manage the market share of the e-marketplace, managers can consider the simultaneous dynamic effects of the price discount and delivery time decisions. Further, determining the decisions over time leads to improve the electronic marketplace reputation over time. In addition, the electronic marketplace manager can influence the service level by the commission fees. Moreover, the coordination contract effectively improves the e-marketplace and sellers performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although prior research suggests that a bonus pack is perceived as a pure gain and is thus preferred by consumers over a price discount which is perceived as a reduction in loss, the empirical evidence in the literature is mixed about whether consumers prefer price discounts or bonus packs. This research investigates how consumers' regulatory orientation influences their preferences for these two promotional tactics. The authors proposes that prevention‐oriented consumers prefer a price discount over a bonus pack, but promotion‐oriented consumers prefer a bonus pack over a price discount. This effect is due to the regulatory fit between the promotional tactic and consumers' regulatory orientation. A price discount aligns with a prevention orientation to minimize losses, while a bonus pack aligns with a promotion orientation to maximize gains. Furthermore, the authors propose that this regulatory fit effect on preferences is sequentially mediated by the experience of feeling right and perceived value of the promotional tactics. Four studies using different products and different operationalizations of regulatory orientation in both field and online settings provide converging and robust evidence for the proposed effect and underlying mechanism. Finally, the authors show that the proposed effect is attenuated when consumers' level of involvement increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the transition of the pandemic status in Indonesia to an endemic stage, consumer shopping behaviors have been affected, although online shopping remains predominant. Studies indicate that online shopping can help improve mood during challenging times like these. Harbolnas is a special moment for consumers who enjoy shopping, as every e-commerce platform offers discounts and a variety of attractive promotions. The abundance of promotions subsequently leads to impulsive buying behavior. The purpose of this study is to understand consumer perceptions of hedonic shopping motivations, price discounts, and impulsive purchases among Generation Z consumers during Harbolnas in Bandung, as well as their impacts. This research is descriptiveverificative in nature. The unit of analysis comprises several e-commerce platforms (Tokopedia, Shopee, Bukalapak, Lazada, and Blibli). The observation unit is Generation Z consumers in Bandung who enjoy online shopping. The minimum sample size is 100 individuals. Data collection techniques include questionnaires and interviews, while the sampling technique employed is purposive sampling. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regression. Hypothesis testing indicates that hedonic shopping motivations and price discounts significantly influence impulsive buying behavior among Generation Z consumers in Bandung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the determinants that impact Generation Z's impulsive purchasing of fashion products. Implementing Stimulus Organism Responses (SOR), the research model is structured as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). External stimuli include Price Discounts and Store Environment, with Shopping Enjoyment mediating between Hedonic Shopping Motivation and these two factors. In total, 444 students between the ages of 18 and 22 participated. Form questionnaires were distributed to 30 WhatsApp group classes to collect the data. Hedonic shopping motivation, price discount, and store environment contribute to an enjoyable shopping experience, stimulating impulsive purchasing. The determinant influencing impulsive purchasing is the store atmosphere. Impulse buying behavior is carried out using the stimulus organism response (SOR) theory approach. One of the stimuli used in the research model, the online store atmosphere, is still not widely studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time, price, and servicing are three important factors which affect the demand for any product. In a multi-period inventory model, different pricing in different periods may have a positive impact on demand. Offering discounts to customers during a shortage period is an efficient way to reduce lost sales. To address all these issues, a multi-period inventory model is developed and analyzed in this paper to obtain optimal pricing and replenishment periods where the market demand depends on price, time and service level provided by the retailer. The time horizon is fixed; the replenishment cycles are of equal length, but the shortage period may vary in different cycles. The retailer is allowed to charge different prices in different periods and provide discounts if someone places demand during a shortage period. Learning effects in holding and ordering costs are considered. Under a dynamic pricing framework, this study examines service improvement through learning and price discounts during shortages as an incentive for customers. It demonstrates that discounting indeed helps to produce more revenue when the back-order rate is low, and the service level is critical in generating demand when the stock-out period is lengthy, revealing a critical relationship between shortage periods and service level. A numerical experiment is performed to investigate the optimal policy in different situations and obtain some managerial insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Research Journal of Business Studies is the property of Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Online retailers offer free shipping services, such as threshold free shipping (TFS) and membership free shipping (MFS), to promote sales and provide a better shopping experience to consumers in online retailing. Although MFS attracts more member-consumers, it encourages consumers to place more small orders than TFS, which significantly increases the operational costs of the online retailer. To address this issue, we propose two price discount policies under the MFS service, namely the limited-time discount and the threshold discount. Then, we build analytical models under these two policies to explore the impacts of offering price discounts on the retailer's profit and consumers' welfare. We find that no matter which discount policy is adopted, consumers are more likely to consolidate several small orders from different time periods into a big one to obtain the discount. The economies of scale generated by consumers consolidating their orders under these discount policies can help reduce online retailers' operational costs. Therefore, regardless of any discount policy offered by the online retailer under the MFS service, consumers will place more big orders and more member-consumers are attracted, i.e., the online retailer can have its cake and eat it too. Our research findings provide decision-making insights for practitioners who offer free shipping services and price discounts to consumers in online retailing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Showrooming presents a complex and evolving challenge to retail managers, as it signifies the emergence of new forms of exchange rules. The purpose of this research is to investigate how factors responsible for information search and evaluation affect showrooming and also consider the consumer mindset as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach: This research undertakes three experimental designs to investigate how the push (i.e. assortment size), pull (i.e. price discount), and mooring (i.e. sunk cost) factors influence consumers' showrooming intention. Specifically, consumers' maximizing tendency plays the role of moderator. Findings: The results reveal that push, pull, and mooring factors are significantly related to consumers' showrooming intention. Furthermore, the findings show that maximizers have higher showrooming intention than satisficers in the context of the push, pull, and mooring factors. Originality/value: By integrating the push-pull-mooring framework and the maximizing mindset theory, this research proposes a novel research model and the empirical testing results support six hypotheses. The findings add to the body of knowledge in showrooming behavior by taking consumer mindset into account. The results also provide implications for practitioners to develop their retail strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online retailers offer free shipping services, such as threshold free shipping (TFS) and membership free shipping (MFS), to promote sales and provide a better shopping experience to consumers in online retailing. Although MFS attracts more member-consumers, it encourages consumers to place more small orders than TFS, which significantly increases the operational costs of the online retailer. To address this issue, we propose two price discount policies under the MFS service, namely the limited-time discount and the threshold discount. Then, we build analytical models under these two policies to explore the impacts of offering price discounts on the retailer’s profit and consumers’ welfare. We find that no matter which discount policy is adopted, consumers are more likely to consolidate several small orders from different time periods into a big one to obtain the discount. The economies of scale generated by consumers consolidating their orders under these discount policies can help reduce online retailers’ operational costs. Therefore, regardless of any discount policy offered by the online retailer under the MFS service, consumers will place more big orders and more member-consumers are attracted, i.e., the online retailer can have its cake and eat it too. Our research findings provide decision-making insights for practitioners who offer free shipping services and price discounts to consumers in online retailing.

Sales promotion is widely recognized as a highly effective marketing tool for communicating with potential customers and influencing their purchase behavior. The utilization of sales promotions has experienced a surge in popularity over the past few decades. Marketing firms, regardless of their size, depend on sales promotion not only to boost sales volume but also to enhance their market share. In a highly competitive environment, sales promotion is widely recognized as an effective strategy for attracting clients. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the impact of promotional tools on consumer purchase decisions. This study examines the impact of several promotional strategies, namely price discounts, coupons, free samples, and the buy one, get one free offer, on consumer buying behavior. The study participants were individuals residing in the Chittagong region and were chosen as representative samples. The study used a quantitative research methodology and collected data using a survey research technique employing a standardized questionnaire. A total of 206 participants were chosen for the study and standardized questionnaires were developed. The partial least squares (PLS) approach, a statistical technique used in structural equation modeling (SEM), was applied to analyze the collected data. These findings indicate that the instrument exhibits high reliability when assessing structural aspects. The findings of this study further corroborate the postulated associations outlined in the theoretical framework. This study holds great significance as its main conclusions have the potential to aid marketers in selecting optimal promotional strategies to effectively influence consumer behavior, drive sales, reduce expenses, enhance market presence, and optimize financial gains. In addition, this could enhance marketers' competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: What are the cumulative influences of pricing, promotions of commodities, order size-based discount opportunities, and alternative warehousing scenarios on effective decision-making concerning inventory management? It is observed that the prices and promotion of products influence the demand rate. The shortage can be partially backlogged, and the backlogging rate depends on the waiting time. Also, discount and trade credit facilities may be available when purchasing items. This paper describes a novel inventory control model regarding optimal warehousing decision-making scenarios. Methods: This paper includes the facts in its hypothesis and examines the overall impact of the mentioned issues on profitability. The inventory carrying scheme associated with the proposed model consists of both rented and owned warehouse facilities in which the cost increases linearly with time. The numerical and visual simulation succeeds the mathematical approach to analyze the proposed inventory model in Mathematica software. Results: The results show that a price hike enhances profit despite the negative impact on demand creation. Also, promotion frequency favors profitability, suppressing the corresponding costs. Another managerial intuition is revealed through the numerical result that the stock should be held in a rented warehouse when deterioration in the owned warehouse increases, despite the cost of a rented warehouse. Conclusions: Besides several mentioned management insights, this study includes several existing models as particular cases and tackles challenges in the analytical optimization approach. This study leads toward the consequences of future research scopes with industry-based raw data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of cooperation between brands and manufacturers, this paper constructs a hybrid channel supply chain with brands as the dominant players in the game, considering the different market structure factors of traditional and direct sales channels and introducing channel transfer coefficients and loyal consumers. Based on this model, we compare the optimal solutions of each variable and optimal returns under different decisions and study the wholesale price discount model and revenue compensation coordination mechanism for the hybrid channel. The effectiveness of the coordination mechanism is verified through numerical analysis of the wholesale price discount rate and the revenue compensation coefficient. Moreover, the effect of the parameters on the supply chain's profitability before and after coordination is also analyzed. The study shows that the smaller the channel transfer coefficient and the larger the demand of loyal consumers is, the more beneficial the increase in the supply chain system's profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to evaluate the influence of E-WOM and Price Discount on Impulse Buying among e-commerce users in Pekanbaru, with a focus on students in Pekanbaru. The research sample includes 140 respondents actively engaged in impulsive buying behavior. The data analysis method employed is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the assistance of Smart PLS version 3. The research findings indicate that E-WOM does not have a significant impact on Impulse Buying by e-commerce users in Pekanbaru. However, Price Discount has a positive and significant influence on Impulse Buying among e-commerce users in Pekanbaru. Furthermore, based on the determination test, it can be concluded that concurrently, both E-WOM and Price Discount affect Impulse Buying among e-commerce users in Pekanbaru.

This study aims to identify and prove the effect of in-store displays, product quality, and price discounts on impulse buying decisions at the Indah Embroidery store in Sidoarjo. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach, with a sample of 100 respondents, namely consumers at the Indah Embroidery shop who live in Sidoarjo with ages 18-45 years. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS program. The results showed that in-store displays, product quality, and price discounts proved to have a significant effect on impulsive buying at the Indah Embroidery shop in Sidoarjo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the role of price preciseness (rounded vs. precise) in perceiving deal attractiveness, purchase intention, and choice in travel decision-making. Two competing hypotheses (price association vs. fluency) were proposed. Across five empirical studies, we found that the perceived attractiveness of a price promotion deal, along with purchase intention and relative preference, were higher when the original price was presented in a rounded (vs. precise) format (Studies 1A, 1B, and 3). This finding supports the price association-based explanation rather than the fluency-based explanation. In addition, the results were replicated in a consequential choice setting (Study 2). We further demonstrated that the effect of the price rounding is stronger for those with high (vs. low) lay rationalism, suggesting its moderating role (Study 4). The empirical findings of the current research have theoretical implications for various fields, including the behavioral pricing of travel and tourism, and practical implications for practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe food justice movement focuses on resolving food system inequalities, including, but not limited to, income, ethnicity, and race differences related to household access to food, farmer access to markets, and the fair treatment of farmworkers. Previous studies have focused on food system inequalities from the consumer demand side, but only a few studies have focused on the role farmers play in creating more equitable food systems. An example of a market model aiming to fulfill various missions of the food justice movement is Fresh Stop Markets (FSMs). FSMs aggregate food from local farmers and sell shares on a sliding scale based on consumers’ income. Lower income households pay less than higher-income households for the same food. A vital component of this market concept is farmers’ willingness to sell produce through FSMs.MethodsWe used data from a 2020 survey of Tennessee and Kentucky fruit and vegetable farmers and the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach to assess farmers’ willingness to sell produce through FSMs when faced with a price discount scenario. A probit regression was used to investigate the factors correlated with farmers’ willingness to sell produce through FSMs.Results and discussionResults suggest gross farm revenue, farmer age, education, experience selling produce through farmers markets, and running programs on the farm to educate communities about sustainable agriculture and food systems are associated with farmers’ willingness to sell produce through FSMs.ConclusionFarmer and farm business characteristics, as well as prior experience running education programs on the farm related to sustainable agriculture and food systems are important factors to consider when trying to engage farmers willing to sell produce through FSMs.

The results of this study indicate that: (1) there is a positive influence Price discount (X )1 on Consumer Impulse Buying Behavior Decisions at Hypermart Mall Panakkukang Makassar, as evidenced by the t value of 2.595> t table 1.988 with a significance value of 0.011 t table 1.988 with a significance value of 0.031 t table 1.988 and a significance value of 0.007 f table of 2.70 and a significance value of 0.000

This study aims to determine the effect of social media marketing on tik-tok and product knowledge on purchase intention which is moderated by price discount on the shopee marketplace in Pekanbaru City. The respondents of this research are those who use the Shopee and Tiktok applications and have shopped online at the Shopee marketplace in Pekanbaru City. The primary data in this study were obtained from distributing questionnaires as an instrument to prove the results of the study and to test the proposed hypothesis. In this study, using the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis method using Warp-PLS version 6.0 software. Sampling using the technique of Non Probability Sampling with Purposive Sampling procedure by taking a sample of 120 respondents. The results in this study indicate that: 1) Social Media Marketing has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention at the Shopee Marketplace in Pekanbaru City, this is evidenced by looking at the pvalue in this study, which is <0.001 with a beta (β) value of 0.380, 2) Product Knowledge has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention at the Shopee Marketplace in Pekanbaru City, this is evidenced by looking at the p-value in this study, which is <0.001 with a beta (β) value of 0.352, 3) Social Media Marketing has a positive and positive effect. significantly to Purchase Intention moderated by Price Discount at the Shopee Marketplace in Pekanbaru City, this is evidenced by looking at the p-value in this study, which is <0.001 with a beta () value of 0.280, 4) Product Knowledge has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention which is moderated by Price Discount on the Shopee Marketplace in Pekanbaru City, this is proven by by looking at the p-value in this study, which is 0.015 with a beta (β) value of 0.191. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how the announcements of fiscal law changes affect the real estate market, focusing on the case of Spain. An announcement of a future fiscal law change gives the opportunity to buyers to advance or delay purchases to maximize fiscal benefits. In particular, we study announcements and their posterior effects about the mortgage tax laws in 1998, 2010, 2011, and 2013 plus the VAT law in 2012. The paper is based on contextually rich data from 2004 through 2015 for Spain, provided by a real estate agent with a strong presence across the Spanish territory. We use two dependent variables to best capture the changes: time on market of a dwelling and the price discount of the dwelling. Simultaneity bias is avoided by considering that the degree of overpricing and atypicality affects time on market but not the selling price. The identification strategy is improved by considering the type of properties most affected by the changes versus the rest of properties, using a difference‐in‐difference estimation. We consider two tax policy announcements: income tax credit on dwelling purchases and VAT rate change on the purchases of new dwellings. In the case of the income tax credit, this fiscal policy affects only primary accommodations. In the case of the VAT tax rate, only new houses are affected. We show that credible fiscal policy announcements distort the housing market by temporarily decreasing dwellings' time on market and their price discounts, to immediately and long‐lastingly increase them just after the tax policy expires. There is a negative causal effect of tax policy announcements on the housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since price discounts are costly and can negatively affect consumers' perceptions of quality, it is crucial to identify the factors that make them effective in stimulating purchase behavior. Drawing on cue utilization theory, we examine price discount effectiveness in affecting consumers' reliance on the sale cue based on the provided product touch information as an intrinsic cue and individual consumer differences in sale proneness. Two experimental studies indicate that price discount information, product touch information, and sale proneness interact to determine consumers' responses. Perceived quality is the underlying mechanism behind the observed effects. For nonsale‐prone consumers, product touch information favorably influences responses to large price discounts by addressing product quality concerns and enhancing purchase confidence, but has no effect for regularly priced or low discounted products. For sale‐prone consumers, product touch information is not effective in increasing their responses regardless of the discount size. A qualitative study provides support for these results and highlights the role of perceived quality and purchase confidence. The research contributes to behavioral pricing, cue utilization theory, and sensory marketing and suggests that marketing managers should provide consumers with product touch information when implementing high discounts for products for which prepurchase touch is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of the covid 19 pandemics has changed consumer behavior, especially Generation Z who are proficient with social media, but there needs to be a trigger to want to shop at the marketplace. The purpose of this research is to find out empirically about the role of online shopping as mediation, the effect of content marketing, and price discounts on loyalty. consumers, as well as testing consumer pleasure as a moderator. This study uses a population of students who have shopped online at least 3 times using a sample of 100. Using the incidental sampling technique, you are ready to fill out the google form link. The results of this study found that online shopping has a positive effect on consumer loyalty, but online shopping needs encouragement from content marketing and price discounts that make consumers interested. The finding from moderation is that consumer pleasure weakens the effect of content marketing on online shopping, although not significantly. Meanwhile, consumer pleasure strengthens the effect of price discounts on online shopping, although it is not significant. Based on this research, it is proven that discounted prices are more attractive to consumers because they can perform efficiently during this pandemic.

Background: What are the cumulative influences of pricing, promotions of commodities, order size-based discount opportunities, and alternative warehousing scenarios on effective decision-making concerning inventory management? It is observed that the prices and promotion of products influence the demand rate. The shortage can be partially backlogged, and the backlogging rate depends on the waiting time. Also, discount and trade credit facilities may be available when purchasing items. This paper describes a novel inventory control model regarding optimal warehousing decision-making scenarios. Methods: This paper includes the facts in its hypothesis and examines the overall impact of the mentioned issues on profitability. The inventory carrying scheme associated with the proposed model consists of both rented and owned warehouse facilities in which the cost increases linearly with time. The numerical and visual simulation succeeds the mathematical approach to analyze the proposed inventory model in Mathematica software. Results: The results show that a price hike enhances profit despite the negative impact on demand creation. Also, promotion frequency favors profitability, suppressing the corresponding costs. Another managerial intuition is revealed through the numerical result that the stock should be held in a rented warehouse when deterioration in the owned warehouse increases, despite the cost of a rented warehouse. Conclusions: Besides several mentioned management insights, this study includes several existing models as particular cases and tackles challenges in the analytical optimization approach. This study leads toward the consequences of future research scopes with industry-based raw data.

A long-lasting debate in marketing literature is whether retail buyers who purchase consumer products behave like consumers or like industrial purchasing managers. We address this question empirically, by focusing on retail buyers' behavioral responses to price discounts. Cooperating with a national wholesaler of drugstore products, we conduct a field experiment on the wholesaler's product ordering platform. We expose the retail buyers (n = 780) to a new product offer that either includes a price discount or not. Simultaneously, we vary peripheral cues included in the offer (package color and organic claim). The results support the "industrial buyer resemblance" argument: The price discount decreases the retail buyers' purchase likelihood, and there is no significant interaction effect between the price discount and the peripheral cues. An additional qualitative study reveals that retail buyers speculate on the motivations behind the price discount, which elicits suspicions about the product's quality and resale potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic significant impact on decreasing income and community activities, including shopping behavior. Many people have decided to use the online marketplace platform to shop for various needs. This study aims to investigate the direct and indirect relationships among variable price discounts, Online Customer Reviews (OCR), and purchase intentions for consumers of the 5 most popular online marketplace platforms in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Collecting data in this study using an online questionnaire to 120 respondents as a sample who have met the purposive sampling criteria. This study uses Partial Least Square (PLS) to analyze the data. There is a uniqueness in this study where the price discount strategy is not able to directly influence consumer purchase intention even though the economic condition has decreased due to the pandemic. This strategy encourages consumers to seek information through online customer reviews. Information on OCR affects consumer purchase intention in a product. This makes OCR able to fully mediate the relationship between the price discount strategy and purchase intention.

We investigate whether pandemic‐induced contagion disamenities and income effects arising due to COVID‐related unemployment adversely affected real estate prices of one‐ or two‐family owner‐occupied properties across New York City (NYC). First, ordinary least squares hedonic results indicate that greater COVID case numbers are concentrated in neighborhoods with lower‐valued properties. Second, we use a repeat‐sales approach for the period 2003–2020, and we find that both the possibility of contagion and pandemic‐induced income effects adversely impacted home sale prices. Estimates suggest sale prices fell by roughly $60,000 or around 8% in response to both of the following: 1000 additional infections per 100,000 residents and a 10‐percentage point increase in unemployment in a given Modified Zip Code Tabulation Area (MODZCTA). These price effects were more pronounced during the second wave of infections. On the basis of cumulative MODZCTA infection rates through 2020, the estimated COVID‐19 price discount ranged from approximately 1% to 50% in the most affected neighborhoods, and averaged 14%. The contagion effect intensified in the more affluent, but less densely populated NYC neighborhoods, while the income effect was more pronounced in the most densely populated neighborhoods with more rental properties and greater population shares of foreign‐born residents. This disparity implies the pandemic may have been correlated with a wider gap in housing wealth in NYC between homeowners in lower‐priced and higher‐priced neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a sustainable supplier's price discount strategy in a competitive environment as it considers building a two-level supply chain system consisting of two suppliers and a single retailer under the condition of uncertain demand, and investigates the impact of the suppliers' price discount strategy on the retailer's expected profits. We find that the sustainable supplier's expected profit increases as the price discount increases. When only the sustainable supplier offers a discount, the retailer's purchasing cost will increase with the degree of the discount; when both suppliers provide a discount, the sustainable supplier's expected profit decreases as the price discount increases, while the retailer's purchasing cost will decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of attractive complementary products offered by a nearby company positively affects other companies in the value network of a winter sports destination. We aim to illustrate empirically the positive effects of the campaign of a local ski lift company in Switzerland on other companies in the same value network. For the first time in tourism research, the synthetic control method is used to investigate the impact of a new pricing strategy. In this case, the company's practice of radically discounting the prices of its seasonal lift passes had a positive impact on accommodation businesses in the same winter sports destination. The impact amounts to about 35% additional overnight stays by domestic tourists per winter season that is a seasonal increase of 32,000 overnight stays. However, the ski lift company concluded that the campaign had been unsuccessful. We therefore discuss the difficulties of such a new pricing strategy and emphasize the importance of cooperation between independent companies in the wider destination area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present digital payment systems or electronic money have been widely used in Indonesia. Market share that is still wide open makes many fintech companies competing to provide discounts and various benefits of convenience when using the applications provided, one of which is GoPay. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of price discounts and perceived usefulness on repurchase interest using the GoPay application which is mediated by customer satisfaction variables. The data used in this study are primary data sourced from questionnaires, with a total sample of 84 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the price discount has a positive but not significant effect on customer satisfaction. Perceived usefulness have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Price discounts and perceived usefulness have a positive but not significant effect on repurchase intention. Customers satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention

This study aims to determine the influence of in-store promotion in the form of price discount and price package on customer value and purchase intention. The research sample was 120 consumers purchasing the private label products in modern stores using a purposive sampling technique. The data were then analyzed using SEM PLS. The result revealed that all hypotheses were accepted and each variable studied showed a strong and significant influence on each other, especially in terms of its influence on the purchase intention. In-store promotion is a more influencing variable of purchase intention in private label products than customer value. The result also pointed out the three most dominant items forming in-store promotion, customer value, and purchase intention. Those items are the frequency of discount program, the products’ quality, and the reference group that helps the company promoting private label products, usually friends’ recommendation. These findings are expected to be used by decision-makers in retail businesses to formulate in-store promotional activities and create customer value following the target market to increase consumers’ willingness to buy private label products. Acknowledgment The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Doctoral Dissertation Research Grant Program of the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education for funding this research. The authors highly appreciate the assistance, suggestions, and inputs from both editors and reviewers of this article.

This study provides a framework for a marketing manager to make advertising decisions for price-sensitive products. One promotion, price discount, is offered at the same time as local advertising and national advertising. Unlike previous studies that mainly considered sales profit as the primary goal, this study considers two other attributes, goodwill and customer scale, in making advertising investments. In all cases, a strategy with larger values of these attributes is better. However, maximising these three attributes simultaneously is difficult or impossible, so managers must balance trade-offs between them. We utilise the stochastic multi-attributes analysis in this paper. This method is a multi-attributes decision support technique based on exploring the weight space, helping managers make optimal advertising decisions regarding these three attributes. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a stochastic periodic review inventory model is developed. The backorder rate (backorder price discount), ordering cost (safety stock), lead time, and review period are treated as decision variables. The ordering cost and lead time can be controlled by using capital investment and crashing cost, respectively. It is assumed that shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. If an item is out of stock, the supplier may offer a negotiable price discount to the loyal, tolerant and obliged customers to pay off the inconvenience of backordering. Furthermore, it is assumed that the protection interval demand follows a normal distribution. Our objective is to develop an algorithm to determine the optimal decision variables, so that the total expected annual cost incurred has a minimum value. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the solution procedure, and sensitivity analysis is carried out to analyze the proposed model. The numerical results show that a significant amount of savings can be obtained by making decisions with capital investment in reducing ordering cost.

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies show that merchants are heterogeneous in profitability from offering promotions on third‐party‐online‐promotion marketplaces who often charge a single commission rate. Using a data analytics system, a marketplace can classify merchants according to their heterogeneous characteristics and offer merchant‐type specific commission rates. In this study, we construct a game‐theoretic model consisting a marketplace with two types of merchants who have heterogeneous proportion of consumers who are informed about their offering. The types are merchants' private information, but the marketplace can invest in data analytics capability to classify merchants as per their types with a probability. We study a signal‐based strategy, where the marketplace invests in data analytics capability and offers a specific commission rate to individual merchant based on the merchant‐type classification and compare it with a single‐rate strategy of offering one commission rate to all merchants. We show that the relative strength and weakness of the signal‐based strategy depend on the merchant type distribution and the investment cost of improving the classification accuracy rate. Interestingly, the marketplace can be better off with the single‐rate strategy when a merchant type dominates the market. Moreover, we show that the signal‐based strategy, can lead to an increase in profit for merchants and an increase in consumer surplus. This is so because the marketplace's signal‐based strategy has a cascade effect on consumers through the merchant's optimal discount rate strategy. We conclude by identifying the conditions for a win–win–win situation wherein investment in data analytics capabilities by the marketplace also benefits merchants and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to empirically verify the effects of scarcity messages on sales promotions and purchase intentions of T-Commerce consumers, based on their self-monitoring levels. This experiment used factor design between subjects according to the scarcity type (quantity-limited vs. time-limited) and self-monitoring level (high-monitored vs. high-monitored) of the T-commerce sales promotion message and analysis was performed using the two-way MANOVA analysis. Two-way MANOVA analysis of T-commerce's scarcity message, self-monitoring, two independent variables, dependent promotional attitudes, and purchase intentions. The results of this study are as follows. First, consumers' attitudes toward sales promotions and purchase intentions in T-Commerce were found to be relatively positive with regard to limited-quantity and limited-time messages, with no major differences observed between the two types of messages. Second, T-Commerce consumers with high levels of selfmonitoring formed more positive attitudes toward sales promotions and has higher purchase intentions when limited-quantity messages were used, as compared to when limited-time messages were used. Third, a more positive attitude toward promotions and higher purchase intentions with limited-quantity messages are demonstrated by consumers with high levels of self-monitoring, rather than those with low levels. Consumers use T-Commerce while watching TV in the comfort of their homes. Therefore, a limitation of this study is that it was conducted in artificial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing availability of consumer data and rapid advancement and application of technologies, online retailers are gaining better knowledge of customers' shopping behavior and preferences. Thus more and more retailers are providing personalized product assortment to better match the needs of customers and generate more sales. In this article, we study a two-stage revenue management model. In the first stage, the retailer decides non-personalized price discounts for each product. In the second stage (upon the arrival of customers), the retailer offers a personalized assortment to each type of customer. Based on this assortment, the customer then makes a purchase decision according to the Multinomial logit choice model. We employ a robust approach for the joint discounts and personalized assortment optimization problem in order to handle data uncertainty from estimating customer preferences and distribution of different customer segments. We analyze the structural properties of the problems and propose efficient computational methods to solve the problems with/without a cardinality constraint on the assortment. In certain cases, our algorithm converges at a superlinear rate. When there is a cardinality constraint on the assortment, we find that the retailer should offer greater discounts as the constraint becomes more restrictive. We also discuss the value of our robust solution and the extension of when the customer discount sensitivity function is also uncertain. Finally, our extensive numerical study shows that the solutions under the robust approach perform very well when compared to the one assuming accurate information, and are robust when there is uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the competitive market of perishable cargoes, determining the price of the product and making opportunities for customers to accelerate the sale of goods through discounts is crucial. Over the life of perishable goods, generally its value reduced to the customer, in this situation, to encourage the purchase, policies such as a discount or reduced price sales policies can be effective. Literature has not provided a model for determining the optimal time to announce a price reduction. While early or late prices announcement could reduce profit, the aim of this paper is to analyze such a model at the level of an enterprise. In the modeling, we assumed that by announcing price discount, tangible changes occur in demand, and demand is a function of price and time. The demand rate in the discount time is decreasing in the beginning of the time and then declining over time. The purpose of the model is determining the optimal price, discount time and order size to maximize the total profit in a single period. After modeling, concavity of the profit function is considered and optimal pricing and discounts are exclusive. Then, a heuristic algorithm derived from the literature was used in order to determine the optimal price, the optimal discount time and the optimal order quantity. Introduction: In this article, the term "perishable" is used for goods that, due to rapid technological changes or the introduction of new products by competitors, should lose their value over a period of time. For example, fashion goods in the season will quickly fall in price, because otherwise the need for spare parts for military aircraft is one of fashion goods that would be unusable if a new aircraft model is being used (Khanlarzadeh et al., 2014). When non-perishable products approach their expiration date, they often use price discounts. Tajbakhsh et al (2011) developed an inventory model at a price of Random Discount, and numerical analysis that showed cost saving through discounts. The research conducted in the field of pricing and bidding for the aforementioned commodities, only several models have been developed that are either definitive or random models with known distributions (Wang, 2012). Rajan et al. (1992) have developed pricing policies and ordered for definitive applications. Also, if problem modeling occurs in the supply chain, competition between the members of the chain is formed to generate more profit. Zhang et al. (2015) considered a supply chain model with a producer and retailer for degraded items at a time-rate and price-dependent demand. They have designed an algorithm for obtaining price and investment protection technology strategies, and have examined both centralized and decentralized scenarios. In this article, the pricing of a perishable goods is considered under discounted conditions, and given the importance of selling these products over the life of the customer, it is essential to pursue a policy that can encourage customers to buy more. Also, the discount policy comes with the synchronization of the demand function during the discount period. In the absence of discounts, the demand rate is a function of the time and price, and in the discount period, the demand function is initially at an incremental time, and after the discount, the time is reduced. In the literature examined, the price for the final customer, which affects demand and does not change the demand for demand function, is not taken into account. For example, Meihami and Karimi (2014) show a change in demand after advertising with a coefficient in the demand function has given. While in the real world, with the announcement of a discount, the function of the rate of demand for perishable goods varies and is not mentioned in any of the previous investigations. In the following, we describe the assumptions and symbolization of problem modeling. Materials and Methods: It is assumed that the maximum inventory in the first period (I0­) is the order quantity, and its decreasing is only affected by demand. As a price mark-down should always be applied before the expiration date of the product, the time horizon for product selling can be divided into two intervals: [0, t] and [t,T]. Notice that due to the discount after the price mark-down, the demand rate function during the time intervals [0, t] and [t, T] is different, in the interval [t, T], the product is sold out at the discount price p(1-a). Due to the discount, a moderate growth in the demand initially occurs; however, it reduces gradually (see Fig. 1.). There is no shortage, nor surplus in the end of the time horizon, i.e., period T, so the inventory level is the demand in that period. On the other hand, the demand in the time interval [0,t] can be expressed as follows, , and the profit can be expressed, (1) (. (2) The methodology must be clearly stated and described in sufficient detail or with sufficient references containing the research model and tools. Discount time (t) T Q=I0 Fig. 1. Inventory level in period T Results and Discussion: The proposed algorithm is used for solving the following numerical example to illustrate the solution process and results. Mathematica 9 was used in this regard. Example.The following parameters and functions are used. T=2, c=200, =0.3 Table 1 show, the convergence of the algorithm, where for the quasi-optimal tolerance e, it results in p*= , t*=1.008, TP*= , Q*= , and the numerical results are obtained for the price interval [400, 1000]. Table 1- Computational results of Example 1. k pk tk TPk 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conclusion: In this paper, the pricing model for non-perishable goods was presented under discounted sales terms. In modeling the hypothesis problem by declaring a decline in sales prices, the demand rate has a tangible change, and demand is a function of price and time. In this paper, it was proved that the goal of profit is optimal and unique in terms of optimal price and discount time. With using a simple algorithm, a numerical example of a model and results are analyzed using sensitivity analysis on model parameters. The model presented in this paper is a comprehensive and complete model, and compares to different values of the parameters of the flexible demand function. The model presented in this study can be expanded in several ways; the demand rate in this paper is definite. It is considered to be time-dependent, with its probability, it is possible to define a suitable topic for future research. We can also consider the discount percentage variable. On the other hand, advertising policies, delay in payments and coordination models in the supply chain system and reviewing the results can be considered. References Khanlarzade, N. et. al. (2014), Inventory Control with Deteriorating Items: A State-Of-The-Art Literature Review. International journal of industrial engineering computations, 5(2): 179-198. Maihami, R., and Karimi B., (2014), Optimizing The Pricing And Replenishment Policy For Non-Instantaneous Deteriorating Items With Stochastic Demand And Promotional Efforts. Computers & Operations Research, 51:302-312. Rajan A., Steinberg R., Richard S., (1992), Dynamic pricing and ordering decisions by monopolist. Management Science, 38(2): 240-262. Tajbakhsh, M., Lee, C., & Zolfaghari, S. (2011). An inventory model with random discount offerings. Omega, 39, 710–718. Wang X., Li D., (2012), A dynamic product quality evaluation based pricing model for perishable food supply chains. Omega, 40: 906-917. Zhang, Jianxiong et al., (2015), Coordinating A Supply Chain For Deteriorating Items With A Revenue Sharing And Cooperative Investment Contract. Omega 56: 37-49.

Abstract Extending the price–quality–value model (Monroe and Krishnan in The perception of merchandise and store quality 209–232, 1985) and means-end model (Zeithaml in J Mark 52:2–22, 1988), we developed a conceptual model to investigate the mediating role of price discount affect (feeling aroused by price discounts) in the relationship between price discounts and consumers’ perceptions (perceived savings, quality, and value) and in the relationship between perceived value and purchase intentions in the context of online apparel products. A between-subject experimental design with four levels of price discounts (10, 30, 50, and 70%) was used. Jeans were selected as the product stimulus. Web pages were developed to create a fictional online store and to collect data. A total of 209 usable responses were collected by a research firm in the United States, and structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data. The results showed that price discount affect played an important mediating role in the relationship between price discounts and consumers’ perceptions. When the direct effect of price discounts on perceived quality was examined, consumers perceived the apparel product with higher discounts as lower quality (i.e., a negative direct relationship). However, when price discount affect served as a mediator, the feelings created by a price discount led to a positive perception of product quality (i.e., a positive indirect relationship). By considering the influence of price discount affect, our model provides a better understanding of the effect of price discounts on consumers’ perceptions of apparel products.

Demand plays a crucial role in supply chain system. Proper knowledge on behaviour of demand improves the effectiveness of the decision making process in supply chain system. Demand of some products may not always be linear or quadratic or exponential but ramp type. For newly launched fashionable goods, garments, automobiles, etc. demand rises initially but it becomes stagnant after a certain period of time. Ramp type function rigorously depicts such type of demand pattern. Moreover, price discount which is a way of alluring the customers in the market has become a strategy for promoting the business. Further, it becomes difficult to assess the parameters involved in supply chain due to its increasing complexity. That is why it is essential to effectively deal with such type of uncertainty which occurs in business process. The present study endeavours to develop a ramp type inventory model under imprecision and price discount where deterioration follows weibull distribution. The model is exemplified through numerical illustration. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to discern the effect of various system parameters on optimality. The outcomes of the paper provide inspiring and instrumental insights about the uncertainty vis-à-vis price discount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the B-shares discount puzzle for dual-class shares in China. The major finding shows that the Shanghai stock market experiences a greater downward correction in stock prices and the discount rate of B-shares diminishes after the B-shares' opening, but, in the long run the price discounts of B-shares persist. The stock returns of dual-class firms in both Shanghai and Shenzhen B-share markets have negative abnormal returns during the opening event, and then reverse into positive ones markedly in the long run. The investors' trading activities are sensitive to the number of board members and state-ownership structures. In addition, the return spillover from the sample B-share to the A-share index obviously accelerates and the impact persistence is shortened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a two‐echelon supply chain with single vendor single buyer for trading a single product. The buyer's demand has been assumed to be price‐sensitive. We have assumed three‐level inspection at the vendor's end in order to maintain good quality of the items delivered to the buyer. We have developed models for both decentralized and centralized scenarios and have determined the optimal solution using the basic concepts of analytic geometry and algebra. In addition, we have proposed a price discount mechanism, where the vendor has provided discounts on the purchase cost to the buyer against the buyer's (increased) order quantity. Finally, in order to illustrate and validate the proposed model, a numerical example and sensitivity analysis is carried out, which has provided some important managerial implications. It has been observed from the numerical study that the proposed price discount policy coordinates the supply chain and has improved the profitability of the supply chain and its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretation of a percentage change often hinges on the base value to which it is attached. The authors identify a tendency among consumers to neglect base values when processing percentage change information and investigate the implications of such base value neglect for how consumers evaluate economically equivalent offers presented in percentage terms, such as bonus packs and price discounts. The authors first document a substantial advantage in sales volume for a bonus pack over an economically equivalent price discount in a field experiment conducted in a retail store. Furthermore, in a mall-intercept survey and multiple lab studies, the authors provide additional evidence in support of the effect and identify managerially useful boundary conditions for when the effect is likely to manifest. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors find that consumers prefer a bonus pack to a price discount for virtue foods but they prefer a price discount to a bonus pack for vice foods. Prior research has shown that, all else being equal, consumers prefer bonus packs to price discounts. The authors propose that this preference does not hold for vice food, because consumers cannot generate good justifications for buying such food when a bonus pack is offered because this would mean consuming more of the vice. However, a price discount on a vice food can be justified because it acts as a guilt-mitigating mechanism. For virtue foods, the absence of both anticipated postconsumption guilt and the resultant need to justify leads consumers to prefer a bonus pack to a price discount. The authors demonstrate the proposed effect and test its underlying process across five experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]