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The general objective of the International Spinal Cord Injury Survey (InSCI) is to identify factors that explain the functioning and well-being of people living with SCI. Being a cohort study, these medical, social, economic components with impact on the evolution of the individual with spinal cord trauma in Romania will be treated in a descriptive and comparative manner, through the prism of the data obtained from the patients who were included in this research. The participants included in the study were a total of 216 aged between 16 and 75 admitted to the Băile-Felix Medical Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital, where they underwent a complex medical rehabilitation treatment specific to SCI. Participants with traumatic SCI feel more alive compared to non-traumatic participants (t(214)=3.820; p<.001) possibly due to etiological differences in SCI. Regarding psychomotor agitation, the registered coefficient (t(214)=2.076; p<.03) highlights the participants with traumatic SCI. Differences are recorded in the case of assistance from friends in traumatic versus non-traumatic SCI, which indicates the increased need for social support in traumatic SCI. We argue that a patient's worries and concerns about SCI and its consequences can affect overall health. From a psychological point of view, a limited knowledge of specialists regarding the behavior of patients and their inherent mnesic cutouts, more information can generate confusion and helplessness instead of generating mechanisms of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently in the New Civil Code, which has incorporated provisions from the old Civil Code and the old Commercial Code, Article 1536 states that in the case of obligations other than those for the payment of a sum of money, late performance always entitles the debtor to damages equal to statutory interest, calculated from the date on which the debtor is in default on the money equivalent of the obligation, unless a penalty clause has been stipulated or the creditor can prove greater damage caused by the delay in performance. Therefore, according to common law, for late performance of the contract or for non-performance of contractual obligations, if penalties for late performance have been stipulated in the contract, it means that liability for that breach has been definitively settled and damages can no longer be claimed, since it is considered that the penalty clause stipulated in the contract has determined in advance the damages that the debtor will pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the European population with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is expected to become older, a better understanding of ageing with SCI using functioning, the health indicator used to model healthy ageing trajectories, is needed. We aimed to describe patterns of functioning in SCI by chronological age, age at injury and time since injury across eleven European countries using a common functioning metric, and to identify country-specific environmental determinants of functioning. Methods: Data from 6'635 participants of the International Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey was used. The hierarchical version of Generalized Partial Credit Model, casted in a Bayesian framework, was used to create a common functioning metric and overall scores. For each country, linear regression was used to investigate associations between functioning, chronological age, age at SCI or time since injury for persons with para- and tetraplegia. Multiple linear regression and the proportional marginal variance decomposition technique were used to identify environmental determinants. Results: In countries with representative samples older chronological age was consistently associated with a decline in functioning for paraplegia but not for tetraplegia. Age at injury and functioning level were associated, but patterns differed across countries. An association between time since injury and functioning was not observed in most countries, neither for paraplegia nor for tetraplegia. Problems with the accessibility of homes of friends and relatives, access to public places and long-distance transportation were consistently key determinants of functioning. Conclusions: Functioning is a key health indicator and the fundament of ageing research. Enhancing methods traditionally used to develop metrics with Bayesian approach, we were able to create a common metric of functioning with cardinal properties and to estimate overall scores comparable across countries. Focusing on functioning, our study complements epidemiological evidence on SCI-specific mortality and morbidity in Europe and identify initial targets for evidence-informed policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In individuals with severe malocclusions, orthognathic surgery seeks to rebalance the relationships between the jaws by providing a stable occlusion, a healthy muscle balance, and the functioning of the temporomandibular joint. Cone beam computed tomography may be used to determine the position of the mandibular condyle in the glenoid fossa. This study aimed to assess how the position of the mandibular condyle varies in class II and III malocclusions before and after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Before and after orthognathic surgery, 56 TMJs from 28 patients were studied. Following surgery, both class II and class III patients experienced changes in the anterior joint space, posterior joint space, condyle position, and condyle angle. The preliminary findings are promising for determining changes in condyle position and joint spaces that might guide oral and maxillofacial surgeons to address a debilitating clinical affliction. This study aimed at evaluating the mandibular condyle position changes before and after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in class II and III malocclusion patients. CBCT scans from patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were analyzed: Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Both condyles were independently assessed for their largest anterior and posterior joint spaces, smallest medial joint spaces, and condyle angles concerning the transverse line. In the sagittal plane, the minimum size of the anterior and posterior joint spaces was measured. In the coronal plane, the smallest medial joint space was measured. The position of the condyle within the glenoid fossa was determined before and after surgery. A total of 56 TMJs from 28 patients were studied. Following orthognathic surgery, the anterior and posterior space in class II increased. Postoperatively, the anterior joint space in class III decreased. In 42.85% of malocclusion class II patients and 57.14% of malocclusion class III patients, the pre-and post-surgical position of the condyle changed, the condyle was anteriorly positioned (42.85%) in class II patients and centrically positioned (71.4%) in class III patients. Significant changes in the joint space, condylar position, and condyle angle were found in the class II and class III subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of people with intellectual disabilities -- this is the international term used to describe a learning disability -- is increasing and ageing, and many require frequent access to healthcare services for assessment, treatment and care. The European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 identifies the need to reduce the barriers to healthcare for people with disabilities, to improve their quality of life and reduce preventable mortality. Part of this policy focuses on the education and preparation of future practitioners. The European Union (EU) Erasmus Plus programme is an opportunity to bring together educators and students, to share learning and develop an understanding of the needs of people with intellectual disabilities. This article gives an overview of the programme, policies and practices relating to care of people with intellectual disabilities in four EU member states -- Scotland, England, Norway and Romania. It also identifies ways in which access to services for this population can be improved through education, workforce and services in an EU context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical interventions focus on causation and disease processes, while rehabilitation, including most elements of physical therapy, is concerned with the consequences of disease. Its goals are to reduce symptoms, improve function and minimize disability. In rheumatology, the rehabilitation perspective mainly concerns patients with back pain, soft tissue and age-related musculoskeletal problems. In inflammatory diseases, anatomical and functional rehabilitation management includes joint protection, the maintenance of physical fitness and the prevention of impairment. This paper will focus on essential therapeutic options and strategies in the rehabilitation of rheumatic disorders. It includes the evidence-based description of measurement instruments, joint mobilization, muscle techniques and physical modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of pain has puzzled humanity for centuries. As a personal experience, pain has an immediacy and impact. For centuries, there has been a sustained attempt to develop a philosophical and scientific understanding of pain. The response to pain in terms of pain -- associated incapacity (or functional disability) has been demonstrated and it is clear that adjustment to pain is also a subject to a wide variety of influences. Without references to the social framework of the patient and how they see their symptoms we can not really understand their behavior. Evaluation of pain and disability and consideration for pain management need to recognize the influence of age and gender differences. There may be a complex and significant role for the patient's family and social network in understanding of pain and perpetuation of disability. Potential influences on professional judgment need to be recognized. In conclusion, the experience of pain and response to it can only be understood within the individual's social and cultural framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]