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The literature on overconfidence has witnessed prolific growth since the beginning of the century. This context underscores the necessity to comprehend and categorize an increasingly diverse body of overconfidence research within the financial domain. This study reviews existing literature on financial overconfidence from its inception to the present with a detailed review of 132 articles from 84 journals by examining theories, context, and methods (TCM) used in overconfidence research. Our review unpacks significant themes (i.e. determinants of overconfidence, overconfidence and risk-taking, overconfidence measures and type of investors, overconfidence in a volatile market, overconfidence, and personal financial behavior). We propose a pertinent research framework to investigate the less investigated aspects of financial overconfidence and suggest future research direction.

AbstractThe thermodynamics of mass transfer during gaseous carburization and its overall efficiency across various alloyed steels were investigated to discern the influence of alloy content. Quantitative analyses were conducted on the coefficients of mass transfer and carbon diffusivities for EN3, EN35, 20MnCr5, and EN353 steels at a carburization temperature of 930 °C. The study revealed distinct trends in mass transfer dynamics and carbon diffusion rates among the different alloyed steels. For instance, nickel majorly an austenite stabilizer, was found to enhance carbon diffusion in gamma iron, with observed coefficients of mass transfer ranging from 8.85 × 10−6 to 1.87 × 10−5 cm/s. However, EN35 steel exhibited slower mass transfer rates due to weaker atomic interactions, resulting in lower observed coefficients of mass transfer. Conversely, chromium and molybdenum, known carbide-forming elements, facilitated carbon transfer from the gaseous environment to the steel case in 20MnCr5 and EN353 steels, with observed coefficients of mass transfer ranging from 1.39 × 10−5 to 1.55 × 10−5 cm/s. Additionally, the study compared observed carbon diffusivities with those predicted by DICTRA (Diffusion Controlled TRAnsformation) kinetic and thermodynamic datasets, demonstrating excellent consistency. These findings underscore the significance of considering alloy content in achieving consistent carburizing outcomes and suggest potential modifications to existing carburizing methods to improve diffusion depth homogeneity. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the impact of alloy elements on the carburization process and offers implications for optimizing carburizing practices in alloy steel manufacturing.

Kidney illness constitutes a category of many serious persistent diseases that can affect an individual. Early diagnosis of this condition is critical for effective therapy. Kidney tumours are the 2nd most common type of urological tumour. They come in a variety of forms, the majority of which are cancerous. In comparison to the laborious and lengthy conventional evaluation, deep learning’s autonomous detection techniques may reduce diagnostic time, enhance the precision of tests, lower expenses, and minimize the radiologist’s burden. It is difficult for clinicians to distinguish kidney cancers from renal Computerized Tomography (CT) images. During an operation, the precise division of kidney tumours can assist physicians in determining tumour intricacy and severity. However, due to their variety, segmenting renal tumours mechanically might be challenging. Therefore, an intellectual kidney tumour segmentation and classification model is implemented to recognize benign and malignant tumours at an early stage. To execute this procedure, the input CT images are gathered from standard websites. Then these images are given to the proposed 3D-Trans-Residual DenseUnet++ (3D-TR-DUnet++) network for the segmentation process. With the help of the segmentation process, doctors can identify the normal and abnormal regions in the kidney. The segmented images are then preceded by the classification stage. To classify kidney tumours, a deep learning-based method called Adaptive and Attentive Residual Densenet with Gated Recurrent Unit (AA-RD-GRU) is developed. Here, the parameters from this network are optimized via the recommended Modified Crayfish Optimization Algorithm (MCOA). The precise segmentation and classification of tumours in the kidney help to provide better treatments at the correct time. The segmentation and classification results are contrasted with other deep learning networks as well as various optimization algorithms.

Diabetes is a long-term condition in which a person’s body cannot break down blood sugar adequately due to a shortage of insulin. The most crucial element of health care is continuously monitoring blood glucose (BG) levels. The main concern of effective glucose monitoring equipment is based on the blood-pricking technique. However, this may not be suggested for frequent glucose measurement. The paper presents various glucose-measuring technologies. The research discusses various non-invasive glucose measurement techniques and their management using advanced medical technologies. The configuration of the precise measuring device is essential to meet the blood glucose monitoring requirements that are not invasive systems. Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices solve the issue of frequently pricking patients for blood samples for clinical tests. For the goal of continuous health monitoring, a Smart Healthcare framework would be built on the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) and a Healthcare Cyber-Physical System (H-CPS) to estimate blood glucose. The study also discusses a few consumer devices and cutting-edge methods for measuring glucose. The paper also outlines the several difficulties and open challenges with glucose prediction.

Abstract. Background. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is associated with perioperative morbidity of 5% to 10%, which can lead to unplanned readmissions. In this study, we aimed to identify the factors that lead to an increased risk of unplanned readmissions within 30 days of primary TURBT. Materials and methods. A retrospective study was conducted to identify patients who underwent primary TURBT at our institute from 2011 to 2019. Clinical and demographic factors, history of smoking, antiplatelet drugs intake, comorbidities, tumor size (3 cm), multifocality, and histopathological type were abstracted. Patients who were readmitted were identified, and reasons for admission were recorded. Results. A total of 435 patients were identified. The median age of the patients was 66 years. From 378 male patients (86.9%), 110 (25.3%) and 37 (8.5%) had a history of smoking and antiplatelet agents intake, respectively. In the cohort, 166 patients (38.2%) were diabetic, 239 (54.9%) were hypertensive, 72 (16.6%) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 78 (7.9%) had hypothyroidism. A total of 206 patients (47.4%) had a tumor >3 cm; multifocality was seen in 140 (32.2%) patients, whereas muscle invasive tumors were present in 161 patients (37%). A total of 22 patients (5.06%) had readmissions within 30 days, with hematuria being the most common etiology. On univariate and multivariate analyses, a history of smoking (p = 0.006 and p = 0.008, respectively) or antiplatelet agents intake (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) was significantly associated with increased unplanned readmission. Conclusions. Our study revealed smoking and antiplatelet agents intake as factors leading to an increased risk of unplanned readmissions.

Abstract Objectives The incidence of young‐onset oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is growing, even among non‐smokers/drinkers. The effects of adverse histopathological features on long‐term oncologic outcomes between the young and old are controversial and confounded by significant heterogeneity. Few studies have evaluated the socio‐economic impact of premature mortality from OSCC. Our study seeks to quantify these differences and their economic impact on society. Materials and Methods Four hundred and seventy‐eight young (

In this article, I use a unique dataset consisting of listed Indian firms that have been indicted for economic malpractice/default or have been non-compliant with laws/ regulations/ guidelines to estimate the stock price impact of regulatory actions against corporate irregularities. The sample consists of regulatory charges imposed by two major Indian regulators, (i) the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) and (ii) the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). I find that regulatory actions are an effective deterrence against corporate misconduct and have a significantly negative impact on a firm’s stock price. The level of negative effect on the stock price of a firm is directly related to the severity of regulatory charges against it, i.e., cases of fraud or cheating, or payment default attract a much more negative reaction as compared to cases such as failure to disclose information, other non-compliance, etc. Finally, the results indicate that younger and less profitable firms have a higher (more negative) stock price reaction to regulatory action announcements.

In plants, regulated cell expansion determines organ size and shape. Several members of the family of redundantly acting Small Auxin Up RNA (SAUR) proteins can stimulate plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase proton pumping activity by inhibiting PM-associated PP2C.D phosphatases, thereby increasing the PM electrochemical potential, acidifying the apoplast, and stimulating cell expansion. Similarly, Arabidopsis thaliana SAUR63 was able to increase growth of various organs, antagonize PP2C.D5 phosphatase, and increase H+-ATPase activity. Using a gain-of-function approach to bypass genetic redundancy, we dissected structural requirements for SAUR63 growth-promoting activity. The divergent N-terminal domain of SAUR63 has a predicted basic amphipathic α-helix and was able to drive partial PM association. Deletion of the N-terminal domain decreased PM association of a SAUR63 fusion protein, as well as decreasing protein level and eliminating growth-promoting activity. Conversely, forced PM association restored ability to promote H+-ATPase activity and cell expansion, indicating that SAUR63 is active when PM-associated. Lipid binding assays and perturbations of PM lipid composition indicate that the N-terminal domain can interact with PM anionic lipids. Mutations in the conserved SAUR domain also reduced PM association in root cells. Thus, both the N-terminal domain and the SAUR domain may cooperatively mediate the SAUR63 PM association required to promote growth.

Pilomatrixoma is a rare periocular benign tumor involving hair follicle matrix cells. It presents as a hard, painless, and gradually enlarging mass. It is more common in Caucasians, has bimodal age distribution (5–15 years and 50–65 years) and with female preponderance. We present a rare case report of a 35-year-old Indian male presenting with progressively enlarging; noninflammatory mass in the left upper eyelid for which excision biopsy was performed and a diagnosis of pilomatrixoma was arrived at. The main differential diagnosis includes chalazion and it is vital to distinguish them prior to any surgical intervention as both have different lines of management. This article also deals with the clinical as well as histopathological features and syndromic association of pilomatrixoma along with a brief mention of its malignant variation. This case report also includes intraoperative photographs of the lesion which the authors could not find during literature search.

BackgroundOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common head and neck cancer with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, treatment decisions are guided by TNM staging, which omits important negative prognosticators such as lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion (PNI), and histologic differentiation. We proposed nomogram models based on adverse pathological features to identify candidates suitable for treatment escalation within each risk group according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines.MethodsAnonymized clinicopathologic data of OSCC patients from 5 tertiary healthcare institutions in Asia were divided into 3 risk groups according to the NCCN guidelines. Within each risk group, nomograms were built to predict overall survival based on histologic differentiation, histologic margin involvement, depth of invasion (DOI), extranodal extension, PNI, lymphovascular, and bone invasion. Nomograms were internally validated with precision–recall analysis and the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.ResultsLow-risk patients with positive pathological nodal involvement and/or positive PNI should be considered for adjuvant radiotherapy. Intermediate-risk patients with gross bone invasion may benefit from concurrent chemotherapy. High-risk patients with positive margins, high DOI, and a high composite score of histologic differentiation, PNI, and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition T staging should be considered for treatment escalation to experimental therapies in clinical trials.ConclusionNomograms built based on prognostic adverse pathological features can be used within each NCCN risk group to fine-tune treatment decisions for OSCC patients.

Intraocular lens (IOL) opacification is an infrequent and often delayed complication of cataract surgery. However, correct diagnosis of the complication followed by appropriate management is crucial for effective treatment. In spite of exhaustive research, the authors were not able to find comprehensive literature comprising all facets of IOL opacification. This article hopes to address this deficiency. Detailed literature search on IOL opacification was carried out using PubMed Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The studies which adhered to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered for this article.

Introduction: The association between inflammation and malignancies is being recognized. In this study, we assessed the use of preoperative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymphocyte–monocyte ratio (LMR) in predicting cancer-specific survival (CSS) and inguinal node involvement in patients with carcinoma penis. Methods: Sixty-nine patients operated for squamous cell carcinoma penis with inguinal node dissection between 2012 and 2020 were identified. We recorded the type of surgery (partial/total penectomy), T stage, grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), pathological status of inguinal nodes and nodal stage (pN1–3), extranodal extension (ENE), and CSS. The hemogram performed within 2 weeks of surgery was used for calculating NLR and LMR. Results: Partial penectomy was the most common surgery (65.22%) and pT2 was the most common stage (53.62%). Grade 2 was seen in 66.67%, LVI in 34.78%, PNI in 37.68%, 52.17% had inguinal node involvement with pN3 being the most common (36.23%), and 36.23% had ENE. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that NLR of >3 and the LMR ≤3 indicated an inferior CSS (P = 0.05 and 0.04, respectively). T stage, inguinal node involvement, LVI, pN stage, and ENE were also associated with inferior CSS (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, T stage was significantly associated with CSS (P = 0.02). The NLR >3 and LMR ≤3 were also significantly associated with the presence of pathological inguinal node involvement (P = 0.001 and 0.026). Conclusion: NLR and LMR may help in predicting CSS and inguinal node involvement in patients of carcinoma penis.

Background and Objectives: COVID-19 pandemic took a significant toll on all, especially elderly individuals, who seem to have a higher risk for severe disease and mortality. We aim to study the clinicoepidemiological profile of COVID-19 in elderly patients of South-Eastern Rajasthan and to assess its severity and outcome. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 200 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 patients aged ≥60 years admitted between May and October 2020 in the dedicated COVID hospital of a tertiary care center of South-Eastern Rajasthan was done. Results: The median age of patients was 66 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 63–72 years). Twenty-five percent, 26.5%, and 48.5% cases fell under mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively, with 52 nonsurvivors. The mean age of severe (68.78 ± 7.20 years) cases was significantly more than that of mild ones (65.96 ± 5.29 years, P = 0.048). Males (70.5%) and urban population (90%) were more affected than females (29.5%) and the rural ones (10%). 67.5% patients had comorbidities. The presence of multiple comorbidities was significantly associated with increased severity (P = 0.03). The median duration of symptoms was 4 days (IQR: 3–7 days). 19% presented asymptomatically. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (47%), renal impairment (31%), hepatic dysfunction (30%), myocardial injury (30%), shock (10.5%), stroke (2%), encephalopathy (2%), acute STEMI (1.5%), deep vein thrombosis (1%), and heart failure (1%). The presence of dyspnea (P = 0.000), desaturation (P = 0.000), leukocytosis (P = 0.000), neutrophilia (P = 0.000), lymphopenia (P = 0.000), high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.000), hyperglycemia (P = 0.015), renal impairment (P = 0.024), elevated creatine kinase-MB (P = 0.020), raised transaminases (P = 0.002), hypoproteinemia (P = 0.003), hypoalbuminemia (P = 0.000), A:G ratio reversal (P = 0.000), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.000), and higher computed tomography severity score (P = 0.000), all were associated with both increased severity and mortality. Need of vasopressor support was significantly associated with older age (P = 0.022). Conclusion: Increasing age, multiple comorbidities, severe category, and complications are associated with poor prognosis in elderly patients.

Objective: Unlike most head and neck cancers, the presence of distant metastasis (DM) does not preclude curative intent treatment and surgical interventions are common in metastatic disease. This research attempts to study the demographics, patterns of metastasis, and surgical interventions in patients of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with DM. Materials and Methods: The retrospective cohort study of thirty-two patients of DTC with radiologically or histopathologically/cytopathologically confirmed DM who underwent surgery at a tertiary care center from August 2011 to December 2018. Results: The study population comprised of 59% of women and had a median age of 55 (19–79) years. Thorax was the most common site of metastasis, documented in 56% patients, while 53% of patients had bone metastases. Multiple DM were noted in 8 patients. Surgery for metastatic sites was possible in 14 patients (44%), with debulking and spine fixation being the most common surgical intervention for metastasis. The median dose of radioactive iodine (RAI) received by patients was 400 (25–749) mCi in one to four sessions (median-2 sessions). Three patients received conventional chemotherapy, while four received Sorafenib. Conclusion: Metastasectomy in DTC with DM is feasible in selected patients, and surgical interventions are most commonly performed on the spine to prevent neurological complications. RAI ablation is universally administered in this subset of patients and in very high doses, often distributed in multiple sessions. The role of chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor is still restricted to palliative settings and cost constraints remain a detriment to more widespread use.

Background: Oral health is an important component of general health, with dental caries affecting a person's ability to eat, speak, or socialize. Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting human beings and persists till date as a challenge to the medical and dental profession in particular and the society in general. Aim: The study aims to assess the prevalence of dental caries among 12–15-years-old school-going children of government and private schools in Agra city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among 12–15–years-old school-going children of government and private schools in Agra city, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 1600 school children were through a multistage random sampling procedure. The children were examined according to the World Health Organization criteria, 2013. Information regarding a patient's demographic profile was recorded using a self–administered questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to find the significance of study parameters. The level of significance (P value) was fixed at 0.05. Results: The present study reveals a prevalence of dental caries was almost of the same magnitude in the 12 and 13 years of age group, and it was found to be 28.6% and 28.9%, respectively among government and private school children. It was found that among 14 and 15 years of age groups, dental caries affected 22.9% and 19.6% of the study participants, respectively from both government and private school children. The results were found to be highly statistically significant between government and private school children regarding the number of carious teeth. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries was found to be the major public health problem among both the government and private school children of Agra city, which need immediate attention. Therefore, there is a need to develop preventive and promotional oral health strategies to combat this disease.

A series of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (OSD, OCOD, ONOD, OPD, COD, PMOD, and PCOD) were synthesized and characterized. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy and molecular weights were found in the range 300–325 g/mol. Cancerous cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2) and non-cancerous cell lines (Chang liver cells) were treated with these compounds for 48 h, which caused dose dependent decrease in the cell viability. From the seven derivatives, OSD was found to be most potent with IC50 value close to 50 μM on all tested cell lines. Hence, this compound was selected for mechanistic study on HepG2 cell lines. Fluorescent cell staining and DNA fragmentation study of 50 μM OSD on HepG2 cells, showed events marked by apoptosis such as nuclear fragmentation, cytoplasm shrinkage and DNA damage. Further, the cells with same treatment were quantified for apoptosis using annexin V-PI flow cytometric technique. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher (p

Cloud computing (CC) plays a significant role in revolutionizing the information and communication technology (ICT) industry, allowing flexible delivery of new services and computing resources at a fraction of the costs for end-users than traditional computing. Unfortunately, many potential cyber threats impact CC-deployed services due to the exploitation of CC’s characteristics, such as resource sharing, elasticity, and multi-tenancy. This survey provides a comprehensive discussion on security issues and challenges facing CC for cloud service providers and their users. Furthermore, this survey proposes a new taxonomy for classifying CC attacks, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and DDoS attack detection approaches on CC. It also provides a qualitative comparison with the existing surveys. Finally, this survey aims to serve as a guide and reference for other researchers working on new DDoS attack detection approaches within the CC environment.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Such sudden infectious outbreaks take a toll on the psychological health of our brave frontline health care physicians. Frontline health care physicians become vulnerable to psychological problems like depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia. Long working hours, increased patient load, and risk of spread of contagion to family members are a few of the major contributing factors. Such factors, coupled with chronic stress and emotional exhaustion predispose doctors to experience burnout which has also been reported to increase the risk of mental morbidities. Early counselling, pandemic preparedness, self-care efforts, and stress management can help to cope in these adverse times. Various online portals have also been developed as an intervention strategy in mitigating the negative impact of this pandemic. The purpose of this viewpoint is to highlight the need to address such issues in physicians, find possible root causes, and suggest relevant measures to curb the incidence of these problems.

We report two patients with precipitation of Pseudo-exfoliative material (PXF) material on intraocular lens (IOL), a rare entity, years after uneventful cataract surgery. The PXF material was present on the anterior surface of the IOL optic in a characteristic radiating spoke-like manner, a pattern resembling shape of a white daisy flower. Emphasis is given on differentiating features between PXF deposition on natural lens and PXF deposition on IOL. Furthermore, how opacification of IOL is different from PXF on IOL is briefly explained. In the first case, PXF deposits were not found elsewhere except on anterior IOL surface and in the second patient, pupillary involvement was also noted along with settling on IOL optic. The fellow eyes in both the patients did not have PXF. PXF on IOL is a vital sign and should not be overlooked as it can be the only clue warranting thorough glaucoma evaluation.

Background: Dental caries is considered as one of the most serious dental diseases that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tooth tissues. As possible alternatives to conventional techniques of caries removal, chemomechanical caries removal systems have emerged. This study aims to clinically observe the advantages of chemomechanical method of caries removal over conventional technique. Materials and Methods: Inthis randomized controlled trial a total of 60 children with Class 1 open carious lesions were selected for the study. They were divided into two equal groups according to a method of caries removal (30 chemomechanical and 30 conventional on permanent molars). In Group A, caries was removed using the Carie-Care system and in Group B with the conventional drill and were restored equally with glass ionomer cement. The visual analogy face scale was used to determine the level of anxiety in children at baseline, during treatment and after treatment. Results: The results were subjected to statistical analysis using Student's unpaired t-test. It showed that though chemomechanical technique took a marginal increase in time compared to the conventional technique, it was found to be more comfortable for all the children. Conclusion: Chemomechanical technique though time-consuming is definitely superior compared to the conventional technique provided we use a less technique sensitive restorative material which retains in the oral cavity for longer period. It is definitely a better treatment protocol in school-based dental treatment and atraumatic restorative dentistry compared to the conventional technique.

Transformation of committed 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to lipid-laden adipocytes involves the timely appearance of numerous transcription factors (TFs); foremost among them, C/EBPβ is expressed during the early phases of differentiation. Here, we describe liposome-mediated protein transfection approach to rapidly downregulate C/EBPβ by A-C/EBP protein inhibitor. Signals from EGFP-tagged A-C/EBP protein were observed in 3T3-L1 cells within 2 h of transfections, whereas for A-C/EBP gene transfections, equivalent signals appeared in 48 h. Following transient transfections, the expression profiles of 24 marker genes belonging to pro- and anti-adipogenic, cell cycle, and preadipocyte pathways were analyzed. Expectedly, the mRNA and protein expression profiles of adipocyte marker genes showed lower expression in both A-C/EBP protein- and gene-transfected samples. Interestingly, for preadipocytes and cell fate determinant genes, striking differences were observed between A-C/EBP protein- and A-C/EBP gene-transfected samples. Preadipocyte differentiation factors Stat5a and Creb were downregulated in A-C/EBP protein samples. Five preadipocyte markers, namely, Pdgfrα, Pdgfrβ, Ly6A, CD34, and Itgb1, showed high expression in A-C/EBP protein samples, whereas only Ly6A and CD34 were expressed in A-C/EBP gene-transfected samples. Pdgfrα and Pdgfrβ, two known cell fate markers, were expressed in A-C/EBP protein-transfected samples, suggesting a possible reversal of differentiation. Our study provides evidences for the immediate and efficient knockdown of C/EBPβ protein to understand time-dependent preadipocytes differentiation.

The tumor immune microenvironment is emerging as a critical player in predicting cancer prognosis and response to therapies. However, the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in Gingivo-Buccal Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (GBOSCC) and their association with tumor size or lymph node metastases status require further elucidation. To study the relationship of tumor-infiltrating immune cells with tumor size (T stage) and lymph node metastases (N stages), we analyzed the density of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in archived, whole tumor resections from 94 patients. We characterized these sections by immune-histochemistry using 12 markers and enumerated tumor-infiltrating immune cells at the invasive margins (IM) and centers of tumors (CT). We observed that a higher density of CD3+ cells in the IM and CT was associated with smaller tumor size (T1-T2 stage). Fewer CD3+ cells was associated with larger tumor size (T3-T4 stage). High infiltration of CD3+and CD8+ cells in IM and CT as well as high CD4+ cell infiltrates in the IM was significantly associated with the absence of lymph node metastases. High infiltrates of CD3+ and CD8+ cells in CT was associated with significantly improved survival. Our results illustrate that the densities and spatial distribution of CD3+ and CD8+ cell infiltrates in primary GBOSCC tumors is predictive of disease progression and survival. Based on our findings, we recommend incorporating immune cell quantification in the TNM classification and routine histopathology reporting of GBOSCC. Immune cell quantification in CT and IM may help predict the efficacy of future therapies.

Ocular trauma is a disabling but preventable cause of blindness which can lead to disproportionate personal, social and economic handicaps. This snapshot deals with individuals belonging to different cohorts: a young child and an elderly lady who inadvertently injured their eyes by thorns. Peculiarity about the thorns' trajectory was such that the large-sized thorns pierced the outer coats of the eye without actually puncturing them. Rapid diagnosis and management ensured the quick anatomic restoration and visual recovery.

Ocular trauma is among the common causes of dislocation of lens. An eleven year old male child having history of getting operated on his right eye for congenital cataract with implantation of intraocular lens as well as for subsequent retinal detachment in later phase of life, presented with complains of decreasing vision and pain in right eye after having encountered a blunt trauma. Alongside an anteriorly dislocated IOL and herniated silicone oil bolus in the anterior chamber gave the appearance of a polypseudophakia. Complete clinical examination along with a detailed history is the way for avoiding gross clinical misdiagnosis and thus employing appropriate management.

Background: Many a times while treating dermatoses conventional therapies are either contraindicated or not effective. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a good alternative available to tide over crises. Method: Over the last 15 years of my practice I have used IVIg in various severe or recalcitrant diseases (including TEN, autoimmune blistering disease,connective tissue disorders , chronic urticaria etc) which were either unresponsive to conventional modality of therapy or primary therapy could not be given because of co-morbidities. Result: IVIg a sterile, highly purified preparation containing more than 95% unmodified IgG,was first approved by FDA in 1981 for 6 diseases. As mentioned above in many circumstances we reached a situation when either conventional primary therapy was contraindicated or patients were not responding. IVIg came to our rescue in large number of conditions to tide over the crisis and also created the environment leading to conventional therapy becoming effective. Very few minor side effects like low grade fever and myalgia were observed in very few cases. No serious or severe side effects were seen, however , one has to be prepared for anaphylactic reaction which is a theoretical possibility. Conclusion: It can be said that IVIg though not a magic drug, is a very effective tool available in the armamentarium of Dermatologists to treat plethora of chronic and intractable dermatoses.

Introduction: Invasive fungal sinusitis, though considered to be rare entity, is nowadays frequently encountered, not only in immunocompromised patients but also in immunocompetent patients. The changing prevalence towards immunocompetent hosts is due to the indiscriminate usage of broad spectrum antibiotics, steroids, and immunosuppressive drugs. Diagnosing invasive fungal sinusitis should not pose any difficulty to both the clinician [a whitish colour secretion in elderly Diabetics, and CT Scan PNS showing concretion in the sinus along with destruction of the surrounding bone] and to the pathologist; however, when the invasive fungal sinus infection presents in a form of a granuloma then its diagnosis imposes a challenge to medical professionals. Case Report We are presenting a case study,which consists of 3 cases of chronic invasive fungal sinus infection.Two patients were treated for tuberculoma and had completed a course of Anti Koch’s Treatment and one patient was given a trial of broad spectrum antibiotics and steroids.Eventually all cases were diagnosed as a chronic invasive form of fungal granuloma (CIFG). Conclusion: CIFG of the paranasal sinuses is seen in immunocompetent hosts, especially those that are in the 2nd and 3rd decades of their lives. Gradually progressive proptosis is the primary presenting symptom. MRI scanning is a better imaging modality compared to CT scanning. Routine H&E staining may prove inadequate and special stains such as the GMS stain should be employed in the slightest doubt of a fungal aetiology. A team approach towards patients is paramount for early diagnosis and timely medical and surgical intervention.

Introduction: Several adsorbents have been tried in the past to find a proficient and cost-effective defluoridating agent. Many of the methods have some precincts because of the low adsorption capacity, poor integrity and need for pre-treatment. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of three natural, low-cost, household-level products to remove fluoride from standard water. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a standard solution of fluoride and a known weight of tulsi leaves, drumstick leaves and tamarind seed powder was prepared and analysed for changes in fluoride level and pH level on treatment at baseline, after 6 h and after 24 h. Results: Amongst the three plants, Tamarindus indica was found to be more effective in defluoridation showing a reduction up to 0.18 parts per million. Conclusion: Amongst the aforementioned three plants, tamarind seed powder was the domestic material with the best defluoridation property.

Introduction: According to center of disease control improving health outcomes of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the key recommendations proposed in 2010 with an ultimate goal of extending life and improving its quality. Aims: The aim was to assess oral health-related quality of life among HIV/AIDS patients at antiretroviral therapy (ART) center government hospital, Jaipur. Materials and Methods: A total of 245 patients who attended out-patient department of ART center of government hospital, Jaipur were asked to participate, out of which 237 were agreed to participate. Sampling was done using simple random sampling a structured questionnaire (Cronbach α - 0.85) was used (oral health impact profile). Statistical Analysis Used: Paired t-test P = 0.05. Results: Males were more than females. 37% individuals showed difficulty in doing usual job. 41% showed that they were unable to work to full capacity, 22.4% said they had painful gums, and 19.4% said sleep was interrupted. Conclusions: Patients with more severe AIDS manifestations complained of a poorer status of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social well-being related to their oral health.

The novel results in the field of measurements of very small capacitance changes are presented. The operating principles like double differential principle, RC phase delay, charging and discharging, oscillator, capacitance to phase angle conversion used for measuring very small capacitance changes are discussed. The basic and most important parameters of measurements are dealt with measurement range, sensitivity, percentage error and applications where it can be used. The aim is to provide an elaborative summary on various methods and their parameters available for capacitance measurement.

Aesthetic rehabilitation of sub-gingival crown fractures of the maxillary anterior tooth present extreme challenges to the dental surgeon. The prognosis of traumatized tooth depends on accurate diagnosis and physiological status of the involved tooth. This paper discusses two different cases of subgingival fracture of maxillary anterior tooth that was managed by two different technique of forced eruption. After endodontic management and forced eruption, esthetic rehabilitation was completed by placing post and core, and all ceramic crown. The final result was successful and resulted in good esthetics and secured periodontal health.